Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Volume 3

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Skodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 130 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.

• Preface xvPart 1 Contact Angle Measurement and Analysis 11 A More Appropriate Procedure to Measure and Analyse Contact Angles/Drop Shape Behaviours 3M. Schmitt and F. Heib1.1 Introduction 41.1.1 Brief Summary of the History of “Modern” Wetting 41.1.2 Vexing Question in Wettability 51.1.3 Background 61.1.3.1 Force Balance and Roughness 61.1.3.2 Selected Theoretical Aspects 81.1.3.3 Contact Angle Analysis and Hysteresis 111.2 Experimental 131.3 Obtaining “Continuous” Drop Shapes and Independent Contact Angles 141.3.1 HPDSA: Image Transformation 141.3.2 HPDSA: Contact Angle Determination 171.3.3 HPDSA: Triple Point Determination 201.3.4 HPDSA Software 211.3.4.1 Baseline Determination 211.3.4.2 Image Transformation 211.3.4.3 Fitting Procedure and Convergence 241.4 Different Contact Angles Analyses 251.4.1 Possible Static Analysis 251.4.2 Overall Contact Angle Analysis 251.4.2.1 Example: Inclined Plane 271.4.2.2 Example: Horizontal Plane with Immersed Needle 301.4.3 Statistical Event Analysis: Velocity and Statistical Event Definition 331.4.4 Statistical Event Analysis: Independent/Global Contact Angle Analysis 351.4.5 Statistical Event Analysis: Dependent/Individual Contact Angle Analysis 391.4.6 Statistical Event Analysis: Example Demonstration of Analysis Procedures 391.5 Summary/Outlook 441.5.1 Summary – Contact Angles Determination and Analyses 441.5.2 Outlook – Drop Shape Behaviour 46Acknowledgements 48Glossary of Symbols 48Copyrights 52References 522 Optical Contact Angle Measurement Considering Spreading, Evaporation and Reactive Substrate 59Md Farhad Ismail, Aleksey Baldygin, Thomas Willers and Prashant R. Waghmare2.1 Introduction 602.2 Experimental Setup for Contact Angle Measurement 642.2.1 Ideal Drop Spreading 652.2.2 Role of Environmental Condition 662.2.3 Ideal Environmental (Saturated Vapor) Condition 692.2.4 Reactive System Condition 712.3 Summary 742.4 Supplementary Media Material 75Acknowledgement 75References 753 Method Development for Measuring Contact Angles of Perfluoropolyether Liquid on Fomblin HC/25® PFPE Film 81D. Rossi, S. Dall’Acqua, S. Rossi, M. Zancato, P. Pittia, E. Franceschinis, N. Realdon and A. Bettero3.1 Introduction 823.2 Experimental 833.2.1 Method Used 843.2.2 Determination of Surface Free Energy (SFE) 863.2.3 Contact Angles Measurements of PFPE Drop on PFPE “Liquid Film” (PFPEd/PFPEf) 863.2.4 Statistical Analyses 863.3 Results and Discussion 873.3.1 Surface Free Energy (SFE) Characterization of PermaFoam 873.3.2 Surface Free Energy Characterization of PFPE “Liquid Film” 873.4 Summary 94Acknowledgements 95References 964 Characterizing the Physicochemical Processes at the Interface through Evolution of the Axisymmetric Droplet Shape Parameters 99Ludmila Boinovich and Alexandre Emelyanenko4.1 Introduction 994.2 The Relationships between the Contact Angle and the Thermodynamic and Geometric Characteristics of the Surface 1004.3 Experimental Methods for Determination of the Contact Angle and the Surface Tension for a Sessile Droplet on the Surface 1064.4 Determination of the Wetting Tension and the Wetted Area Fraction on the Basis of Temporal Evolution of Contact Angle and Surface Tension in Sessile Drop Method 1094.5 Testing the Mechanical Durability of Superhydrophobic Coatings 1184.6 Summary 124References 1255 The Interfacial Modulus of a Solid Surface and the Young’s Equilibrium Contact Angle Using Line Energy 131Sakshi B. Yadav, Ratul Das, Semih Gulec, Jie Liu and Rafael Tadmor5.1 Introduction 1325.2 The Young Equation Obtained with a Three-Dimensional Description 1345.3 Incorporating the Contact Line into the Young Equation 