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The Poster: Art, Advertising, Design, and Collecting, 1860s-1900s is a cultural history that situates the poster at the crossroads of art, design, advertising, and collecting. Though international in scope, the book focuses especially on France and England. Ruth E. Iskin argues that the avant-garde poster and the original art print played an important role in the development of a modernist language of art in the 1890s, as well as in the adaptation of art to an era of mass media. She moreover contends that this new form of visual communication fundamentally redefined relations between word and image: poster designers embedded words within the graphic, rather than using images to illustrate a text. Posters had to function as effective advertising in the hectic environment of the urban street. Even though initially commissioned as advertisements, they were soon coveted by collectors. Iskin introduces readers to the late nineteenth-century "iconophile"—a new type of collector/curator/archivist who discovered in poster collecting an ephemeral archaeology of modernity. Bridging the separation between the fields of art, design, advertising, and collecting, Iskin's insightful study proposes that the poster played a constitutive role in the modern culture of spectacle. This stunningly illustrated book will appeal to art historians and students of visual culture, as well as social and cultural history, media, and advertising.

In Hume's Skeptical Crisis Robert Fogelin provides a textual study of the changes in perspective that emerged as Hume pursued his attempt to introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects--the subtitle of the Treatise of Human of Nature. In the process of giving an account of the operations of the human mind, Hume discovered that the mechanisms that create and sustain our beliefs are deeply unreliable and, in fact, capricious in their operations. Hume's crisis emerged when he recognized that the weaknesses that he ascribed to the operations of the human mind apply with equal force to the operations of his own mind. How, he asked himself, could he justify pursuing profoundly difficult investigations employing mental faculties that were manifestly not up to the task? His response was to trim back the ambitious program announced at the start of the Treatise. Hume returned to this topic in the opening section of the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, where, in a more circumspect mood, he weighed the reasons for and against pursuing what he calls abstruse philosophy. Given our limited capacities and the complexities of the subject, what, he asked, are the chances of success in pursing abstruse philosophical investigations? Hume answered that we could expect at least modest success by adopting the stance of a mitigated skeptic, where one cautiously examines only those topics suitable to our limited mental capacities. Hume held that this standpoint could be attained by counter-balancing radical Pyrrhonian doubt on one side with our non-rational instincts to believe on the other side. As a result, Hume's initial attempt to produce a "compleat system of the sciences" was transformed into "reflections of common life, methodized and corrected."

This book examines British attempts to wage political warfare in the countries occupied by Germany in the Second World War. It describes the slow construction of political warfare machinery in London in terms of two twin difficulties: Whitehall politics and fundamental doubts about what a successful war should have as its purpose. It then examines how political warfare operated as a semi-detached adjunct of diplomacy, and how it engaged with the development of armed or "active" resistance in France, Denmark, Poland, and Yugoslavia. This is a study of British political imagination in a period when Britain still acted as a great power in control of her own decisions. The experience of near-defeat, however, left decision-makers with dilemmas about rhetoric and ideology as much as policy.Their refusal to resolve these dilemmas until pushed by events meant political warfare lacked the consistency and definition that might have given it greater force.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward examines the landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1819 after New Hampshire’s state legislature attempted to amend Dartmouth’s charter to place the college under greater public control. Adam R. Nelson interprets the case not only as one about higher-education governance or American corporate law in an emerging constitutional order, and not simply as a case about the Marshall Court’s preference for “private” over “public” initiative as the primary driver of social and commercial development. More fundamentally, Nelson uses the case to illustrate a broad ideological shift from commonwealth republicanism to market liberalism in both education and jurisprudence during the early nineteenth century.The question at the heart of the case was: should Dartmouth College be subject to legislative authority? This book finds that when the state court said “yes” but the US Supreme Court said “no,” the divergence between these decisions stemmed not only from different applications of the contracts clause but also from disagreements about the degree to which core institutions in a democracy—whether colleges or churches or companies—should be overseen or regulated by political majorities. Implicit in the Dartmouth case, though never clarified, was the question of whether higher education was a private or public good, and thus whether colleges are better off under private or public control. By choosing the private path, Dartmouth reinforced a gradual privatization of what might otherwise have been considered public goods. Americans today live with the consequences of this decision.A landmark in American corporate law, the Dartmouth College case has been cited in a wide variety of subsequent decisions, including Citizens United (2010) and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores (2014). Adam Nelson’s informative work provides an accessible introduction to this important piece of American legal history.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward examines the landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1819 after New Hampshire’s state legislature attempted to amend Dartmouth’s charter to place the college under greater public control. Adam R. Nelson interprets the case not only as one about higher-education governance or American corporate law in an emerging constitutional order, and not simply as a case about the Marshall Court’s preference for “private” over “public” initiative as the primary driver of social and commercial development. More fundamentally, Nelson uses the case to illustrate a broad ideological shift from commonwealth republicanism to market liberalism in both education and jurisprudence during the early nineteenth century.The question at the heart of the case was: should Dartmouth College be subject to legislative authority? This book finds that when the state court said “yes” but the US Supreme Court said “no,” the divergence between these decisions stemmed not only from different applications of the contracts clause but also from disagreements about the degree to which core institutions in a democracy—whether colleges or churches or companies—should be overseen or regulated by political majorities. Implicit in the Dartmouth case, though never clarified, was the question of whether higher education was a private or public good, and thus whether colleges are better off under private or public control. By choosing the private path, Dartmouth reinforced a gradual privatization of what might otherwise have been considered public goods. Americans today live with the consequences of this decision.A landmark in American corporate law, the Dartmouth College case has been cited in a wide variety of subsequent decisions, including Citizens United (2010) and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores (2014). Adam Nelson’s informative work provides an accessible introduction to this important piece of American legal history.

