Psychopathology

William J. Ray is an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University. He received his PhD from Vanderbilt University and was a Fellow in Medical Psychology at the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco. He received his undergraduate degree from Eckerd College, where he learned about the value of primary sources and the need to integrate information from a number of perspectives. As part of his clinical training, he has worked in a number of mental hospitals and clinics across the country, where he developed an appreciation of the experiences of those with mental disorders. In his career, he has served as a visiting professor and researcher at the University of Hawaii, Münster University, University of Rome, Tübingen University, and Konstanz University. At Penn State, he was the Director of the SCAN (Specialization in Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience) program and was previously the Director of the Clinical Psychology Program. His research has focused on approaching clinical questions from a neuroscience perspective. He has used psychophysiological and brain imaging techniques such as EEG, MEG, DTI, and fMRI to study emotionality, psychopathology, and individual differences. These studies can be found in his numerous articles, book chapters, and books. His work has been published in such journals as Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal of Neuroscience, Psychophysiology, Physiological Reviews, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Cognitive Brain Research, Biological Psychology, NeuroImage, and Clinical Neurophysiology. This work has been funded by both national and international agencies including NIH, NIMH, NASA, NATO, and the DAAD. In addition to research, teaching has been an important part of his career. His textbooks include Abnormal Psychology, Methods Toward a Psychology of Behavior and Experience, Psychophysiological Methods (with Robert Stern & Karen Quigley), and Evolutionary Psychology: Neuroscience Perspectives Concerning Human Behavior and Experience.

• PrefaceAdditional Teaching ResourcesAcknowledgmentsAbout the AuthorsChapter 1: An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental IllnessUnderstanding Psychopathology: Definitions and Key ConsiderationsThe Three Major Themes of This BookThe Relation of Evolution and Culture to PsychopathologyHistorical Considerations in Understanding PsychopathologyDiscovering the Function of the Brain in Behavior and PsychopathologyHistorical Approaches to Care for Those With Mental DisordersBiological Approaches to Treating Mental IllnessPsychological Treatment Perspectives in the 20th and 21st CenturiesSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 2: Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding PsychopathologyThe Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary PerspectiveBrain Anatomy, Neurons, and NeurotransmittersHow Do We Observe the Brain at Work?Networks of the BrainGenetics and PsychopathologyEvolution and PsychopathologySummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 3: Research MethodsWhat Is Science?Nonexperimental Methods of Psychological ResearchThe Experimental Method: Making It HappenDesigning an Experimental StudyOther Types of Experimental Designs and Research ConsiderationsEthics and the Scientific ExperimentSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 4: Assessment and Classification of Psychological DisordersInitial Assessment and the Mental Status ExamStructured Interviews and Assessment ConsiderationsModels of AssessmentDiagnostic Considerations in PsychopathologyClassification Systems for Mental DisordersSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsNotesChapter 5: Childhood and Adolescent-Onset DisordersImportant Aspects of Typical Childhood DevelopmentAttachment Disorders, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant DisorderAutism Spectrum DisorderAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning DisordersIntellectual Developmental DisorderSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 6: Mood DisordersIntroducing Mood DisordersMajor Depressive DisorderBipolar DisorderSuicideSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 7: Stress, Trauma, and PTSDPsychological Stress and PsychopathologyThe Physiological Mechanisms Related to Stress and TraumaThe Study of StressAdjustment Disorders, Acute Stress Disorder, and Prolonged Grief DisorderPost-Traumatic Stress DisorderSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 8: Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive DisordersOverview of Anxiety DisordersMajor Types of Anxiety DisordersPhobias and Panic DisorderObsessive-Compulsive DisorderSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 9: Dissociative Disorders and Somatic Symptom DisordersWhat Is Dissociation?Dissociative DisordersSomatic Symptom and Related DisordersSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 10: Eating DisordersFeeding DisordersObesityOverview of Eating DisordersAnorexia NervosaBulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating DisorderSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 11: Sexual Disorders, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender DysphoriaSexuality in ContextSexual Desire, Arousal, and ResponseSexual DysfunctionsParaphilic DisordersGender DysphoriaSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 12: Substance-Related and Addictive DisordersDrug Use in the United StatesDisordered Substance Use, Dependence, and AddictionAlcohol and Alcohol Use DisorderCannabis, Hallucinogens, and OpioidsStimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, Caffeine, and NicotineGamblingTreatment of Substance-Related DisordersSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 13: SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Basics: Prevalence, Course, and SymptomsHistorical and Evolutionary Perspectives on SchizophreniaFactors in the Development of SchizophreniaCauses and Effects: Neuroscience Findings About SchizophreniaTreating Individuals With SchizophreniaSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 14: Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders and PersonalityOdd, Eccentric Personality DisordersDramatic Emotional Personality DisordersAnxious Fearful Personality DisordersTreatment of Personality DisordersSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 15: Neurocognitive DisordersNormal Cognitive Changes Related to AgingCategories of Neurocognitive DisordersNeurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s DiseaseOther Causes of Neurocognitive DisorderPrevention, Treatment, and SupportSummaryStudy ResourcesKey TermsChapter 16: The Law and Mental HealthViolence and Mental Illness: Myth vs. RealityThe American Legal System and the Insanity DefenseLegal Competence: Standing Trial and Making DecisionsEthical and Legal Issues in Mental Health TreatmentSexual Predator LawsNeuroscience and Evolutionary Perspectives on the Legal Aspects of PsychopathologySummaryStudy ResourcesKey Terms and Concepts