Quinoa

Dr. Kevin Murphy is a Plant Breeder and Assistant Professor at Washington State University focusing on quinoa, barley, and several other alternative grain crops. Dr. Murphy currently is the lead project director on a $1.6M, multistate and multidisciplinary NIFA-funded quinoa research project spanning much of the western United States. Dr. Murphy actively collaborates and communicates with most of the leading quinoa researchers worldwide and leads a vibrant quinoa breeding program at Washington State University. He has published over 20 peer reviewed journal articles on plant breeding and agronomy, including three book chapters. Dr. Murphy is an Associate Editor with Agronomy Journal and has served as a guest editor of a special issue of the peer-reviewed journal Sustainability. He is working with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Academic Impact Team as it prepares for the 2013 International Year of Quinoa.Janet B. Matanguihan, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA.

• List of Contributors ixPreface xi1 Quinoa: An Incan Crop to Face Global Changes in Agriculture 1Juan Antonio González, Sayed S. S.Eisa, Sayed A. E. S. Hussin, and Fernando Eduardo PradoIntroduction 1A Brief History of Quinoa Cultivation 2Nutritional Value of Quinoa Seed 2Botanical and Genetic Characteristics of the Quinoa Plant 5Quinoa and Environmental Stresses:Drought and Salinity 7Conclusion 12References 122 History of Quinoa: Its Origin,Domestication,Diversification,and Cultivation with Particular Reference to the Chilean Context 19Enrique A. Martínez, Francisco F.Fuentes, and Didier BazileQuinoa Origins in the Central Andes 19Ancient Expansion to Southern Latitudes in Chile 20Reintroduction of Quinoa in Arid Chile after Local Extinction 20Final Remarks 23References 233 Agroecological and Agronomic Cultural Practices of Quinoa in South America 25Magali Garcia, Bruno Condori, and Carmen Del CastilloIntroduction 25Andean Domestication 26Botanical and Taxonomical Description 27Genetic Background and Research on Quinoa Genetics 28Ecology and Phytogeography 30Cultivation and Agronomic Practices in South America 30Quinoa Production 31Soil conditions 31Climate 32Drought resistance 32Temperature and photoperiod 33Hail 34Cultivation 34Sowing 34Fertilization of quinoa 36Cultural practices 37Crop water requirements and irrigation 37Biotic threats: pests and diseases 38Seed harvest and postharvest technology 39References 414 Trends in Quinoa Yield over the Southern Bolivian Altiplano:Lessons from Climate and Land-Use Projections 47Serge Rambal, Jean-Pierre Ratte, Florent Mouillot, and Thierry WinkelSummary 47Introduction 48Materials and Methods 49The study area 49Recent past and present climate 49Source of climate scenarios 50Simulating the yield index at local or plot scale 50The soil water balance model 50Scenarios of land-use/land-cover changes 51Scaling local yield index up to the region 51Results 52Drought history over the area 52Climate projections and soil drought limitation 52Time variation of yield at local or plot scale 54Model results at landscape level 56Discussion 57Acknowledgments 60References 605 The Potential of Using Natural Enemies and Chemical Compounds in Quinoa for Biological Control of Insect Pests 63Mariana Valoy, Carmen Reguilón,and Griselda PodazzaIntroduction 63Insects in Quinoa 64Insect pests of quinoa 65Beneficial insects in quinoa 65Chemical responses of quinoa to insect herbivory 72Quinoa secondary metabolites 74Potential of Biological Control in Quinoa 76Potential for Ecological Management of Quinoa 77References 806 Quinoa Breeding 87Luz Gomez-PandoHistory – Domestication Process 87Collection of Genetic Resources 88Goals and Methods of Quinoa Breeding 92Requirement of the farmers 92Requirements of the industry and consumers 95Methods in genetic improvement 96Quinoa Breeding Methods 98Selection 98Participatory plant breeding (PPB) 98Introduction of foreign germplasm 99Hybridization 99Interspecific and intergeneric crosses 