When a body is found lying in the road, many in Dartmouth assume that a drunk had fallen and killed himself. At the same time, the town is on alert because a ship has been found ravaged by pirates out at sea, the crew killed or captured. Is this the beginning of a new onslaught by pirates, or is something more sinister happening? Sir Baldwin de Furnshill has been told of spies and messengers being sent to the great traitor Roger Mortimer in France. If the messengers reach Mortimer, civil war in England will soon break out. This is the most important investigation of their lives: it could result in their own execution if they fail to learn the facts. But if they succeed, other men will want them silenced forever.

In Old Dartmouth On Trial, Marilyn Tobias successfully integrates into her account a number of existing studies on nineteenth-century colleges and universities, illuminating larger issues in the history of American education--professionalization, alumni demands for a voice in the governance of colleges and universitites, and the growth of the indirect power of students and faculty."Stands as 'Exhibit A' in a critical test case, namely, 'Can historical writing be meshed with organizational theory in the systematic study of higher education?' Thanks to Tobias's exemplary work, the verdict is overwhelmingly favorable. . . . By refuting the stereotype of collegiate stagnation, historian Tobias fills in crucial voids that are essential for better understanding of what David Riesman and Christopher Jencks call the "university college" of the mid-twentieth century. . . .This work warns us that we should no longer be satisfied with chronicles of campus events that fail to connect with structural and policy studies…will be most valuable if it reaches an audience of nonhistorians because it provides a superb model for using historical methods and perspective to probe organizational complexities. It is good reading that enhances the 'real world' tasks of institutional research and policy planning."-- Journal of Higher Education"A significant contribution to the literature documenting American institutions of the late nineteenth century. This cohesive work explores the notion of 'changing community' by focusing on a dramatic episode in Dartmouth's history. While the roots of the controversy may be explained in part by the college's unique legacy, Tobias carefully demonstrates how this model of community conflict is a reflection of the transformation taking place within the larger society . . . will interest not only community historians, but also educators and policy analysts. . . . This fine piece of historical analysis may well serve as a model for similar studies in the histories of community and education."-- Public Historian"An important addition to a small but growing list of monographs and scholarly articles that are revising our understanding of American colleges in the nineteenth century. Eschewing traditional institutional history, Marilyn Tobias has developed a more imaginative interpretive framework. . . Through comparison and contrast of the public attitudes, group roles, and self-conception of faculty, students, alumni, and trustees of both eras, Tobias demonstrates that Dartmouth underwent fundamental changes in institutional characteristics and educational mission. . . . In significant ways Tobias has broken methodologically with traditional college historians. She has provided us with a number of new insights concerning the nineteenth-century American college, and she has furthered the efforts of certain contemporary historians to place the history of these colleges fully within the context of national cultural and institutional developments."--Journal of American History"Brings educational history into the mainstream of current American historiography and removes Dartmouth from isolation. By using a community-studies approach and incorporating recent findings concerning the professions, urban life, and the antebellum colleges, the author attempts to explain institutional change through factors outside of the college, to connect higher education to the broader society, and to establish an agenda and, at minimum, a vocabulary for the study of other educational institutions during the age of modernization. . . . The interpretation of the crisis at Dartmouth is attractive and useful. Especially important for researchers is the incorporation of the role of trustees, students, and the scientific-technological faculty."-- History of Education Quarterly

The purpose of Weinberg's text is to suggest a way in which the dramatic events of World War II may be seen. Weinberg argues that the war must be seen as a whole, and that the presentation of it in discrete segments covering the European and Pacific portions separately distorts reality and obscures important aspects of the war on both sides of the world. In addition, any understanding of the great struggle requires a mental self-liberation from the certain knowledge of its outcome. In desperate struggles millions fought and died, hopeful or fearful--or both--but without awareness of the end.

