Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice, 3E

Gordon Guyatt, MD, MSc (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada)Department of Clinical Epidemology and Biostatistics and Medicine,Faculty of Health Services, McMaster University.Drummond Rennie, MD (Chicago, IL)Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies,University of California, San Francisco.Maureen O. Meade, MD, FRCPC, MSc (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada)Department of Clinical Epidemology and Biostatistics and Medicine,Faculty of Health Services, McMaster University.Deborah J. Cook, MD, MSc (Hamilton, Ontario, Canada)Department of Clinical Epidemology and Biostatistics and Medicine,Faculty of Health Services,McMaster University.

• Foreword Preface The Foundations 1 How to Use the Medical Literature—and This Book—to Improve Your Patient Care 2 What Is Evidence-Based Medicine? 3 Evidence-Based Medicine and the Theory of Knowledge 4 What Is the Question? 5 Finding Current Best Evidence 6 Why Study Results Mislead: Bias and Random Error Therapy 7 Therapy (Randomized Trials) 8 How to Use a Noninferiority Trial 9 Does Treatment Lower Risk? Understanding the Results 10 Confidence Intervals: Was the Single Study or Meta-analysis Large Enough? 11 Advanced Topics in the Risk of Bias of Therapy Trials 11.1 An Illustration of Bias and Random Error 11.2 Surprising Results of Randomized Trials 11.3 Randomized Trials Stopped Early for Benefit 11.4 The Principle of Intention to Treat and Ambiguous Dropouts 11.5 N-of-1 Randomized Clinical Trials 11.6 Clinical Decision Support Systems 11.7 How to Use an Article About Quality Improvement 12 Advanced Topics in the Results of Therapy Trials 12.1 Hypothesis Testing 12.2 Understanding the Results: More About Odds Ratios 12.3 What Determines the Width of the Confidence Interval? 12.4 Composite End Points 12.5 Measuring Patients’ Experience 13 Advanced Topics in Applying the Results of Therapy Trials 13.1 Applying Results to Individual Patients 13.2 Numbers Needed to Treat 13.3 Misleading Presentations of Clinical Trial Results 13.4 Surrogate Outcomes 13.5 Qualitative Research Harm (Observational Studies) 14 Harm (Observational Studies) 15 Advanced Topics in Harm 15.1 Correlation and Regression Diagnosis 16 The Process of Diagnosis 17 Differential Diagnosis 18 Diagnostic Tests 19 Advanced Topics in Diagnosis 19.1 Spectrum Bias 19.2 Examples of Likelihood Ratios 19.3 Measuring Agreement Beyond Chance 19.4 Clinical Prediction Rules Prognosis 20 Prognosis 21 Advanced Topics in Prognosis 21.1 How to Use an Article About Genetic Association Summarizing the Evidence 22 The Process of a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 23 Understanding and Applying the Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 24 Network Meta-analysis 25 Advanced Topics in Systematic Reviews 25.1 Fixed-Effects and Random-Effects Models 25.2 How to Use a Subgroup Analysis Moving From Evidence to Action 26 How to Use a Patient Management Recommendation: Clinical Practice Guidelines and Decision Analyses 27 Decision Making and the Patient 28 Advanced Topics in Moving From Evidence to Action 28.1 Assessing the Strength of Recommendations: The GRADE Approach 28.2 Economic Analysis 28.3 Recommendations About Screening 28.4 Understanding Class Effects 28.5 Evidence-Based Practitioners and Evidence-Based Care 29 Teachers’ Guides to the Users’ Guides Glossary Index