102Backcross method 102Using heterosis in quinoa 102Mutagenesis 103Marker-assisted selection (MAS) 103Conclusion 103References 1037 Quinoa Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics, and Diversity 109Janet B. Matanguihan, Peter J.Maughan, Eric N. Jellen, and Bozena KolanoIntroduction 109Cytogenetics and Genome Structure of Chenopodium Quinoa 109Crossability of Quinoa and Allied Tetraploid Taxa 111DNA Sequence Evidence for Quinoa’s Genomic Origins 112Quinoa GeneticMarkers and Linkage Maps 113Quinoa Diversity 115Phenotypic diversity 115Genetic diversity 117Summary 118References 1208 Ex Situ Conservation of Quinoa:The Bolivian Experience 125Wilfredo Rojas and Milton PintoIntroduction 125Centers of Origin and Diversity of Quinoa 126Geographical Distribution of Quinoa 127Genebanks of the Andean Region 128Bolivian Collection of QuinoaGermplasm 130History and management of the quinoa germplasm 130Current status of quinoa germplasm 132Steps for Ex Situ Management andConservation of Quinoa 132Collection of quinoa germplasm 133Technical procedure for quinoa germplasm collection 133History and evolution of quinoa germplasm collections 134Distribution of quinoa germplasm collection 136Preliminary multiplication of quinoa germplasm 136Storage and conservation of quinoa germplasm 138Short- and medium-term storage (1 to 20 years) 138Long-term storage (80 to 100 years) 138Characterization and evaluation of the quinoa germplasm 140Stages of germplasm characterization and evaluation 140Agromorphological variables 141Agro-food and nutritional value variables 143Molecular characterization 144Multiplication and regeneration of quinoa germplasm 144Monitoring of seed quantity and percentage of seed germination 145Technical procedure for multiplication and/or regeneration 145Regeneration schedule 146Documentation and information on quinoa germplasm 147Utilization of quinoa germplasm 148Conclusions 155References 1589 Quinoa Breeding in Africa:History, Goals, and Progress 161Moses F.A. Maliro and Veronica GuwelaIntroduction 161Origin of quinoa 161Introducing quinoa in Africa 161Ecological adaptation of quinoa 163Goals of Quinoa Breeding in Africa 164Quinoa studies underMalawi conditions 164Quinoa studies in Kenya 166Challenges and Considerations for Future Research 169Plant lodging 169Acceptability 169Agronomic practices 170Rain-fed versus irrigated cropping systems 170Conclusion 170References 17010 Quinoa Cultivation for Temperate North America:Considerations and Areas for Investigation 173Adam J. Peterson and Kevin M. MurphyIntroduction 173Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses 173Heat tolerance 173Drought tolerance 174Cold tolerance 175Salinity tolerance 176Production Aspects 177Variety selection 177Fertilization 178Planting/spacing 179Maturity and harvesting 181Challenges to Quinoa Production 182Waterlogging and preharvest sprouting 182Disease 183Insect pests 184Weed control 185Saponins 186Alternative Uses of Quinoa 186Forage 186Feed 187Conclusion 187Acknowledgments 188References 18811 Nutritional Properties of Quinoa 193Geyang WuIntroduction 193Protein 193Carbohydrates 196Starch 196Sugar 198Dietary fiber 198Lipids 199Vitamins 200Minerals 201Anti-Nutritional Factors of Quinoa 202Bioactive Compounds 204Phenolic compounds 204Phenolic acid 204Flavonoids 204Carotenoids 205Summary 205References 20512 Quinoa’s Calling 211Sergio Núñez de ArcoIntroduction 211A Snapshot of the Economics of a Smallholder Farmer in Bolivia and the International Market 212The Quinoa Market: Supply and Demand 213Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador increase quinoa acreage 213Evolution of quinoa,(Figs. 12.7–12.10 and Fig. 12.3) acreage in Bolivia 213The US quinoa market and evolution of prices 215Quinoa in the eye of a market storm 215The quinoa grower rises out of poverty 217Current Production Practices, IncreasedAcreage, and Thoughts on Sustainability 221Living Well, Reversed Migration, and Cultural Identity 224Opportunities for the Bolivian Farmer 225Index 227