Questions of female development shape women's studies in many fields as women seek to define those forces which mold their experiences. Surprisingly, this is the first book to study systematically and from a comparative perspective the female novel of development, or Bildungsroman. Prevailing definitions of the Bildungsroman derive from the conceptions of development based on male experience. The book offers an expanded generic model that incorporates the distinctively female patterns of realization and failed realization which emerge from the limited social opportunities depicted in the nineteenth- and twentieth-century novel and from the particular features of women's maturation as revealed by recent feminist psychoanalytic research.

(First published as THE AGE OF CHIVALRY) A lively and insightful interpretation of the Middle Ages.

One of America's finest essayists writes about 40 literary masterpieces that have been wrongfully forgotten or were ignored in the first place.

Stark Decency is a window into the events of two vastly different worlds: German combat veterans captured in North Africa and Normandy, and the small New Hampshire logging town which found itself hosting the prison camp. Each side was forced to confront its prejudices and fears, and examine the merits and flaws of its ideology. Then, an astonishing thing happened: in their rural isolation, sharing harsh weather conditions and the pinch of wartime rationing, friendships began to develop. Prisoners and their guards sometimes even worked together to meet the daily pulpwood quotas, and little handmade gifts to the local villagers cemented friendships that continue to this day.

Seventeen scholars explore the interaction between a Jewish culture with its ancient heritage and an expansive German culture in the process of modernization.

Noel Perrin's delightful account of building a sugarhouse and making maple sugar in Vermont first appeared twenty years ago. Like a sturdy New England farmhouse, Perrin has added to it over the years to reflect his subsequent sugaring experiences, and includes in this latest edition a "postpostpostscript." His celebration of simple, hard work to produce a "quite wonderful, maybe even sacred article" has not been diminished by plastic tubing, thrip infestations, and the strange new market for Vermont sap water.

Contains the entire First Discourse, contemporary attacks on it, Rousseau's replies to his critics, and his summary of the debate in his preface to Narcissus. A number of these texts have never before been available in English. The First Discourse and Polemics demonstrate the continued relevance of Rousseau's thought. Whereas his critics argue for correction of the excesses and corruptions of knowledge and the sciences as sufficient, Rousseau attacks the social and political effects of the dominant forms of scientific knowledge.

Why is the anniversary of the French Revolution celebrated on July 14, the day the Bastille was stormed, rather than on August 26, the day the Declaration of the Rights of Man was signed? Why don't the French do as the Americans, who see their revolution epitomized by the signing of the Declaration of Independence? "There is surely something to be learned from contemplating the difference between these two ways of representing a revolution," writes James Heffernan. In this volume, he and 13 other distinguished scholars consider representations of the French Revolution in literature, historical narratives, and art as central to understanding it. Challenging the idea that history is a body of fact separable from fictions wrought by literature and the visual arts, they show that study of a major historical event inevitably leads to study of representation.

Includes the Second Discourse (complete with the author's extensive notes), contemporary critiques by Voltaire, Diderot, Bonnet, and LeRoy, Rousseau's replies (some never before translated), and Political Economy, which first outlined principles that were to become famous in the Social Contract. This is the first time that the works of 1755 and 1756 have been combined with careful commentary to show the coherence of Rousseau's "political system." The Second Discourse examines man in the true "state of nature," prior to the formation of the first human societies, tracing the "hypothetical history" of political society and social inequality as they developed out of natural equality and independence.

Long recognized by naturalists and adventurers as a dramatically unique region, the Arctic has recently emerged as an area of increasing political, strategic, and economic importance. The Arctic is both one of the world's largest and smallest regions, encompassing 15% of the earth's land mass, yet inhabited by fewer than 1% of the world's population. Its physical vastness is coupled with a wealth of natural resources; in oil alone, the Far North contributes that majority of Russia's production and 25% of US output. At the same time, the Circumpolar North is home to diverse indigenous peoples and cultures, thus setting the stage for conflicts of international scope.In this collection of essays, Oran Young provides a foundation for studying the politics of the Arctic as a distinctive international region. Expanding the traditional approach to area studies, he examines the Far North not only for its unique features, but also as an arena within which to develop new approaches to various issues of worldwide interest. Young challenges persistent stereotypes that marginalize the region, moving beyond the romanticism of many observers to arrive at an understanding of the complex social and ecological systems of the Far North. In doing so, Young thoughtfully establishes the Arctic as an area of international importance both in its own right and in relation to other geopolitical regions.

The life of an unconscious, terminally ill father is prolonged by his stubborn daughters over the advice of doctors.Parents of a permanently unconscious child deny the hopelessness of her condition for seven years until faced with having to care for her at home.A woman's wish to die but still receive treatment for pain is at first not accepted by her doctor.These are a few of the scenarios described in this emotionally engaging and thought-provoking book. Physicians, philosophers, theologians, and a legal expert recount a dozen revealing stories about how moral decisions are made in modern hospitals. As the question of medical treatment moves from what is possible to what is proper, more and more people will face the issues raised in this book, whether as patients, relatives, or practitioners.

