M. R. Islam, Ph.D. is the President of Emertec Research and Development Ltd. and an adjunct Professor at Dalhousie University, where he was Canada's first Killam Chair in petroleum engineering from 2000 to 2005. Prior to this, Professor Islam was the first NRCan (Natural Resources Canada) professor of engineering at the University of Regina, where he was the program leader of petroleum engineering. He was instrumental in establishing the Petroleum Technology Research Center (PTRC) and the Greenhouse Gas Technology Center (GTC) in Regina. In the 30+ years of his professional career, Professor Islam has held faculty positions with seven different universities and supervised over 150 research students and post-doctoral fellows. He is also the author of dozens of books and hundreds of scholarly papers, in a variety of fields and areas. M.M. Khan, Ph.D., P.Eng. is a pioneer of zero-waste engineering. He received his PhD from University of Alberta, M.Sc. from Dalhousie University, and B.Sc. from BUET (Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology), in chemical engineering. In his 20 years of professional career, he taught in BUET and held several research positions with government and industry funded projects such as the Atlantic Innovation Fund (AIF), NSERC, Canadian Centre for Clean Carbon and Mineral Processing Technologies (CMPT), BP Americas, and Schlumberger on the topics of sustainable development, greenhouse gas mitigation, carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, and coal gasification. He has co-authored dozens of research publications and five books on the topics of energy and the environment. He has lectured around the world in conferences and technical meetings. He is a professional engineer, registered with the Association of Professional Engineers and Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGA).

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• Foreword xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Opening Statement 11.2 Summary 61.3 Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate 61.4 Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 81.5 Chapter 4: Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change 91.6 Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming 101.7 Chapter 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change 111.8 Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 111.9 Chapter 8: Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria 121.10 Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science 131.11 Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming 161.12 Chapter 11: Conclusions 182 State-of-The-Art of the Climate Change Debate 192.1 Introduction 192.2 The Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC) 202.3 The Climate Change as a Natural Process 272.4 Conclusions 353 Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 373.1 Introduction 373.2 The Science of Forest Fires 383.2.1 Role of Water and Carbon 393.2.2 Combustion and Oxidation 423.2.3 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 573.2.4 Causes of Forest Fires 683.3 Climate Change and Forest Fire 713.4 Setting the Stage to Discover a CO2* Effect 893.5 Conclusions 1014 Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change 1034.1 Introduction 1034.2 Climate-Water-Food Nexus 1044.3 Biofuel 1124.4 Pathway Analysis of Biofuels 1194.4.1 Chemical Fertilizers 1194.4.2 Pesticides 1304.4.2.1 Toxin Related to Pesticide 1364.4.3 The Heavy Metals 1424.4.3.1 Lead 1454.4.3.2 Chromium 1464.4.3.3 Arsenic 1474.4.3.4 Zinc 1504.4.3.5 Cadmium 1514.4.3.6 Copper 1514.4.3.7 Mercury 1524.4.3.8 Nickel 1534.4.3.9 Overall Effect of Heavy Metals on Life Cycle and Ecosystem 1534.4.4 The Mechanism 1654.4.5 Bioethanol 1764.5 Conclusions 1805 Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming 1815.1 Introduction 1815.2 The Process of Biodiesel Manufacturing 1835.2.1 Variables Affecting Transesterification Reaction 1855.2.1.1 Effect of Free Fatty Acid and Moisture 1865.2.1.2 Catalyst Type and Concentration 1885.2.1.3 Molar Ratio of Alcohol to Oil and Type of Alcohol 1905.2.1.4 Effect of Reaction Time and Temperature 1935.2.1.5 Mixing Intensity 1945.2.1.6 Effect of Using Organic Co-Solvents 1955.2.2 Catalysts 1975.2.2.1 The Effects of Homogeneous  Catalyst in Biodiesel Production 1985.2.2.2 Effect of Heterogeneous Catalysts 2075.2.2.3 Future Trends and the Impact on the Environment 2255.2.3 Greening of the Biodiesel Process 2295.3 Conclusions 2346 Role of Refining on Climate Change 2356.1 Introduction 2356.2 The Refining Process 2366.3 Additives and Their Functions 2466.3.1 Platinum 2466.3.2 Cadmium 2506.3.3 Lead 2546.4 Science of Nanaoscale 2586.4.1 Connection Between Subatomic and Bulk Properties 2646.4.2 The Correct Formulation 2706.5 Zeolite as a Refining Catalyst 2776.5.1 Gasoline Pool 2816.5.2 Linear Paraffin Isomerization 2826.5.3 Isobutane–Butene Alkylation 2826.5.