1355.4 Finding the Young Thermodynamic Contact Angle from Advancing/Receding Data 1365.5 Interfacial Modulus Gs Associated with the Solid Surface 1385.6 Summary 141References 141Part 2 Wettability Behavior 1456 Patterned Functionalization of Textiles Using UV-Based Techniques for Surface Modification – Patterned Wetting Behavior 147Thomas Bahners, Thomas Mayer-Gall, Wolfgang Molter-Siemens and Jochen S. Gutmann6.1 Introduction 1486.2 UV-Based Processes for Surface Modification 1526.2.1 Modifying the Surface Chemistry by Photo-Grafting 1526.2.2 Laser-Induced Roughening of Fiber Surfaces 1536.3 Experimental 1546.4 Results 1556.4.1 Lateral Wetting Patterns 1556.4.2 Selective Wetting on Inner and Outer Surfaces 1586.5 Summary and Outlook 160References 1617 Wettability Behavior of Oleophilic and Oleophobic Nanorough Surfaces in Air or Immersed in Water 167Luisa Coriand, Nadja Felde and Angela Duparre7.1 Introduction 1677.2 Sample Preparation 1687.3 Characterization Methods 1697.3.1 Roughness 1697.3.2 Wetting 1697.4 Surface Roughness of Al2O3 Coatings 1707.5 Wetting Behavior of Al2O3 Coatings 1737.5.1 Air as Fluid Phase 1737.5.2 Water as Fluid Phase 1737.6 Wetting Behavior of Al2O3 Coatings Overcoated with a Thin Top Layer 1747.6.1 Air as Fluid Phase 1747.6.2 Water as Fluid Phase 1757.7 Summary 177Acknowledgements 177References 1778 Effect of Particle Loading and Stability on the Wetting Behavior of Nanofluids 179A. Karthikeyan, S. Coulombe and A.M. Kietzig8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Review on Wetting Behavior and Stability of Nanofluids 1818.3 Summary 186References 1889 Dielectrowetting for Digital Microfluidics 193Hongyao Geng and Sung Kwon Cho9.1 Introduction 1949.2 Electrowetting on Dielectric (EWOD) 1969.3 Liquid-Dielectrophoresis (L-DEP) 1989.4 L-DEP in Microfluidics 2009.5 Dielectrowetting 2039.6 Droplet Manipulations by Dielectrowetting 2089.6.1 Experimental Setup 2089.6.2 Droplet Splitting and Transporting 2099.6.3 Multi-Splitting and Merging of Droplets 2109.6.4 Droplet Creating 2119.6.5 Manipulations of Aqueous Droplets 2129.7 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 214References 215Part 3 Superhydrophobic Surfaces 21910 Development of a Superhydrophobic/Superhydrophilic Hybrid Surface by Selective Micropatterning and Electron Beam Irradiation 221Keun Park and Hyun-Joong Lee10.1 Introduction 22210.2 Selective Micropatterning Using Ultrasonic Imprinting 22410.2.1 Ultrasonic Imprinting for Micropattern Replication 22410.2.2 Selective Ultrasonic Imprinting Using a Profiled Mask Film 22510.2.3 Fabrication of a Micropatterned Mold 22510.2.4 Selective Ultrasonic Imprinting for Development of Hydrophobic Micropatterns 22710.3 Selective Wettability Control 22910.3.1 Selective Surface Treatments 22910.3.2 Surface Hydrophobization Using Selective Hydrophobic Silane Coating 23010.3.3 Surface Hydrophilization Using Electron Beam Irradiation 23210.4 Development of Hybrid Surfaces with Versatile Wettability 23310.4.1 Investigation of Selectively Wettable Characteristics 23310.4.2 Water Collection by the Developed Hybrid Surface 23410.4.3 Hybrid Surface with a Combination of Three Surface Treatments 23510.5 Summary 236Acknowledgements 237References 23711 Hydrophobicity and Superhydrophobicity in Fouling Prevention in Sea Environment 241Michele Ferrari and Francesca Cirisano11.1 Introduction 24111.1.1 Marine Biofouling 24311.1.1.1 Biofouling and Inorganic Fouling 24411.1.1.2 Colonization 24511.1.1.3 Inorganic Fouling 24611.1.2 Surface Features and Bioadhesion 24711.2 Antifouling Options 24811.3 Problem Statement 25111.4 Coatings with Special Wettability and Performance Against Biofouling 25211.4.1 Silane-Based Coatings 25311.4.1.1 Hydrophobic Behaviour 25311.4.1.2 Superhydrophobic Behaviour 25511.4.2 Other Materials 25611.4.2.1 Hydrophobic Behaviour 25611.4.2.2 Superhydrophobic Behaviour 25711.5 General Discussion 25811.6 Summary 260References 26012 Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Anti-Corrosion of Aluminum 267Junghoon Lee and Chang-Hwan Choi12.1 Introduction 26812.1.1 Corrosion of Metallic Materials 26812.1.2 Surface Treatment for Anti-Corrosion of Metals 26912.1.3 Anti-Corrosion of a Superhydrophobic Surface on Aluminum and Its Alloys 27112.2 Fundamentals of Superhydrophobic Surface for Anti-Corrosion 27312.