Rocket Propulsion Elements

AvGeorge P. Sutton,Oscar Biblarz

Inbunden, Engelska, 2017

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ROCKET PROPULSION ELEMENTS THE DEFINITIVE INTRODUCTION TO ROCKET PROPULSION THEORY AND APPLICATIONSThe recent upsurge in global government and private spending and in space flight events has resulted in many novel applications of rocket propulsion technology. Rocket Propulsion Elements remains the definitive guide to the field, providing a comprehensive introduction to essential concepts and applications. Led by industry veteran George P. Sutton and by Professor Oscar Biblarz, this book provides interdisciplinary coverage including thermodynamics, aerodynamics, flight performance, propellant chemistry and more.This thoroughly revised ninth edition includes discussion and analysis of recent advances in the field, representing an authoritative reference for students and working engineers alike. In any engineering field, theory is only as useful as it is practical; this book emphasizes relevant real-world applications of fundamental concepts to link “thinking” and “doing”. This book will help readers: Understand the physics of flight and the chemistry of propulsion Analyze liquid, solid, gas, and hybrid propellants, and the engines they fuelConsider high-temperature combustion, stability, and the principles of electric and chemical propulsionDissect the workings of systems in common use around the world todayDelve into the latest advances in materials, systems, propellants, and moreBroad in scope, rich in detail, and clear in explanation, this seminal work provides an unparalleled foundation in aerospace engineering topics. Learning through the lens of modern applications untangles complex topics and helps students fully grasp the intricacies on a more intuitive level. Rocket Propulsion Elements, Ninth Edition merges information and utility building a solid foundation for innovation.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2017-02-07
Mått:160 x 231 x 46 mm
Vikt:1 021 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:800
Upplaga:9
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781118753651

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GEORGE P. SUTTON is an acknowledged expert on rocket propulsion, and the former Executive Director of Engineering at Rocketdyne (now Aerojet Rocketdyne), and Laboratory Associate at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.OSCAR BIBLARZ is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California.