Documents from The Papers of Daniel Webster

Contains the Social Contract, as well as the first English translation of Rousseau's early Discourse on the Virtue Most Necessary for a Hero, numerous previously untranslated political fragments, and the first draft of the Social Contract (the so-called Geneva Manuscript). By placing Rousseau's famous exposition of "political right" and the "general will" in the context of his preparatory drafts, the editors provide significant insight into the formation of one of the most important and influential works in Western political thought.

The 1676 killing of Metacomet, the tribal leader dubbed "King Philip" by colonists, is commonly seen as a watershed event, marking the end of a bloody war, dissolution of Indian society in New England, and even the disappearance of Native peoples from the region. This collection challenges that assumption, showing that Indians adapted and survived, existing quietly on the fringes of Yankee society, less visible than before but nonetheless retaining a distinct identity and heritage. While confinement on tiny reservations, subjection to increasing state regulation, enforced abandonment of traditional dress and means of support, and racist policies did cause dramatic changes, Natives nonetheless managed to maintain their Indianness through customs, kinship, and community.

When Rousseau first read his Confessions to a 1770 gathering in Paris, reactions varied from admiration of his candor to doubts about his sanity to outrage. Indeed, Rousseau's intent and approach were revolutionary. As one of the first attempts at autobiography, the Confessions' novelty lay not in just its retelling the facts of Rousseau's life, but in its revelation of his innermost feelings and its frank description of the strengths and failings of his character.Based on his doctrine of natural goodness, Rousseau intended the Confessions as a testing ground to explore his belief that, as Christopher Kelly writes,"people are to be measured by the depth and nature of their feelings." Re-created here in a meticulously documented new translation based on the definitive Pléiade edition, the work represents Rousseau's attempt to forge connections among his beliefs, his feelings, and his life. More than a "behind-the-scenes look at the private life of a public man," Kelly writes, "the Confessions is at the center of Rousseau's philosophical enterprise."

Our Musicals, Ourselves is the first full-scale social history of the American musical theater from the imported Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas of the late nineteenth century to such recent musicals as The Producers and Urinetown. While many aficionados of the Broadway musical associate it with wonderful, diversionary shows like The Music Man or My Fair Lady, John Bush Jones instead selects musicals for their social relevance and the extent to which they engage, directly or metaphorically, contemporary politics and culture. Organized chronologically, with some liberties taken to keep together similarly themed musicals, Jones examines dozens of Broadway shows from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present that demonstrate numerous links between what played on Broadway and what played on newspapers' front pages across our nation. He reviews the productions, lyrics, staging, and casts from the lesser-known early musicals (the"gunboat" musicals of the Teddy Roosevelt era and the "Cinderella shows" and "leisure time musicals" of the 1920s) and continues his analysis with better-known shows including Showboat, Porgy and Bess, Oklahoma, South Pacific, West Side Story, Cabaret, Hair, Company, A Chorus Line, and many others.While most examinations of the American musical focus on specific shows or emphasize the development of the musical as an art form, Jones's book uses musicals as a way of illuminating broader social and cultural themes of the times. With six appendixes detailing the long-running diversionary musicals and a foreword by Sheldon Harnick, the lyricist of Fiddler on the Roof, Jones's comprehensive social history will appeal to both students and fans of Broadway.

Although spectral Indians appear with startling frequency in US literary works, until now the implications of describing them as ghosts have not been thoroughly investigated. In the first years of nationhood, Philip Freneau and Sarah Wentworth Morton peopled their works with Indian phantoms, as did Charles Brocken Brown, Washington Irving, Samuel Woodworth, Lydia Maria Child, James Fenimore Cooper, William Apess, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and others who followed. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Native American ghosts figured prominently in speeches attributed to Chief Seattle, Black Elk, and Kicking Bear. Today, Stephen King and Leslie Marmon Silko plot best-selling novels around ghostly Indians and haunted Indian burial grounds.Renée L. Bergland argues that representing Indians as ghosts internalizes them as ghostly figures within the white imagination. Spectralization allows white Americans to construct a concept of American nationhood haunted by Native Americans, in which Indians become sharers in an idealized national imagination. However, the problems of spectralization are clear, since the discourse questions the very nationalism it constructs. Indians who are transformed into ghosts cannot be buried or evaded, and the specter of their forced disappearance haunts the American imagination. Indian ghosts personify national guilt and horror, as well as national pride and pleasure. Bergland tells the story of a terrifying and triumphant American aesthetic that repeatedly transforms horror into glory, national dishonor into national pride.