Dr. Ladislav Hamerlík is an aquatic ecologist fascinated by the variability and diversity of Chironomidae. He studies ecology and taxonomy of these tiny insects, mainly, as indicators of both recent and past environmental changes all over the world. Currently, he holds a position as assoc. professor in the Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, SlovakiaDr. Fabio Laurindo da Silva is professor in the Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, where he teaches courses in biogeography, aquatic insects, and general entomology, and conduct research on evolutionary biology, historical biogeography, and systematics of Chironomidae

"A much needed reference for Central American workers; this publication will aid greatly in the identification of larvae of fossil and many extant chironomid taxa."John H. Epler, Ph.D., Aquatic Entomologist, Florida, USA"A valuable resource for anyone working on Central American chironomids; diagnostic keys supplemented with photographs showing important morphological structures will be valuable not just for paleolimnologists, but for anyone working on Chironomidae in Central America." - Martin B. Berg, Professor, Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, USA

• 1. Introduction. 2. Living Larvae. 3. Subfossil Larval Remains. 4. Subfamily Chironominae. 5. Subfamily Orthocladiinae. 6. Subfamily Podonominae. 7. Subfamily Tanypodinae.

Dr. Ladislav Hamerlík is an aquatic ecologist fascinated by the variability and diversity of Chironomidae. He studies ecology and taxonomy of these tiny insects, mainly, as indicators of both recent and past environmental changes all over the world. Currently, he holds a position as assoc. professor in the Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, SlovakiaDr. Fabio Laurindo da Silva is professor in the Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, where he teaches courses in biogeography, aquatic insects, and general entomology, and conduct research on evolutionary biology, historical biogeography, and systematics of Chironomidae

"A much needed reference for Central American workers; this publication will aid greatly in the identification of larvae of fossil and many extant chironomid taxa."John H. Epler, Ph.D., Aquatic Entomologist, Florida, USA"A valuable resource for anyone working on Central American chironomids; diagnostic keys supplemented with photographs showing important morphological structures will be valuable not just for paleolimnologists, but for anyone working on Chironomidae in Central America." - Martin B. Berg, Professor, Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, USA

• 1. Introduction. 2. Living Larvae. 3. Subfossil Larval Remains. 4. Subfamily Chironominae. 5. Subfamily Orthocladiinae. 6. Subfamily Podonominae. 7. Subfamily Tanypodinae.

Dr. Ladislav Hamerlík is an aquatic ecologist fascinated by the variability and diversity of Chironomidae. He studies ecology and taxonomy of these tiny insects, mainly, as indicators of both recent and past environmental changes all over the world. Currently, he holds a position as assoc. professor in the Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, SlovakiaDr. Fabio Laurindo da Silva is professor in the Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, where he teaches courses in biogeography, aquatic insects, and general entomology, and conduct research on evolutionary biology, historical biogeography, and systematics of Chironomidae

"A much needed reference for Central American workers; this publication will aid greatly in the identification of larvae of fossil and many extant chironomid taxa."John H. Epler, Ph.D., Aquatic Entomologist, Florida, USA"A valuable resource for anyone working on Central American chironomids; diagnostic keys supplemented with photographs showing important morphological structures will be valuable not just for paleolimnologists, but for anyone working on Chironomidae in Central America." - Martin B. Berg, Professor, Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, USA

• 1. Introduction. 2. Living Larvae. 3. Subfossil Larval Remains. 4. Subfamily Chironominae. 5. Subfamily Orthocladiinae. 6. Subfamily Podonominae. 7. Subfamily Tanypodinae.