Innehållsförteckning

Preface xvii1 Classification 11.1. Duct Jet Propulsion 21.2. Rocket Propulsion 4Chemical Rocket Propulsion 5Combinations of Ducted Jet Engines and Rocket Engines 9Nuclear Rocket Engines 10Electric Rocket Propulsion 10Other Rocket Propulsion Concepts 12International Rocket Propulsion Effort 131.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion 14Space Launch Vehicles 14Spacecraft 20Military and Other Applications 21References 242 Definitions and Fundamentals 262.1. Definitions 262.2. Thrust 312.3. Exhaust Velocity 332.4. Energy and Efficiencies 352.5. Multiple Propulsion Systems 382.6. Typical Performance Values 392.7. Variable Thrust 40Symbols 41Problems 42References 443 Nozzle Theory and Thermodynamic Relations 453.1. Ideal Rocket Propulsion Systems 453.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations 473.3. Isentropic Flow through Nozzles 51Velocity 52Nozzle Flow and Throat Condition 57Thrust and Thrust Coefficient 61Characteristic Velocity and Specific Impulse 63Under- and Overexpanded Nozzles 67Influence of Chamber Geometry 723.4. Nozzle Configurations 73Cone- and Bell-Shaped Nozzles 753.5. Real Nozzles 81Boundary Layers 82Multiphase Flow 83Other Phenomena and Losses 85Performance Correction Factors 85Four Performance Parameters 893.6. Nozzle Alignment 91Symbols 93Problems 94References 974 Flight Performance 994.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight 994.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere 1044.3. Basic Relations of Motion 1064.4. Space Flight 113Elliptical Orbits 116Deep Space 120Perturbations 121Mission Velocity 1254.5. Space Flight Maneuvers 127Reaction Control System 1314.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance 1334.7. Flight Vehicles 136Multistage Vehicles 136Stage Separation 138Launch Vehicles 1414.8. Military Missiles 1444.9. Flight Stability 147Symbols 149Problems 150References 1525 Chemical Rocket Propellant Performance Analysis 1545.1. Background and Fundamentals 1565.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions 1615.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes 1665.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis 1715.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations 172Symbols 185Problems 186References 1876 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine Fundamentals 1896.1. Types of Propellants 1926.2. Propellant Tanks 1966.3. Propellant Feed Systems 203Local Pressures and Flows 2036.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems 2056.5. Tank Pressurization 212Factors Influencing the Required Mass of Pressurizing Gas 214Simplified Analysis for the Mass of Pressurizing Gas 2156.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles 217Engine Cycles 2186.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude Control 2296.8. Engine Families 2326.9. Valves and Pipelines 2336.10. Engine Support Structure 239Symbols 239Problems 240References 2427 Liquid Propellants 2447.1. Propellant Properties 245Economic Factors 245Performance of Propellants 246Common Physical Hazards 250Desirable Physical Properties 252Ignition, Combustion, and Flame Properties 254Property Variations and Specifications 254Additives 2557.2. Liquid Oxidizers 255Liquid Oxygen (O2) (LOX) 255Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 256Nitric Acid (HNO3) 257Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4) (NTO) 258Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 259Oxidizer Cleaning Process 2597.3. Liquid Fuels 259Hydrocarbon Fuels 260Liquid Hydrogen 261Hydrazine (N2H4) 262Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine [(CH3)2NNH2] 263Monomethylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2) 2637.4. Liquid Monopropellants 264Hydrazine as a Monopropellant 2647.5. Gaseous Propellants 2667.6. Safety and Environmental Concerns 267Symbols 268Problems 268References 2698 Thrust Chambers 2718.1. Injectors 276Injector Flow Characteristics 280Factors Influencing Injector Behavior 2838.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle 285Volume and Shape 285Heat Transfer Distribution 288Cooling of Thrust Chambers 289Hydraulic Losses in the Cooling Passage 295Thrust Chamber Wall Loads and Stresses 2968.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters 3008.4. Materials and Fabrication 3048.5. Heat Transfer Analysis 310General Steady-State Heat Transfer Relations 311Transient Heat Transfer Analysis 315Steady-State Transfer to Liquids in Cooling Jacket 317Radiation 3218.6. Starting and Ignition 3228.7. Useful Life of Thrust Chambers 3258.8. Random Variable Thrust 3268.9. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis 328Symbols 338Problems 339References 3429 Liquid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 3449.1. Combustion Process 344Injection/Atomization Zone 346Rapid Combustion Zone 347Streamtube Combustion Zone 3489.2. Analysis and Simulation 3489.3. Combustion Instability 349Rating Techniques 357Control of Instabilities 358Problems 362References 36210 Turbopumps and Their Gas Supplies 36510.1. Introduction 36510.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopumps 36610.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration 37110.