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This title is a unique collection of essays surrounding modern hermeneutic approaches to early Christian theological texts. Reading the corpus of texts written by the Fathers of the Church has always been a core area in Christian theology. However, scholars and academics are by no means united in the question how these important but difficult authors should be read and interpreted. Many of them are divided by implicit (but often unquestioned) assumptions about the best way to approach the texts or by underlying hermeneutical questions about the norms, limits and opportunities of reading Ancient Christian writers. This book will raise profound hermeneutical questions surrounding the reading of the Fathers with greater clarity than it has been done before. The contributors to this volume are theologians and historians who have used contemporary post-modern approaches to illuminate the Ancien corpus of texts. The chapters discuss issues such as: What makes a 'good' reading of a church Father?; What constitutes a 'responsible' reading?; Is the reading of the Fathers limited to a specialist audience?; and, What can modern thinkers contribute to our reading of the Fathers?

A new edition of Gregory Dix's masterpiece, still essential reading for students and scholars and in print constantly for fifty years.Dom Gregory Dix's classic account of the development of the Eucharist rite continues to be the definitive and authoritative work on the subject. He presents his massive scholarship in lively and non technical language for all who wish to understand their worship in terms of the framework from which it has evolved. He demonstrates the creative force of Christianity over the centuries through liturgy and the societies it has moulded. His great work has for nearly fifty years regularly been quoted for its devotional as well as its historical value, and has regularly attracted new readers.In this book for the first time, critical studies in the learned periodicals of many countries have been carefully sifted and the results arranged to give a clear picture of the development of the Eucharistic rite.

The Bible and the Qur’an provides an overview of all the figures and groups who are mentioned in both the Bible and the Qur’an. Principal focus centres on the similarities and differences between the presentations of these characters in the two texts, with special emphasis placed on how they appear in the Islamic text. References are also included to how many of the individuals/groups discussed are treated in other Islamic sources.Each figure or group includes: (1) a list of relevant Qur’an passages; (2) a description of how the individual/group is presented in the Islamic Texts; (3) questions and issues to consider; (4) suggestions for further readings. An introductory section provides a basic orientation to the Qur’an and other Islamic sources.

There has long been a need for a comprehensive but truly introductory single-authored textbook in theology. By introducing the reader to the biblical, doctrinal and contemporary dimensions of Christianity with the help of illustrated examples from selected primary texts, the book provides an excellent grounding in theology for both students of the discipline and the general reader. The work explores key 'tools' for the scientific study of theology, endeavoring both to affirm the rationale behind Christian thinking, and also to familiarize the reader with significant contrary positions. The solid foundations in biblical theology and hermeneutics given in the book will enable students to read Judeo-Christian scripture intelligently. Key testimonies regarding Jesus Christ are scrutinized and the nature of the New Testament discussed. As well as the emergence of doctrinal orthodoxy and the later disagreements which have shaped contemporary Christianity, the reader will become familiar with the dimensions of current Christian thinking in its dialogue with post-modernity.This new edition includes an additional chapter examining Spirituality, and a series of companion videos for each chapter.

Offering a collection of some of the best essays in the field, T&T Clark Reader in Analytic Theology is made up of 8 sections: - Analytic Method, which examines the definition of AT- Revelation, Scripture, and Tradition, discussing the data and procedures of theological theorizing- The Trinity, which explains one of the fundamental pillars of historical Christian doctrine- The Incarnation, setting up the fundamental problem of Christology- Hamartiology, an honest discussion of the nature of sin- The Atonement, involving discussion of Christ’s saving work- Eschatology, reflecting contributions from all three of the traditional afterlife destinations- Liturgy & Sacraments, which illustrates the tools of analytic philosophy to question the liturgical and sacramental theologyEach section is carefully constructed, featuring:- Section introductions- Contributions from leading names in the field- Seminar questions for each section topic- Suggestions for further reading- A list of links to relevant videos online for use in the classroom

