Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Materials and Composites

Raju Francis is associate professor at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India. He obtained his PhD degree in chemistry from NIIST (RRL-T), University of Kerala, India, in 1998 and completed his postdoc at the University of Bordeaux, France, and at the University of Florida, USA. He was an exchange visitor at Toyo University, Japan, and at King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Saudi Arabia. His research interests include polymer-synthesis and applications, hybrid materials and environmental chemistry. D. Sakthi Kumar is professor in the Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science and Deputy Director of the Bio Nano Electronics Research Center of Toyo University, Japan. He obtained his PhD in physics from the Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam, India, in 1998. After completing his postdoc at the Thin Film Lab at the Indian Institute of Technology in New Delhi, India, he moved to Toyo University. His research interests include nanodrug delivery, polymers and nanomaterials for biomedical applications, Bio Nano Electronics and Bio/Chemical sensors.

"[R]esearchers with a chemical background who are entering the biomedical field are the ones who will get the most out of this book. Others, coming from a more mechanical background will still find the book very useful owing to the number of concise comparisons of the materials within the various classes which will facilitate material selection and design of biomedical technologies. Indeed, it is an excellent picture of the current state and direction of research in this area, well supported by a wealth of references in each chapter (there are between 40 – 300 references per chapter) with pertinent and well-presented figures throughout." (Applied Rheology June 2017)

• List of Contributors XVPreface XIX1 Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications 1Brahatheeswaran Dhandayuthapani and Dasappan Sakthi kumar1.1 Introduction 11.2 Polymers as Hydrogels in Cell Encapsulation and Soft Tissue Replacement 21.3 Biomaterials for Drug Delivery Systems 41.4 Biomaterials for Heart Valves and Arteries 71.5 Biomaterials for Bone Repair 91.6 Conclusion 11Abbreviations 12References 132 Conducting Polymers: An Introduction 21Nidhin Joy, Joby Eldho, and Raju Francis2.1 Introduction 212.2 Types of Conducting Polymers 242.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 282.4 Surface Functionalization of Conducting Polymers 28Abbreviations 30References 313 Conducting Polymers: Biomedical Applications 37Nidhin Joy, Geethy P. Gopalan, Joby Eldho, and Raju Francis3.1 Applications 373.2 Conclusions 72Abbreviations 72References 734 Plasma-Assisted Fabrication and Processing of Biomaterials 91Kateryna Bazaka, Daniel S. Grant, Surjith Alancherry, and Mohan V. Jacob4.1 Introduction 914.2 Conclusion 113References 1145 Smart Electroactive Polymers and Composite Materials 125T.P.D. Rajan and J. Mary Gladis5.1 Introduction 1255.2 Types of Electroactive Polymers 1265.3 Polymer Gels 1265.4 Conducting Polymers 1295.5 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites (IPMC) 1315.6 Conjugated Polymer 1325.7 Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Polymers 1335.8 Dielectric Elastomers 1355.9 Summary 137References 1376 Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels 141Anitha C. Kumar and Harikrishna Erothu6.1 Introduction 1416.2 Polymer Hydrogels 1416.3 Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels 1426.4 Applications of Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels 1556.5 Conclusion 156Abbreviations 156References 1577 Hydrophilic Polymers 163Harikrishna Erothu and Anitha C. Kumar7.1 Introduction 1637.2 Classification 1637.3 Applications of Hydrophilic Polymers 1757.4 Conclusions 177Abbreviations 177References 1788 Properties of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers 187Raju Francis, Geethy P. Gopalan, Anjaly Sivadas, and Nidhin Joy8.1 Introduction 1878.2 Physically Dependent Stimuli 1888.3 Chemically Dependent Stimuli 2038.4 Biologically Dependant Stimuli 2078.5 Dual Stimuli 2098.6 MultiStimuli-Responsive Materials 2138.7 Conclusion 217Abbreviations 218References 2209 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers: Biomedical Applications 233Raju Francis, Nidhin Joy, Anjaly Sivadas, Geethy P. Gopalan, and Deepa K. Baby9.1 Introduction 2339.2 Imaging 2359.3 Sensing 2389.4 Delivery ofTherapeutic Molecules 2419.5 Other Applications 2499.6 Conclusion 252Abbreviations 252References 25310 Functionally Engineered Sol–Gel Derived Inorganic Gels and Hybrid Nanoarchitectures for Biomedical Applications 261Vazhayal Linsha, Kallyadan Veettil Mahesh, and Solaiappan Ananthakumar10.1 Introduction 26110.2 Some of the Useful Definitions of Various Gel Forms 26310.3 Inorganic Metal-Oxide Gels and Hybrid Nanoarchitectures 26710.4 Sol–Gel Synthesis of Inorganic Metal-Oxide Gels 26710.5 Physically Cross-Linked Inorganic and Hybrid Gel 27110.6 Sol–Gel Derived Hybrid Metal-Oxides Nanostructures 27310.7 Biomedical Applications of Sol–Gel Derived Inorganic and Hybrid Nanoarchitectures for Both Therapeutic and Diagnostic (Theranostics) Functions 27510.8 Sol–Gel Matrices for Controlled Drug Delivery 27610.9 Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems 28210.10 Sol–Gel Matrix Targeted CancerTherapy 28610.11 Sol–Gel Matrices for Imaging and Radiotherapy (Radiolabeling) 28810.12 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 294Acknowledgment 296Abbreviations 296References 29711 Relevance of Natural Degradable Polymers in the Biomedical Field 303Raju Francis, Nidhin Joy, and Anjaly Sivadas11.1 Introduction 30311.2 Natural Biopolymers and its Application 30411.3 Conclusion 342Abbreviations 343References 34412 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Medical and Clinical Applications 361Raju Francis, Nidhin Joy, and Anjaly Sivadas12.1 Introduction 36112.2 Polyesters/Poly(α-hydroxy acids) 36312.3 Poly(glycolide) 36412.4 Polylactide 36412.5 Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid 36512.6 Poly(ε-caprolactone) 36612.7 Polyurethanes 36612.8 Polyanhydrides 36712.9 Polyphosphazenes 36712.10 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 36812.11 Polyorthoesters 36812.12 Poly(propylene fumarate) 36912.13 Polyacetals 36912.14 Polycarbonates 36912.15 Polyphosphoesters 37012.16 Synthesis and Application of Different Modified Synthetic Biopolymer 37112.17 Conclusion 376Abbreviations 377References 377Index 383