Thermodynamics

IBRAHIM DINCER is Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Ontario Tech. University, Canada. He is a leading researcher in the area of sustainable energy technologies, and his achievements have been recognized through numerous teaching, research and service awards. During the past five years he has been recognized by Thomson Reuters as one of The Most Influential Scientific Minds in Engineering and one of the most highly cited researchers. He is truly committed for better teaching and practicing thermodynamics.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiii1 Fundamentals 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Spectrum of Energy 31.3 Two Pillars of Thermodynamics 41.4 Units and Dimensions 61.5 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 81.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 91.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 111.8 Thermodynamic System 131.9 Seven-step Approach 141.9.1 Property 151.9.2 State 311.9.3 Process 321.9.4 Cycle 341.9.5 First Law of Thermodynamics 351.9.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics 381.9.7 Performance Assessment 401.10 Engineering Equation Solver as a Potential Software 461.11 Closing Remarks 49Study Questions/Problems 49a) Concept 49b) True or False Type Questions 50c) Multiple Choice Type Questions 51d) Problems 532 Energy Aspects 612.1 Introduction 612.2 Macroscopic Thermodynamics versus Microscopic Thermodynamics 622.3 Energy and the Environment 642.4 Forms of Energy 652.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 752.5.1 Energy Balance Equations 782.5.2 Energy Losses 802.6 Pure Substances 832.6.1 Phases 842.6.2 Phase Changes of Water 852.6.3 Property Diagrams 902.6.4 Property Tables 962.7 Ideal Gas Equation 1082.7.1 When is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas? 1092.7.2 Compressibility Factor 1102.8 Closing Remarks 113Study Questions/Problems 113Reference 1183 Energy Analysis 1193.1 Introduction 1193.2 Thermodynamic Systems 1203.3 Closed Systems 1213.4 Modes of Energy Transfer 1213.5 Types of Works 1223.5.1 Boundary Movement Work 1233.6 Energy Balance Equation for Closed Systems 1313.7 Specific Heat Capacities 1333.8 Open Systems 1393.9 Closing Remarks 157Study Questions/Problems 157Multiple Choice Questions 157Problems 1594 Entropy and Exergy 1694.1 Introduction 1694.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 1704.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 1734.4 The Carnot Concept 1744.4.1 The Carnot Principle 1764.4.2 Temperature Ratio 1764.5 Entropy 1784.6 Entropy Balance Equations 1814.7 Isentropic Processes 1884.8 Isentropic Processes for Ideal Gases 1914.9 Isentropic Efficiencies for Ideal Gases 1934.10 Exergy 1994.11 Energy vs Exergy 2004.12 The Different Forms of Exergy 2044.12.1 Flow Exergy 2044.12.2 Thermal Exergy 2044.12.3 Exergy of Work 2044.12.4 Exergy of Electricity 2044.13 Exergy Destruction 2054.14 Reference Environment 2054.14.1 Natural-Environment-Subsystem Models 2054.15 Exergy Balance Equation for Closed Systems 2054.16 Exergy Balance Equation for Open Systems 2114.17 Exergy Efficiency 2164.18 Concluding Remarks 219Study Questions/Problems 219Multiple Choice Questions 219Problems 221References 2325 System Analysis 2335.1 Introduction 2335.2 Thermodynamic Laws 2345.3 Closed Systems 2365.3.1 Nonflow Exergy with Specific Heat Capacity 2415.3.2 Moving Boundary Closed Systems 2455.4 Open Systems 2545.4.1 Steady-state Steady-flow Systems 2545.4.2 Unsteady-state Uniform-flow Processes 2775.5 Exergy Efficiency 2855.6 Closing Remarks 289Study Questions/Problems 290Concept Questions 290Problems 2906 Power Cycles 3016.1 Introduction 3016.2 Carnot Concept for Power Generation 3026.3 Heat Engines 3036.3.1 Performance Assessment 3056.4 Otto Cycle 3096.5 Diesel Cycle 3206.6 Dual Cycle 3326.7 Brayton Cycle 3426.7.1 Regenerative Brayton Cycle 3586.8 Rankine Cycle 3696.8.1 Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle 3806.8.2 Cogeneration Rankine Cycle 3936.8.3 Combined Brayton–Rankine Cycles 4096.9 Concluding Remarks 424Study Questions and Problems 424Questions 424Problems 4267 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 4417.1 Introduction 4417.2 Refrigerants 4437.3 Basic Refrigeration Cycle 4457.4 Air-Standard Refrigeration Systems 4597.5 Cascade Refrigeration Systems 4647.6 Heat Pumps 4717.7 Absorption Refrigeration Cycles 4887.8 Closing Remarks 497Study Questions and Problems 497Concept Questions 497Problems 4998 Fuel Combustion 5158.1 Introduction 5158.2 Fuels 5168.3 Fossil Fuels 5188.3.1 Coal 5208.3.2 Crude Oil 5228.3.3 Natural Gas 5228.4 Forms of Chemical Energy 5248.5 First Law of Thermodynamics Analysis 5248.6 Combustion Reactions 5278.7 Combustion in a Closed System 5328.8 Combustion in Open Systems 5358.8.1 Incomplete Combustion 5398.8.2 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 5438.9 SLT Analysis of Fuel Combustion Processes 5478.10 Combustion Efficiency 5498.11 Concluding Remarks 569Study Questions and Problems 569Questions 569Problems 571Nomenclature 575Appendix 1: Thermodynamic Tables 579Appendix 2: T-s Diagrams 655Index 661