Offering a collection of some of the best essays in the field, T&T Clark Reader in Analytic Theology is made up of 8 sections: - Analytic Method, which examines the definition of AT- Revelation, Scripture, and Tradition, discussing the data and procedures of theological theorizing- The Trinity, which explains one of the fundamental pillars of historical Christian doctrine- The Incarnation, setting up the fundamental problem of Christology- Hamartiology, an honest discussion of the nature of sin- The Atonement, involving discussion of Christ’s saving work- Eschatology, reflecting contributions from all three of the traditional afterlife destinations- Liturgy & Sacraments, which illustrates the tools of analytic philosophy to question the liturgical and sacramental theologyEach section is carefully constructed, featuring:- Section introductions- Contributions from leading names in the field- Seminar questions for each section topic- Suggestions for further reading- A list of links to relevant videos online for use in the classroom

While transgender and non-binary identities are increasingly visible, too many Christians have either maintained a fearful silence, or have attacked ‘transgenderism’ as a threat to Christian faith and practice. More serious theological reflection is needed, not least of all in the Roman Catholic tradition. Moreover, the Catholic context presents particular challenges that are relevant beyond the Catholic world, due to the Church’s widespread involvement in healthcare provision and education, and its traditions of thought around these activities.This volume considers the various questions to do with trans people in the life of the Church from an interdisciplinary, Catholic, ecumenical perspective, reaching out to academics, clergy and educated lay readers. It brings together perspectives from a variety of disciplines to provide a rigorous, wide-ranging engagement with these pressing issues; and includes a number of trans contributors, making their voices present in these discussions, which are about them, but from which they are often excluded.The first three chapters illustrate the development of Catholic thinking on transgender issues in recent decades. The second section of the book considers transgender identity from multiple perspectives: canon legal; legal; sociological, clinical; bioethical; and educational. The last two chapters of the second section shift the focus in the direction of theology and pastoral practice, themes that are explored by emerging theological scholars in the third section of the book.

These essays by world-leaders in the field of Second Temple Judaism build on the ground-breaking T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism (T&T Clark, 2020), exploring the specific ways in which the discipline can be carried forward following the publication of this major work.Using the Encyclopedia as a departure point for considering developments in methodology, historical and textual studies, and interdisciplinary approaches the contributors to this volume begin each study with a clear statement about the methodological issues at work in their chapter, and how these can contribute to the ongoing scholarly discourse. The topics covered include archaeology, synagogues, the New Testament as Second Temple literature, marriage practices, group dynamics, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and reception history. The volume concludes with a postlude and response by John J. Collins.

This open access book stems from a unique set of conversations between six scholars concerned with the theological problem of suffering in the non-human world over millions of years. How is the confession of the Christian God compatible with all the struggle, violence and suffering to which the Darwinian world testifies? This work identifies key fault lines in this rapidly growing debate - over the questions of resistance to the divine will in the non-human creation in particular. Is the picture of the biological world we derive from the sciences indicative of a profound resistance, distorting the character of creation? If so, what is the origin and character of this resistance? Or is it unnecessary to postulate such resistance before the evolution of human beings and their sin? Or is an intermediate position, in which some specific characteristics hint at resistance, the most coherent approach?Six leading academic press on this question in a way that illustrates the quality of the conversation we have been able to achieve in our colloquia. As such it also provides a model for how theology can be done collaboratively, respecting diversity of positions and using that diversity to advance the frontiers of debate.The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license on bloomsburycollections.com. Open Access was funded by the University of Exeter, Baylor University, and Wycliffe Hall, Oxford.

The first three centuries were the formative period of Christianity. The developments during this time led to the distinction of canonical and non-canonical writings, to organizational structures of the Christian church, and to the establishment of the Christian creed. In The Reception of the Jesus in the First Three Centuries Chris Keith, Helen K. Bond, Christine Jacobi and Jens Schröter have collated a methodologically sophisticated resource. These volumes focus upon the diversity of reception of the Jesus tradition in this time period, highlighting the complex interactions between the inherited past and the present in which it is received. Rather than address texts specifically as canonical or non-canonical, the volumes show the more complex reality of attitudes towards and within early Christianity. Core literary texts such as Gospels and other early Christian writings are discussed in detail, but the volumes also highlight the importance of Jesus tradition in literary and non-literary contexts outside the gospel genre; including the Apostolic Fathers, patristic writers, traditions such as the Abgar Legend, and modifications to the gospel genre such as the Diatesseron. Evidence from material culture, such as pictographic representations of Jesus in the staurogram and Alexamenos Graffito, as well as visual presentations of gospel tradition in sarcophagi carvings, are also included in order to fully reflect the transmission and reception of the Jesus tradition.Volume 3 examines visual, liturgical and non-Christian receptions of Jesus in the second and third centuries, across 24 chapters.Methodologically the volumes draw on new approaches to history, memory, and tradition, to provide a cutting-edge approach that focuses upon reception-history rather than the putative actual past. This cutting-edge reference resource provides a fresh and comprehensive account of the complex development of early Christian thought about Jesus. It will fuel future discussions of early Christian history, the historical Jesus, the development of the New Testament canon, and non-canonical Jesus traditions for years to come.