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) 2836.5.5 Reforming 2866.5.6 Hydrocracking 2876.6 Conclusions 2917 Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 2937.1 Introduction 2937.2 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 2977.3 Redefining Radiation and Energy 2987.3.1 Radiation 2987.3.2 Flames and Natural Frequencies of Flames 3047.3.3 Energy 3087.3.4 Conversion of Energy Into Mass 3197.4 Role of Petroleum Sources 3247.4.1 Organic Origin of Petroleum 3257.4.2 Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon 3277.4.3 Effect on Reserve 3317.5 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 3337.6 Conclusions 3418 Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria 3438.1 Introduction 3438.2 Climate Change Hysteria 3458.3 The Energy Crisis 3498.3.1 Are Natural Resources Finite and Human Needs Infinite? 3498.3.2 The Finite/ Infinite Conundrum 3578.3.3 Renewable vs Non-Renewable: No Boundary-As-Such 3588.4 Conclusions 3619 The Monetization the Climate Science 3639.1 Introduction 3639.2 The Nobel Laureate Economist’s Claim 3669.3 Historical Development 3759.3.1 Pre-Industrial 3779.3.2 Industrial Age 3779.3.3 Age of Petroleum 3829.3.3.1 High-Acid Crude Oils and Opportunity Crudes 3859.3.3.2 Oil From Tight Formations and From Shale Formations 3869.3.3.3 Natural Gas 3879.3.3.4 Heavy Oil 3889.3.3.5 Tar Sand Bitumen 3899.4 Petroleum in the Big Picture 3909.5 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4019.5.1 CO2 Release to the Atmosphere 4119.5.2 Linking with GDP 4219.5.3 Different Trends in the Largest Emitting Countries and Regions 4229.6 Comments on the Copenhagen Summit 4239.7 The Parise Agreement 4299.7.1 Connection to Nordhaus 4299.7.2 The Agreement 4309.8 Carbon Tax: The Ultimate Goal of Climate Change Hysteria 4359.9 Conclusions 44410 The Science of Global Warming 44510.1 Introduction 44510.2 Current Status of Greenhouse 44710.3 The Current Focus 45610.3.1 Effect of Metals 45610.3.2 Indirect Effects 46010.4 Scientific Characterization of Greenhouse Gases 46710.4.1 Connection to Subatomic Energy 46710.4.2 Isotopes and Their Relation to Greenhouse Gases 47110.5 A New Approach to Material Characterization 48710.5.1 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials 49110.5.2 Rebalancing Mass and Energy 49110.5.3 Energy: Toward Scientific Modeling 49310.5.4 The Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy 49510.5.5 Avalanche Theory 49510.5.6 Simultaneous Characterization of Matter and Energy 49910.6 Classification of CO2 50310.6.1 Isotopic Characterization 50410.6.2 Isotopic Features of Naturally Occurring Chemicals 51510.6.3 Photosynthesis 51810.6.4 The Effect on Carbon (114C and δ13C) 52210.7 The Role of Water in Global Warming 52710.7.1 Water as the Driver of Climate Change 52910.8 Characterization of Energy Sources 53310.8.1 Environmental and Ecological Impact 53310.8.2 Quality of Energy 53310.8.3 Evaluation of Process 53410.8.4 Final Characterization 53511 Conclusions 53711.1 Concluding Remarks 53711.2 Conclusions of Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate 54111.3 Conclusions of Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 54111.4 Conclusions of Chapter 4: Role of Agricultureal practices on Climate Change 54211.5 Conclusions of Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Gobal Warming 54211.6 Concludsions of Chapetr 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change 54311.7 Conclusions of Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 54311.8 Conclusions of Chapter 8: Delineraized History of Climate Change Hysteria 54411.9 Conclusions of Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science 54411.10 Conclusions of Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming 54512 References 547Index 619