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances 37610.5. Pumps 378Classification and Description 378Pump Parameters 379Influence of Propellants 38510.6. Turbines 387Classification and Description 387Turbine Performance and Design Considerations 38910.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design 39010.8. Gas Generators and Preburners 393Symbols 395Problems 396References 39711 Engine Systems, Controls, and Integration 39911.1. Propellant Budget 39911.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion Systems 40111.3. Engine Design 40311.4. Engine Controls 412Control of Engine Starting and Thrust Buildup 413Automatic Controls 419Control by Computer 42111.5. Engine System Calibration 423Engine Health Monitoring System 42811.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization 430Symbols 431Problems 432References 43312 Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Fundamentals 43412.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate 439Mass Flow Relations 444Burning Rate Relation with Pressure 445Burning Rate Relation with Ambient Temperature (Tb) 449Variable Burning Rate Exponent n 452Burning Enhancement by Erosion 453Other Burning Rate Enhancements 45512.2. Other Performance Issues 45712.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration 462Slivers 47112.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain 472Material Characterization 473Structural Design 47612.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket Motors 483Symbols 485Problems 486References 48813 Solid Propellants 49113.1. Classification 49113.2. Propellant Characteristics 49713.3. Hazards 505Inadvertent Ignition 505Aging and Useful Life 506Case Overpressure and Failure 506Insensitive Munitions 508Upper Pressure Limit 510Toxicity 510Safety Rules 51013.4. Propellant Ingredients 511Inorganic Oxidizers 513Fuels 516Binders 516Burning-Rate Modifiers 517Plasticizers 518Curing Agents or Crosslinkers 518Energetic Binders and Plasticizers 518Organic Oxidizers or Explosives 518Additives 519Particle-Size Parameters 52013.5. Other Propellant Categories 522Gas Generator Propellants 522Smokeless or Low-Smoke Propellant 523Igniter Propellants 52413.6. Liners, Insulators, and Inhibitors 52513.7. Propellant Processing and Manufacture 528Problems 531References 53414 Solid Propellant Combustion and Its Stability 53614.1. Physical and Chemical Processes 53614.2. Ignition Process 54014.3. Extinction or Thrust Termination 54114.4. Combustion Instability 543Acoustic Instabilities 544Analytical Models and Simulation of Combustion Stability 548Combustion Stability Assessment, Remedy, and Design 548Vortex-Shedding Instability 551Problems 552References 55315 Solid Rocket Motor Components and Design 55515.1. Rocket Motor Case 555Metal Cases 559Wound-Filament-Reinforced Plastic Cases 56115.2. Nozzles 563Classification 564Design and Construction 566Heat Absorption and Nozzle Materials 57115.3. Igniter Hardware 577Pyrotechnic Igniters 578Pyrogen Igniters 579Igniter Analysis and Design 58115.4. Rocket Motor Design Approach 581Problems 589References 59116 Hybrid Propellants Rocket Propulsion 59316.1. Applications and Propellants 59416.2. Interior Hybrid Motor Ballistics 59916.3. Performance Analysis and Grain Configuration 602Dynamic Behavior 60516.4. Design Example 60716.5. Combustion Instability 611Symbols 615Problems 617References 61817 Electric Propulsion 62017.1. Ideal Flight Performance 62617.2. Electrothermal Thrusters 631Resistojets 631Arcjets 63417.3. Nonthermal Electrical Thrusters 638Electrostatic Devices 638Basic Relationships for Electrostatic Thrusters 640Electromagnetic Thrusters 64617.4. Optimum Flight Performance 65417.5. Mission Applications 65817.6. Electric Space-Power Supplies and Power-Conditioning Systems 661Power Generation Units 661Power-Conditioning Equipment (PCU or PPU) 664Symbols 665Problems 666References 66818 Thrust Vector Control 67118.1. TVC Mechanisms with a Single Nozzle 67318.2. TVC with Multiple Thrust Chambers or Nozzles 68318.3. Testing 68618.4. Integration with Vehicle 687Problems 688References 68819 Selection of Rocket Propulsion Systems 69019.1. Selection Process 69219.2. Criteria for Selection 69719.3. Interfaces 69919.4. Cost Reduction 700References 70220 Rocket Exhaust Plumes 70320.1. Plume Appearance and Flow Behavior 705Spectral Distribution of Radiation 711Multiple Nozzles 714Plume Signature 714Vehicle Base Geometry and Recirculation 715Compression and Expansion Waves 71620.2. Plume Effects 717Smoke and Vapor Trails 717Toxicity 718Noise 719Spacecraft Surface Contamination 720Radio Signal Attenuation 720Plume Impingement on Structures 722Heat Transfer to Clusters of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 72220.3. Analysis and Mathematical Simulation 723Problems 724References 72421 Rocket Testing 72621.1. Types of Tests 72621.2. Test Facilities and Safeguards 728Monitoring the Environment and Controlling Toxic Materials 73121.3. Instrumentation and Data Management 735Measurement System Terminology 736Test Measurements 737Health Monitoring System (HMS) 73821.4. Flight Testing 73921.5. Postaccident Procedures 740References 741Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants 743Conversion Factors (arranged alphabetically) 743Constants 746Appendix 2 Properties of the Earth’s Standard Atmosphere 747Appendix 3 Summary of Key equations for Ideal Chemical Rockets 749Index 751