The Dictionary of the Bible and Ancient Media is a convenient and authoritative reference tool, introducing specific terms and concepts helpful to the study of the Bible and related literature in ancient communications culture. Since the early 1980s, biblical scholars have begun to explore the potentials of interdisciplinary theories of oral tradition, oral performance, personal and collective memory, ancient literacy and scribality, visual culture and ritual. Over time these theories have been combined with considerations of critical and exegetical problems in the study of the Bible, the history of Israel, Christian origins, and rabbinics. The Dictionary of the Bible and Ancient Media responds to the rapid growth of the field by providing a source of reference that offers clear definitions, and in-depth discussions of relevant terms and concepts, and the relationships between them. The volume begins with an overview of ‘ancient media studies’ and a brief history of research to orient the reader to the field and the broader research context of the book, with individual entries on terms and topics commonly encountered in studies of the Bible in ancient media culture. Each entry defines the term/ concept under consideration, then offers more sustained discussion of the topic, paying particular attention to its relevance for the study of the Bible and related literature. This new in paperback edition features a new chapter on Oral Tradition and the Hebrew Bible by Werner Kelber, Rice University, USA.

Lee Martin McDonald provides a magisterial overview of the development of the biblical canon --- the emergence of the list of individual texts that constitutes the Christian bible. In these two volumes -- in sum more than double the length of his previous works -- McDonald presents his most in-depth overview to date. McDonald shows students and researchers how the list of texts that constitute 'the bible' was once far more fluid than it is today and guides readers through the minefield of different texts, different versions, and the different lists of texts considered 'canonical' that abounded in antiquity. Questions of the origin and transmission of texts are introduced as well as consideration of innovations in the presentation of texts, collections of documents, archaeological finds and Church councils.In this first volume McDonald reexamines issues of canon formation once considered settled, and sets the range of texts that make up the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) in their broader context. Each indidvidual text is discussed, as are the cultural, political and historical situations surrounding them.The second volume considers the New Testament, and the range of so-called 'apocryphal' gospels that were written in early centuries, and used by many Christian groups before the canon was closed. Also included are comprehensive appendices which show various canon lists for both Old and New Testaments and for the bible as a whole.

Lee Martin McDonald provides a magisterial overview of the development of the biblical canon --- the emergence of the list of individual texts that constitutes the Christian bible. In these two volumes -- in sum more than double the length of his previous works -- McDonald presents his most in-depth overview to date. McDonald shows students and researchers how the list of texts that constitute 'the bible' was once far more fluid than it is today and guides readers through the minefield of different texts, different versions, and the different lists of texts considered 'canonical' that abounded in antiquity. Questions of the origin and transmission of texts are introduced as well as consideration of innovations in the presentation of texts, collections of documents, archaeological finds and Church councils.In the first volume McDonald reexamines issues of canon formation once considered settled, and sets the range of texts that make up the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament) in their broader context. Each indidvidual text is discussed, as are the cultural, political and historical situations surrounding them.This second volume considers the New Testament, and the range of so-called 'apocryphal' gospels that were written in early centuries, and used by many Christian groups before the canon was closed. Also included are comprehensive appendices which show various canon lists for both Old and New Testaments and for the bible as a whole.

Irving offers a critical analysis of T.F. Torrance’s doctrine of God. In particular, he focuses on the fundamental premise that the being of God inheres in the act of God and the act of God inheres in the being of God. Underlying Torrance’s equivocation in the relation of God in and for himself and God for us, are two theological emphases. This work evaluates how successful he is in so doing. Torrance’s treatment of revelation as self-revelation whereby we share in God’s knowledge of God’s self entails that the world-relation of revelation is proper to the being of God. How the proposition that God’s being is eternally in act impacts Torrance’s treatment of trinitarian ontology, vis-à-vis the unity of the divine being, perichoresis, the divine Monarchia and the Filioque. How the proposition that God’s economic act is identical to the being of God shapes Torrance’s kerygmatic theology, particularly with reference to the doctrines of creation and redemption. A consideration of where Torrance can be situated amongst other “post-Barthians” in order to contend that Torrance’s position on the nature of divine freedom is not that of absolute ontological independence (as is frequently supposed).