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 27312.2.2 Wetting on Solid Surfaces 27512.2.3 Superhydrophobic Surface for Anti-Corrosion 27612.3 Applications of Superhydrophobized Aluminum Surfaces for Anti-corrosion 27812.4 Summary 287References 288Part 4 Wettability, Surface Free Energy and Adhesion 29913 Determination of the Surface Free Energy of Solid Surfaces: Statistical Considerations 301Frank M. Etzler13.1 Introduction 30213.1.1 Neumann’s Method 30213.1.2 van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Approach 30513.1.3 Chen and Chang Model 30813.1.4 The Present Work 30913.2 Data Analysis 31013.2.1 Data by Kwok et al. 31013.2.1.1 Lessons from Analysis of Data by Kwok et al. 31513.2.2 Analysis of Data by Dalal 31713.2.3 An Alternate Experimental Approach 32513.3 Summary and Conclusions 326References 32814 Equilibrium Contact Angle and Determination of Apparent Surface Free Energy Using Hysteresis Approach on Rough Surfaces 331Konrad Terpiłowski, Diana Rymuszka, Olena Goncharuk and Lyudmyla Yakovenko14.1 Introduction 33214.2 Experimental 33414.2.1 Sample Preparation 33414.2.2 Contact Angle Measurements 33514.2.3 Surface Free Energy Calculation 33514.2.4 Surface Structure Characterisation 33614.3 Results and Discussion 33614.3.1 Contact Angles and Surface Free Energy of Sol-Gel Films 33614.3.2 Surface Roughness and Structure of Sol-Gel Films 33914.4 Conclusions 344Acknowledgment 345References 34515 Contact Angle and Wettability Correlations for Bioadhesion to Reference Polymers, Metals, Ceramics and Tissues 349Digvijay Singh and Robert Baier15.1 Introduction 35015.2 Materials and Methods 35115.2.1 Critical Surface Tension 35515.2.2 Calculations of Bond Strength 35615.3 Results 35715.3.1 Tissue Testing 35715.4 Discussion 35815.4.1 Regression Analysis 35815.4.1.1 Regression Analysis for Reference Materials (Without Pyrolytic Carbon and 316 LSS) 36215.4.2 Remaining Concerns 36415.4.2.1 The Peculiar Case of Pyrolytic Carbon 36415.4.2.2 The Case of Ti Alloy and 316 LSS 36715.5 Summary and Conclusions 36715.5.1 Limitations 36915.6 Future Scope 369References 37016 The Efficacy of Laser Material Processing for Enhancing Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth on Different Materials 373D.G. Waugh and J. Lawrence16.1 Introduction 37416.2 Surface Engineering Techniques in Stem Cell Technologies 37616.2.1 Laser Surface Engineering 37616.2.2 Plasma Surface Engineering 37716.2.3 Lithography Techniques 37716.2.4 Micro- and Nano-Printing 37716.3 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials 37816.3.1 Experimental Technique 37816.3.1.1 Materials 37816.3.1.2 Laser Surface Engineering Techniques 37816.3.1.3 Analytical Techniques 37816.3.1.4 Biological Analysis Techniques 37916.3.2 Effects of Laser Surface Engineering on Surface Topography 38016.3.3 Effects of Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials on Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth 38216.4 Laser Welding of NiTi Alloys 38516.4.1 Experimental Technique 38516.4.1.1 Material 38516.4.1.2 Laser Micro-Welding Technique 38516.4.1.3 Analytical and Biological Analysis Techniques 38516.4.2 Surface Chemistry of Laser Micro-Welded NiTi Alloys 38716.4.3 Effects of Laser Welding of NiTi Alloy on Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth 38716.5 Summary and Future Considerations 390References 392Index 399