Biomimetics

About the Editors Murugan Ramalingam is an Associate Professor of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering at the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U977, Universite de Strasbourg, France. Xiumei Wang is an Associate Professor of Biomaterials at Tsinghua University, China. Guoping Chen is the principal investigator and unit director of the Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, the National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. Peter Ma is the Richard H. Kingery Endowed Collegiate Professor at the University of Michigan. Fu-Zhai Cui is a full professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China.

List of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi 1 Biomimetic Polysaccharides and Derivatives for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 1 Ferdous Khan and Sheikh Rafi Ahmad 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Strategies for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 3 1.3 Designing Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 4 1.4 Natural Polysaccharides for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 8 1.5 Conclusions and Remarks on Prospects 17 References 18 2 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-Assembled Mineralized Collagen-Based Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 23 Xiumei Wang, Zhixu Liu and Fuzhai Cui 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Hierarchical Assembly of Mineralized CollagenFibrils in Natural Bone 25 2.3 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-AssembledMineralized Fibrils 34 2.4 Applications of Mineralized Collagen-basedComposites for Bone Regeneration 40 2.5 Concluding Remarks 44 References 45 3 Biomimetic Mineralization of Hydrogel Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering 51 Timothy E.L. Douglas, Elzbieta Pamula andSander C.G. Leeuwenburgh 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Incorporation of Inorganic Calcium PhosphateNanoparticles into Hydrogels 52 3.3 Biomimetic Mineralization in Calcium and/orPhosphate-Containing Solutions 56 3.4 Enzymatically-Induced Mineralization UsingAlkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 58 3.5 Enhancement of Hydrogel MineralizationUsing Biomacromolecules 60 3.6 Conclusions 62 References 63 4 Biomimetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 69 Robert J. Kane and Peter X. Ma 4.2 Self-Assembled Nanofiber Scaffolds 73 4.3 Electrospun Scaffolds 75 4.4 Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) Scaffolds 80 4.5 Overall Trends in Biomimetic Scaffold Design 84 References 85 5 Bioactive Polymers and Nanobiomaterials Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 91 Ferdous Khan and Sheikh Rafi Ahmad 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic 3DPolymer-Nanocomposites Scaffolds 93 5.3 Nonbiodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites 96 5.4 Biodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites 102 5.5 Conclusions and Future Remarks 112 References 6 Strategy for a Biomimetic paradigm in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering Mona K. Mareil, Naglaa B. Nagy, Mona M. Saad, Samer H. Zaky, Rania M. Elbackly, Ahmad M. Eweida and Mohamed A. Alkhodary 6.1 Introduction 120 6.2 Biomimetics: Definition and Historical Background 121 6.3 Developmental Biology in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering: Biomimetics in Development and Growth (e.g. model of wound healing) 127 6.4 The Paradigm Shift in Tissue Engineering: Biomimetic Approaches to Stimulate Endogenous Repair and Regeneration 132 6.5 Extracellular Matrix Nano-Biomimetics for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 136 6.6 Biomimetic Surfaces, Implications for Dental and Craniofacial Regeneration; Biomaterial as 6.7 Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, and Inosculation for Life-Sustained Regenerative Therapy; The Platform for Biomimicry in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 143 6.8 Conclusion 149 Acknowledgements 150 References 150 7 Strategies to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion on Biomaterials 163 Indu Bajpai and Bikramjit Basu 7.1 Introduction 164 7.2 Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells 166 7.3 Closure 194 Acknowledgement 195 References 195 8 Nanostructured Selenium - A Novel Biologically-Inspired Material for Antibacterial Medical Device Applications 203 Qi Wang and Thomas J. Webster 8.1 Bacterial Biofilm Infections on Implant Materials 204 8.2 Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Implant Applications 206 8.3 Selenium and Nanostructured Selenium 208 8.4 Selenium Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications 209 8.5 Summary and Outlook 215 References 216 9 Hydroxyapatite-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres Toward Injectable Cell Scaffold 221 Syuji Fujii, Masahiro Okada and Tsutomu Furuzono 9.1 Introduction 222 9.2 Pickering Emulsion 223 9.3 Fabrication of HAp-Polymer Nanocompo