This collection offers the first book-length engagement with Werner G. Jeanrond’s theological thinking, spanning from hermeneutics through systematic theology to politics. More than twenty renowned scholars with a global reach offer interpretations, interventions, and inspirations sparked by Jeanrond’s theology. Together, they take Jeanrond’s lecture on “The Problem of the Theological Starting Point” as a starting point to tackle one of Jeanrond’s key questions: ‘How can theological thought begin today, in the midst of a confusing plurality of methods?’ The wager of this collection is that this question can only be asked and answered in a dialogue that engages scholars critically and self-critically with each other. Tackling the problem of the starting point, then, implies a vision for the vocation of theology that cannot hide behind clear-cut answers. In Jeanrond’s words: ‘Because God has begun a relationship with this world, theology must do the same without fear of compromising itself in this process’.The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by Lund University.

Michelle Keener incorporates advances in modern trauma theory in the interpretation of the book of Job. Keener focuses primarily on using the framework of a psychological trauma narrative to read the text, providing new insights into how Job functions as a text that deals with trauma.After an extensive introduction to the history and fundamentals of trauma theory Keener actively applies a trauma theory reading to the book of Job with special attention paid to the elements of a therapeutic trauma narrative, its role in the cognitive resolution of trauma, and how this is reflected in the biblical text. This approach provides alternative answers to some of the suggested redactions, reconstruction, and inconsistencies identified in the text of Job by previous scholars. Keener also draws in the Wesleylan Quadrilateral as a means of reading the texts, and examines how her conclusions may be useful in applied community contexts.

This timely work addresses the problems of coercive control and hypermasculinity in church readings of the bible, examining the role that biblical texts play in the experiences of survivors and perpetrators of gender-based violence and domestic abuse.The volume is entirely transdisciplinary in approach, including work from scholars representing biblical studies, practical theology and psychology as well as practitioners working as church leaders, charity workers, and social workers. The contributors consider ways in which university researchers working on the bible can assist in the practice of church and charity workers who actively support survivors of gender-based violence. The work also provides a space for academics to listen to the work of church and charity practitioners in order to reconsider and reshape future research agendas.

Lucy Reid’s classic text on feminist theology is now updated for the 21st century with a new introduction and an additional chapter. This work presents a powerful case for rethinking patriarchal Christian theology with its negative repercussions in sexism, racism, colonialism and environmental devastation. It is an engaging and personal exploration of feminist theology and spirituality, contributing to a more holistic, equitable and life affirming Christianity. Reid provides an overview of Biblical feminine imagery for God and explores the Holy Spirit as feminine. She focuses on the Goddess of pre-history and neo-paganism in order to address the various questions about the historicity and mythological value of such cultures, with special emphasis on critiques of the traditional theology of Judeo-Christianity. Reid draws upon liberation theology and feminist thought to examine the role of women in the church, emphasizing the role of obedience and submission. She consequently explores the connections between dualistic belief and harmful practices such as: the destruction of the earth's resources and the oppression of women and minority groups. Reid's analysis reveals the necessity of ecumenism and interfaith dialogue. Furthermore, she questions the implied supremacy of Christianity over other faith traditions. Finally, a new chapter asks how Jesus can be integrated as central to Christianity without being patriarchal.

Lucy Reid’s classic text on feminist theology is now updated for the 21st century with a new introduction and an additional chapter. This work presents a powerful case for rethinking patriarchal Christian theology with its negative repercussions in sexism, racism, colonialism and environmental devastation. It is an engaging and personal exploration of feminist theology and spirituality, contributing to a more holistic, equitable and life affirming Christianity. Reid provides an overview of Biblical feminine imagery for God and explores the Holy Spirit as feminine. She focuses on the Goddess of pre-history and neo-paganism in order to address the various questions about the historicity and mythological value of such cultures, with special emphasis on critiques of the traditional theology of Judeo-Christianity. Reid draws upon liberation theology and feminist thought to examine the role of women in the church, emphasizing the role of obedience and submission. She consequently explores the connections between dualistic belief and harmful practices such as: the destruction of the earth's resources and the oppression of women and minority groups. Reid's analysis reveals the necessity of ecumenism and interfaith dialogue. Furthermore, she questions the implied supremacy of Christianity over other faith traditions. Finally, a new chapter asks how Jesus can be integrated as central to Christianity without being patriarchal.