M. R. Islam, Ph.D. is the President of Emertec Research and Development Ltd. and an adjunct Professor at Dalhousie University, where he was Canada's first Killam Chair in petroleum engineering from 2000 to 2005. Prior to this, Professor Islam was the first NRCan (Natural Resources Canada) professor of engineering at the University of Regina, where he was the program leader of petroleum engineering. He was instrumental in establishing the Petroleum Technology Research Center (PTRC) and the Greenhouse Gas Technology Center (GTC) in Regina. In the 30+ years of his professional career, Professor Islam has held faculty positions with seven different universities and supervised over 150 research students and post-doctoral fellows. He is also the author of dozens of books and hundreds of scholarly papers, in a variety of fields and areas. M.M. Khan, Ph.D., P.Eng. is a pioneer of zero-waste engineering. He received his PhD from University of Alberta, M.Sc. from Dalhousie University, and B.Sc. from BUET (Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology), in chemical engineering. In his 20 years of professional career, he taught in BUET and held several research positions with government and industry funded projects such as the Atlantic Innovation Fund (AIF), NSERC, Canadian Centre for Clean Carbon and Mineral Processing Technologies (CMPT), BP Americas, and Schlumberger on the topics of sustainable development, greenhouse gas mitigation, carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, and coal gasification. He has co-authored dozens of research publications and five books on the topics of energy and the environment. He has lectured around the world in conferences and technical meetings. He is a professional engineer, registered with the Association of Professional Engineers and Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGA).

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• Foreword xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Opening Statement 11.2 Summary 61.3 Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate 61.4 Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 81.5 Chapter 4: Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change 91.6 Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming 101.7 Chapter 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change 111.8 Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 111.9 Chapter 8: Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria 121.10 Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science 131.11 Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming 161.12 Chapter 11: Conclusions 182 State-of-The-Art of the Climate Change Debate 192.1 Introduction 192.2 The Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC) 202.3 The Climate Change as a Natural Process 272.4 Conclusions 353 Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 373.1 Introduction 373.2 The Science of Forest Fires 383.2.1 Role of Water and Carbon 393.2.2 Combustion and Oxidation 423.2.3 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 573.2.4 Causes of Forest Fires 683.3 Climate Change and Forest Fire 713.4 Setting the Stage to Discover a CO2* Effect 893.5 Conclusions 1014 Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change 1034.1 Introduction 1034.2 Climate-Water-Food Nexus 1044.3 Biofuel 1124.4 Pathway Analysis of Biofuels 1194.4.1 Chemical Fertilizers 1194.4.2 Pesticides 1304.4.2.1 Toxin Related to Pesticide 1364.4.3 The Heavy Metals 1424.4.3.1 Lead 1454.4.3.2 Chromium 1464.4.3.3 Arsenic 1474.4.3.4 Zinc 1504.4.3.5 Cadmium 1514.4.3.6 Copper 1514.4.3.7 Mercury 1524.4.3.8 Nickel 1534.4.3.9 Overall Effect of Heavy Metals on Life Cycle and Ecosystem 1534.4.4 The Mechanism 1654.4.5 Bioethanol 1764.5 Conclusions 1805 Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming 1815.1 Introduction 1815.2 The Process of Biodiesel Manufacturing 1835.2.1 Variables Affecting Transesterification Reaction 1855.2.1.1 Effect of Free Fatty Acid and Moisture 1865.2.1.2 Catalyst Type and Concentration 1885.2.1.3 Molar Ratio of Alcohol to Oil and Type of Alcohol 1905.2.1.4 Effect of Reaction Time and Temperature 1935.2.1.5 Mixing Intensity 1945.2.1.6 Effect of Using Organic Co-Solvents 1955.2.2 Catalysts 1975.2.2.1 The Effects of Homogeneous  Catalyst in Biodiesel Production 1985.2.2.2 Effect of Heterogeneous Catalysts 2075.2.2.3 Future Trends and the Impact on the Environment 2255.2.3 Greening of the Biodiesel Process 2295.3 Conclusions 2346 Role of Refining on Climate Change 2356.1 Introduction 2356.2 The Refining Process 2366.3 Additives and Their Functions 2466.3.1 Platinum 2466.3.2 Cadmium 2506.3.3 Lead 2546.4 Science of Nanaoscale 2586.4.1 Connection Between Subatomic and Bulk Properties 2646.4.2 The Correct Formulation 2706.5 Zeolite as a Refining Catalyst 2776.5.1 Gasoline Pool 2816.5.2 Linear Paraffin Isomerization 2826.5.3 Isobutane–Butene Alkylation 2826.5.