Law Officer’s Pocket Manual

John G. Miles Jr. was legal editor, consultant, and guest lecturer in police training programs sponsored by the U.S. Park Police and other law enforcement agencies. He was a graduate of the Catholic University School of Law and received a degree in political science from the University of California at Berkeley. He belonged to the D.C. Bar and the American Bar Association. David B. Richardson is a personal injury attorney based in Bellevue, Washington. He received a law degree from Seattle University School of Law and was admitted to the Washington State Bar in 1992. He holds a master’s degree in international studies from New York University and a bachelor’s degree from the University of Colorado, Boulder.

• I. PURPOSE AND USE OF THIS MANUAL 1:1 II. THE POLICE-CITIZEN ENCOUNTER 2:1 A. Police Activities That Require No Evidence of Wrongdoing 2:2 1. Routine Patrol 2:2 2. The Consensual Encounter 2:2 3. Community Caretaking Activities 2:4 4. Roadblock or Checkpoint Vehicle Stops 2:4 5. Canine Sniffs 2:7 B. Investigative Detention 2:8 1. What You Need to Make an Investigative Detention — Reasonable Suspicion 2:8 a. Personal Observation and Information Known to Other Officers 2:9 b. Tips from Informers 2:10 c. Pretext Stops 2:11 2. Conduct During Detention 2:11 a. The Terry Stop 2:12 b. The Terry Frisk 2:15 c. Plain Touch Seizures 2:16 d. Additional Officer Security Measures 2:18 3. Detention During Execution of a Warrant 2:19 4. Motor Vehicle Stops 2:21 a. Occupants of Vehicles 2:21 b. Duration of Motor Vehicle Stop 2:22 c. Luggage in Vehicles 2:23 5. Pursuit 2:24 6. High Speed Chases 2:25 III. IDENTIFICATIONS 3:1 A. In-Person Identifications 3:1 1. Right to Have Counsel Present 3:1 2. On-the-Scene Showups 3:2 3. Immediate Identification Demanded by a Suspect 3:3 4. Identification by Witness Without Police Participation 3:3 B. Photograph Identification 3:3 IV. ARREST 4:1 A. When an Arrest Takes Place 4:1 B. What You Need to Arrest—Probable Cause 4:2 1. Official Reports 4:4 2. Crime Victims or Witnesses 4:5 3. Reports From “Good Citizen” Informers 4:6 4. Anonymous, Paid, or Habitual Government Informers 4:6 5. Automobiles 4:9 6. Canine Sniffs 4:9 7. Defendant’s Reputation or Past Record 4:10 C. Misdemeanor Arrests 4:10 D. Use of Force to Make an Arrest 4:10 E. When You Should Get an Arrest Warrant 4:11 F. When You Don’t Need an Arrest Warrant 4:14 G. Constitutional Requirements of an Arrest Warrant 4:15 H. Requirements for Execution of an Arrest Warrant 4:17 I. Foreign Nationals 4:20 V. SEARCH INCIDENT TO ARREST 5:1 A. Automobile Searches 5:2 B. Time and Place 5:5 C. Plain View 5:7 D. “Sweep” of Premises Where Arrest Has Been Made 5:8 E. More Intrusive Searches 5:9 F. Obtaining Physical Evidence from the Body of a Suspect Under Arrest 5:10 G. Obtaining Physical Evidence from the Body of a Suspect Not Under Arrest 5:12 VI. INTERROGATION 6:1 A. When Warnings Should Be Given 6:2 1. “In Custody” 6:2 2. “Interrogation” 6:5 B. When Warnings Are Not Necessary 6:6 C. Miranda Warnings 6:10 D. When to Repeat the Warnings 6:12 E. Interrogating Juveniles 6:13 F. The Suspect’s Answer 6:13 G. Questioning 6:22 H. Belated Warnings 6:24 I. Exceptions to Miranda’s Exclusionary Rule 6:25 J. Dealing with a Formally Charged Suspect 6:26 VII. SEARCH AND SEIZURE 7:1 A. Search Without a Warrant 7:3 1. Search Incident to Arrest 7:3 2. Automobile Searches 7:4 3. Emergencies and Exigent Circumstances 7:7 4. Hot Pursuit 7:9 5. Consent 7:10 6. Administrative Searches 7:16 7. Probation and Parole Searches 7:16 B. “Searches” That Aren’t Really Searches 7:17 1. Abandoned Property 7:17 2. Open Fields 7:18 3. Aerial Surveillance 7:19 4. Public Places, “Open View” 7:20 5. “Plain View” 7:20 6. “Plain Touch” 7:21 7. Private Searches 7:22 8. Chemical Field Tests and Blood Alcohol Tests 7:23 9. Canine Sniffs 7:24 C. Search with Warrant 7:24 1. Probable Cause 7:24 2. Constitutional Requirements for Search Warrants 7:25 a. Particularity of Description 7:26 b. Anticipatory Search Warrants 7:27 c. Computers and Other Special Cases 7:28 d. Prompt Execution of Warrant 7:29 e. Unannounced Execution of Warrant 7:29 f. Damaging Property 7:30 g. Items Not Mentioned in Warrant 7:31 h. Mistake 7:31 3. Oral Applications for Search Warrants 7:32 4. Media Presence 7:34 D. Automobile Inventories 7:34 E. Inventories of Arrestees 7:35 F. Administrative Search Warrants 7:36 G. Computers and Other Electronic Devices 7:38 1. Warrantless Searches and Seizures 7:39 2. Getting a Warrant 7:41 3. Seizing Electronic Devices 7:41 4. Searching Electronic Devices 7:42 H. The Exclusionary Rule 7:43 VIII. SURVEILLANCE AND PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE 8:1 Part I. Surveillance 8:1 A. Police Surveillance Without Electronic Devices 8:1 B. Electronic Surveillance of Communications 8:4 C. Electronic Devices That Do Not Intercept Communications 8:6 1. Pen Registers 8:6 2. Tracking Devices 8:6 3. Heat-Sensing Devices 8:8 Part II. Preservation of Evidence 8:8 IX. ENTRAPMENT 9:1 X. DISABLED PERSONS 10:1 A. Assessing the Condition of Persons Who Are Not Fully Conscious or Able to Communicate 10:1 B. Arresting Persons with Disabilities 10:2 C. Communicating with Disabled Persons 10:3 XI. CASE REFERENCES 11:1