What do we experience when we die? Steven W. Tyra surveys the historical approaches to this question in this comprehensive book that traces to the idea of the “afterlife” from the early church to modernity.Tyra builds upon specialist scholarship to provide an accessible introduction to the variety of afterlives imagined by the Christian tradition. Historically, Christians have painted the period between bodily death and the final resurrection in wildly contrasting hues, from sojourns in a subterranean Elysium to the fires of Purgatory. Along the way they have been forced to grapple with questions posed by our mortality. What precisely is a human being, and does she continue to be one even after her body lies in the dust? What is the relationship of body and soul? Do the dead continue to have knowledge of (or worse, meddle with) the affairs of the living? The answers given by the Christians of centuries past confound modern intuitions and fail to fall within the expected confessional lines. From John Calvin’s so-called defective doctrine of Purgatory to the unorthodox views of C.S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien, Tyra delves into a variety of contexts. Ultimately, this book will show Protestants of today how to draw upon a rich past; how to reflect on these alternative, and sometimes pernicious, stories about what a human being is and what awaits us after death.

What do we experience when we die? Steven W. Tyra surveys the historical approaches to this question in this comprehensive book that traces to the idea of the “afterlife” from the early church to modernity.Tyra builds upon specialist scholarship to provide an accessible introduction to the variety of afterlives imagined by the Christian tradition. Historically, Christians have painted the period between bodily death and the final resurrection in wildly contrasting hues, from sojourns in a subterranean Elysium to the fires of Purgatory. Along the way they have been forced to grapple with questions posed by our mortality. What precisely is a human being, and does she continue to be one even after her body lies in the dust? What is the relationship of body and soul? Do the dead continue to have knowledge of (or worse, meddle with) the affairs of the living? The answers given by the Christians of centuries past confound modern intuitions and fail to fall within the expected confessional lines. From John Calvin’s so-called defective doctrine of Purgatory to the unorthodox views of C.S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien, Tyra delves into a variety of contexts. Ultimately, this book will show Protestants of today how to draw upon a rich past; how to reflect on these alternative, and sometimes pernicious, stories about what a human being is and what awaits us after death.

This expanded edition of Wolfgang Vondey’s masterful account of Pentecostal Theology features new chapters on biblical hermeneutics and political theology. The winner of the Pneuma Book Award 2018, from the Society for Pentecostal Studies. Pentecostalism is the most rapidly growing branch of Christianity since the 20th century. In this work, Vondey gives a powerful overview of Pentecostal Theology that is genuine to Pentecostals worldwide whilst allowing for different adaptations among the various Pentecostal groups. The two new chapters add a new dimension to this work as they address a void between the doctrine of the church and the doctrine of God. With updated content, new preface and expanded conclusion, this work is essential for any student looking to get a grasp of the Pentecostal movement.

This sweeping collection of essays covers everything from Owen’s eschatology to his relationship with scripture as well as his own personal defeats. Gribben untangles the intricate threads of a complicated and intellectual life to reveal a figure who still holds a deep relevance to the modern world.This work does not simply explore Owen’s theological ideas in isolation, but is keenly aware of the context in which they developed. This allows readers to understand the thought of this important theologian with more depth. With an exemplary focus on historiography and a keen eye for Owen’s evangelical legacy, this book makes compelling reading for anyone interested in late seventeenth century Dissenting Theology.

Twelve original studies on Trinitarian theology and its enduring capacity to shape theological discourse, ecclesiology, and society today.The doctrine of the Trinity sits at the heart of Christian identity, shaping how Christians think about faith, worship, and community. The Nicene Creed, recited in churches across the world, invites not only a shared confession but also a deep and ongoing conversation about who God is and how God relates to the world. The Council’s articulation of the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father laid the foundation for Trinitarian doctrine and safeguarded the mystery of salvation. It continues to serve as a rich source of interdisciplinary exploration and inspire fresh theological inquiry into the mystery of divine communion, the incarnation of Christ, and the unity and identity of the Church.On the 1700th anniversary of this historic event, the essays in this volume collectively re-examine earlier debates, introduce fresh perspectives, and renew dialogue around doctrines as vital today as in the fourth century. Emphasising the value of constructive engagement between traditions and exploring how Trinitarian theology continues to inform Christian witness in a complex and changing world, this volume offers essential reading for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of a foundational aspect of Christian faith and history.