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) 2836.5.5 Reforming 2866.5.6 Hydrocracking 2876.6 Conclusions 2917 Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 2937.1 Introduction 2937.2 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 2977.3 Redefining Radiation and Energy 2987.3.1 Radiation 2987.3.2 Flames and Natural Frequencies of Flames 3047.3.3 Energy 3087.3.4 Conversion of Energy Into Mass 3197.4 Role of Petroleum Sources 3247.4.1 Organic Origin of Petroleum 3257.4.2 Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon 3277.4.3 Effect on Reserve 3317.5 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 3337.6 Conclusions 3418 Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria 3438.1 Introduction 3438.2 Climate Change Hysteria 3458.3 The Energy Crisis 3498.3.1 Are Natural Resources Finite and Human Needs Infinite? 3498.3.2 The Finite/ Infinite Conundrum 3578.3.3 Renewable vs Non-Renewable: No Boundary-As-Such 3588.4 Conclusions 3619 The Monetization the Climate Science 3639.1 Introduction 3639.2 The Nobel Laureate Economist’s Claim 3669.3 Historical Development 3759.3.1 Pre-Industrial 3779.3.2 Industrial Age 3779.3.3 Age of Petroleum 3829.3.3.1 High-Acid Crude Oils and Opportunity Crudes 3859.3.3.2 Oil From Tight Formations and From Shale Formations 3869.3.3.3 Natural Gas 3879.3.3.4 Heavy Oil 3889.3.3.5 Tar Sand Bitumen 3899.4 Petroleum in the Big Picture 3909.5 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4019.5.1 CO2 Release to the Atmosphere 4119.5.2 Linking with GDP 4219.5.3 Different Trends in the Largest Emitting Countries and Regions 4229.6 Comments on the Copenhagen Summit 4239.7 The Parise Agreement 4299.7.1 Connection to Nordhaus 4299.7.2 The Agreement 4309.8 Carbon Tax: The Ultimate Goal of Climate Change Hysteria 4359.9 Conclusions 44410 The Science of Global Warming 44510.1 Introduction 44510.2 Current Status of Greenhouse 44710.3 The Current Focus 45610.3.1 Effect of Metals 45610.3.2 Indirect Effects 46010.4 Scientific Characterization of Greenhouse Gases 46710.4.1 Connection to Subatomic Energy 46710.4.2 Isotopes and Their Relation to Greenhouse Gases 47110.5 A New Approach to Material Characterization 48710.5.1 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials 49110.5.2 Rebalancing Mass and Energy 49110.5.3 Energy: Toward Scientific Modeling 49310.5.4 The Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy 49510.5.5 Avalanche Theory 49510.5.6 Simultaneous Characterization of Matter and Energy 49910.6 Classification of CO2 50310.6.1 Isotopic Characterization 50410.6.2 Isotopic Features of Naturally Occurring Chemicals 51510.6.3 Photosynthesis 51810.6.4 The Effect on Carbon (114C and δ13C) 52210.7 The Role of Water in Global Warming 52710.7.1 Water as the Driver of Climate Change 52910.8 Characterization of Energy Sources 53310.8.1 Environmental and Ecological Impact 53310.8.2 Quality of Energy 53310.8.3 Evaluation of Process 53410.8.4 Final Characterization 53511 Conclusions 53711.1 Concluding Remarks 53711.2 Conclusions of Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate 54111.3 Conclusions of Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 54111.4 Conclusions of Chapter 4: Role of Agricultureal practices on Climate Change 54211.5 Conclusions of Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Gobal Warming 54211.6 Concludsions of Chapetr 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change 54311.7 Conclusions of Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 54311.8 Conclusions of Chapter 8: Delineraized History of Climate Change Hysteria 54411.9 Conclusions of Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science 54411.10 Conclusions of Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming 54512 References 547Index 619

