Conjugated Polymers, Organic Crystals, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
"Students seeking to develop a rigorous scientific foundation for an in-depth understanding of one-dimensional metals will need to read the supporting references. Researchers seeking guidance to the current literature and clarification of concepts will find it adequate for some topics..." Angewandte Chemie I.E. "The book is successful in providing a general idea about one-dimensional metals and very nicely covers the basics and application part. The whole book is written in a very readable style, with lot of figures and cartoon presentations, which makes both reading a good pleasure and easy to understand." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics "Eine Strke des Buches sind die intuitiven Erluterungen zu den Eigenschaften eindimensionaler Materialien, die mit Gewinn auch in meine eigene Vorlesung einflieen werden." Timothy M. Swager, Department pf Chemistry, Masssachsetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Angewandte Chemie, 1. Maiheft 2005-117/17 + IE 2005-44/17
Siegmar Roth is founding director of Sineurop Nanotech GmbH Stuttgart, Germany, a company synthesizing carbon nanotubes, graphene and related materials. He has obtained his PhD in Physics at the University of Vienna, Austria, and his Habilitation at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. After some years at Siemens in Erlangen, Germany, he joined the Institut Laue Langevin and later on the High Field Magnet Lab in Grenoble, from where he moved to Stuttgart to become leader of the Research Group on Synthetic Nanostructures at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research. Between 2009 and 2012 he was visiting professor at the School of Electrical Engineering of Korea University. David L. Carroll is professor at the Wake Forest University. He is a trained materials scientist and received his PhD from Wesleyan University, Middletown, USA. After a stay as postdoctoral fellow at the department of materials science and engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia from 1993-1995, he joined the Max-Planck-Institute for solid state research in Stuttgart, Germany. In 1997 he became Assistant Professor at Clemson University and 2001 Associate Professor. He moved with his group to Wake Forest University in 2003, where he founded the Center for Nanotechnology and Molecular Materials.
About the Authors XI Preface to the Third Edition XIII Preface to the Second Edition XV Preface to the First Edition XVII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Dimensionality 1 1.2 Approaching One-Dimensionality from Outside and from Inside 2 1.3 Dimensionality of Carbon Solids 7 1.3.1 Three-Dimensional Carbon: Diamond 7 1.3.2 Two-Dimensional Carbon: Graphite 8 1.3.3 One-Dimensional Carbon: Cumulene, Polycarbyne, Polyene 9 1.3.4 Zero-Dimensional Carbon: Fullerene 11 1.3.5 What about Something in between? 12 1.4 Peculiarities of One-Dimensional Systems 13 References 17 2 One-Dimensional Substances 19 2.1 A15 Compounds 23 2.2 Krogmann Salts 27 2.3 Alchemists Gold 29 2.4 Bechgaard Salts and Other Charge Transfer Compounds 31 2.5 Polysulfurnitride 34 2.6 Phthalocyanines and Other Macrocycles 36 2.7 Transition Metal Chalcogenides and Halides 38 2.8 Conducting Polymers 40 2.9 Halogen-Bridged Mixed-Valence Transition Metal Complexes 44 2.10 Miscellaneous 45 2.10.1 Poly-deckers 45 2.10.2 Polycarbenes 46 2.11 Isolated Nanowires 46 2.11.1 Templates and Filled Pores 46 2.11.2 Asymmetric Growth Using Catalysts 48 2.11.3 Carbon Nanotubes 49 2.11.4 Inorganic Semiconductor QuantumWires 51 2.11.5 Metal Nanowires 52 2.12 Summary 53 References 53 3 One-Dimensional Solid-State Physics 57 3.1 Crystal Lattice and Translation Symmetry 57 3.1.1 Classifying the Lattice 59 3.1.2 Using a Coordinate System 62 3.1.3 The One-Dimensional Lattice 63 3.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes as One-Dimensional Lattices 65 3.2 Reciprocal Lattice, Reciprocal Space 67 3.2.1 Describing Objects Using Momentum and Energy 67 3.2.2 Constructing the Reciprocal Lattice 68 3.2.3 Applying This to One Dimension 69 3.3 The Dynamic Crystal and Dispersion Relations 71 3.3.1 Crystal Vibrations and Phonons 71 3.3.2 Quantum Considerations with Phonons 79 3.3.3 Counting Phonons 81 3.4 Phonons and Electrons Are Different 83 3.4.1 ElectronWaves 84 3.4.2 Electron Statistics 85 3.4.3 The Fermi Surface 86 3.4.4 The Free Electron Model 87 3.4.5 Nearly Free Electron Model; Energy Bands, Energy Gap, and Density of States 91 3.4.6 The Molecular Orbital Approach 97 3.4.7 Returning to Carbon Nanotubes 98 3.5 Summary 102 References 102 4 ElectronPhonon Coupling and the Peierls Transition 105 4.1 The Peierls Distortion 107 4.2 Phonon Softening and the Kohn Anomaly 111 4.3 Fermi SurfaceWarping 112 4.4 Beyond ElectronPhonon Coupling 113 References 114 5 Conducting Polymers: Solitons and Polarons 117 5.1 General Remarks 117 5.2 Conjugated Double Bonds 119 5.3 A Molecular Picture 122 5.3.1 Bonding and Antibonding States 123 5.3.2 The Polyenes 123 5.3.3 Translating to Blochs Theorem 128 5.4 Conjugational Defects 132 5.5 Solitons 136 5.6 Generation of Solitons 144 5.7 Nondegenerate Ground-State Polymers: Polarons 146 5.8 Fractional Charges 151 5.9 Soliton Lifetime 153 References 156 6 Conducting Polymers: Conductivity 159 6.1 General Remarks on Conductivity 159 6.2 Measuring Conductivities 164 6.2.1 Simple Conductivity 164 6.2.2 Conductivity in a Magnetic Field 168 6.2.3 Conductivity of Small Particles 169 6.2.4 Conductivity of High-Impedance Samples 171 6.2.5 Conductivity Measurements without Contacts 171 6.2.6 Thermoelectric Power the Seebeck Effect 172 6.3 Conductivity in One Dimension: Localization 175 6.4 Conductivity and Solitons 178 6.5 Experimental Data 182 6.6 Hopping Conductivity: Variable Range Hopping vs. Fluctuation-Assisted Tunneling 186 6.7 Conductivity of Highly Conducting Polymers 195 6.8 Magnetoresistance 197 References 202 7 Superconductivity 209 7.1 Basic Phenomena 209 7.2 Measuring Superconductivity 216 7.3 Applications of Superconductivity 218 7.4 Superconductivity and Dimensionality 219 7.5 Organic Superconductors 220 7.5.1 One-Dimensional Organic Superconductors 222 7.5.2 Two-Dimensional Or