From one of the greatest systematic theologians of the 20th century and with a brand new preface, this book provides a clear and authoritative introduction to the main themes in Barth's theology. In an accessible way, it shows the continuity and coherence of Barth's work and stresses the importance of his biblical and ethical writings alongside his systematic theology. Here, Webster focuses on Barth's response to modernity, postmodernity and the tasks of theology, presenting him as an outstanding resource for constructive theology in our age.Karl Barth is perhaps the most important Protestant theologian since Schleiermacher. A lifetime of work produced a huge and complex body of writings that emerged from both his theological teaching and from his engagement in church life. In this book, John Webster guides you through the writings of this ecclesial, engaged, culturally and politically alert theologian.

From one of the greatest systematic theologians of the 20th century and with a brand new preface, this book provides a clear and authoritative introduction to the main themes in Barth's theology. In an accessible way, it shows the continuity and coherence of Barth's work and stresses the importance of his biblical and ethical writings alongside his systematic theology. Here, Webster focuses on Barth's response to modernity, postmodernity and the tasks of theology, presenting him as an outstanding resource for constructive theology in our age.Karl Barth is perhaps the most important Protestant theologian since Schleiermacher. A lifetime of work produced a huge and complex body of writings that emerged from both his theological teaching and from his engagement in church life. In this book, John Webster guides you through the writings of this ecclesial, engaged, culturally and politically alert theologian.

The book presents a bold and transformative exploration of how Pentecostal theology can be revitalized by critically engaging with the Nicene Creed through the lens of African spirituality and decolonial thought. In an era marked by profound cultural exchanges and theological diversification, Kaunda challenges traditional Nicene faith and calls for a new approach that reflects the pluralistic realities of the 21st century. Rooted in the rich metaphysical and philosophical traditions of the Bemba people of Zambia, the book critiques the classical dualistic interpretations of Christian theology, which have long emphasized divisions between the sacred and secular, material and spiritual, human and nonhuman. Through a decolonial framework, this powerful work seeks to dismantle these entrenched dualisms and reintroduce an integrated approach to faith, one that embraces the interconnectedness of all things. African indigenous concepts are central to this reimagining of Nicene Christianity. It demonstrates how Pentecostalism, with its emphasis on the Spirit’s dynamic presence, can speak powerfully to issues such as gender relations, ecological crises, power dynamics, and the lived realities of African communities. Grounding theological reflection in the lived experiences and cultural contexts of African Pentecostal believers, Kaunda reveals a more holistic, contextually resonant, and responsive form of Christian theology.

This book is a long awaited update to the first major study of a Christian community which has developed an approach to faith and life which is different from all other churches. Situated on a high plateau surrounded by steep escarpments, Ethiopia has a unique geography which saw the beginnings of the human race. Its culture is nurtured by its links with Europe, the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia. This has contributed to one of the longest archaeological records of any country in the world and the rich life of an ancient church with a remarkable legacy.This new edition is updated throughout and it engages more deeply with recent work on the origins of the church and on Christological controversies. It also provides a critical analysis of the role which Ethiopian churches played in recent war and division which have brought changes within the country and the church. There is a new introduction showing how this is a distinctive African form of Christianity, and a brand new chapter on the tragic wars and violence since 2018. It concludes with a recognition of the role that women have played in the Christianity of the country.

This is an updated edition of Whitford's essential upper-level introduction to the German Reformer Martin Luther. One of the most influential and important figures of the second millennium, Luther, by his thought and action, started the Reformation movement.His break with Rome and the development of separate Evangelical churches affected not just the religious life of Europe but also social and political landscapes as well. More books have been written about Luther than nearly any other historical figure. Despite all these books, Luther remains an enigmatic figure.Here, Whitford examines a number of key moments in Luther's life and fundamental theological position that can remain perplexing for many students. This book also presents an introduction to the primary sources available to a student and important secondary works that ought to be consulted.