M. R. Islam, Ph.D. is the President of Emertec Research and Development Ltd. and an adjunct Professor at Dalhousie University, where he was Canada's first Killam Chair in petroleum engineering from 2000 to 2005. Prior to this, Professor Islam was the first NRCan (Natural Resources Canada) professor of engineering at the University of Regina, where he was the program leader of petroleum engineering. He was instrumental in establishing the Petroleum Technology Research Center (PTRC) and the Greenhouse Gas Technology Center (GTC) in Regina. In the 30+ years of his professional career, Professor Islam has held faculty positions with seven different universities and supervised over 150 research students and post-doctoral fellows. He is also the author of dozens of books and hundreds of scholarly papers, in a variety of fields and areas. M.M. Khan, Ph.D., P.Eng. is a pioneer of zero-waste engineering. He received his PhD from University of Alberta, M.Sc. from Dalhousie University, and B.Sc. from BUET (Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology), in chemical engineering. In his 20 years of professional career, he taught in BUET and held several research positions with government and industry funded projects such as the Atlantic Innovation Fund (AIF), NSERC, Canadian Centre for Clean Carbon and Mineral Processing Technologies (CMPT), BP Americas, and Schlumberger on the topics of sustainable development, greenhouse gas mitigation, carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, and coal gasification. He has co-authored dozens of research publications and five books on the topics of energy and the environment. He has lectured around the world in conferences and technical meetings. He is a professional engineer, registered with the Association of Professional Engineers and Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGA).

Select Guide Rating

• Foreword xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Opening Statement 11.2 Summary 61.3 Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate 61.4 Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 81.5 Chapter 4: Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change 91.6 Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming 101.7 Chapter 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change 111.8 Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 111.9 Chapter 8: Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria 121.10 Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science 131.11 Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming 161.12 Chapter 11: Conclusions 182 State-of-The-Art of the Climate Change Debate 192.1 Introduction 192.2 The Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC) 202.3 The Climate Change as a Natural Process 272.4 Conclusions 353 Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 373.1 Introduction 373.2 The Science of Forest Fires 383.2.1 Role of Water and Carbon 393.2.2 Combustion and Oxidation 423.2.3 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 573.2.4 Causes of Forest Fires 683.3 Climate Change and Forest Fire 713.4 Setting the Stage to Discover a CO2* Effect 893.5 Conclusions 1014 Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change 1034.1 Introduction 1034.2 Climate-Water-Food Nexus 1044.3 Biofuel 1124.4 Pathway Analysis of Biofuels 1194.4.1 Chemical Fertilizers 1194.4.2 Pesticides 1304.4.2.1 Toxin Related to Pesticide 1364.4.3 The Heavy Metals 1424.4.3.1 Lead 1454.4.3.2 Chromium 1464.4.3.3 Arsenic 1474.4.3.4 Zinc 1504.4.3.5 Cadmium 1514.4.3.6 Copper 1514.4.3.7 Mercury 1524.4.3.8 Nickel 1534.4.3.9 Overall Effect of Heavy Metals on Life Cycle and Ecosystem 1534.4.4 The Mechanism 1654.4.5 Bioethanol 1764.5 Conclusions 1805 Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming 1815.1 Introduction 1815.2 The Process of Biodiesel Manufacturing 1835.2.1 Variables Affecting Transesterification Reaction 1855.2.1.1 Effect of Free Fatty Acid and Moisture 1865.2.1.2 Catalyst Type and Concentration 1885.2.1.3 Molar Ratio of Alcohol to Oil and Type of Alcohol 1905.2.1.4 Effect of Reaction Time and Temperature 1935.2.1.5 Mixing Intensity 1945.2.1.6 Effect of Using Organic Co-Solvents 1955.2.2 Catalysts 1975.2.2.1 The Effects of Homogeneous  Catalyst in Biodiesel Production 1985.2.2.2 Effect of Heterogeneous Catalysts 2075.2.2.3 Future Trends and the Impact on the Environment 2255.2.3 Greening of the Biodiesel Process 2295.3 Conclusions 2346 Role of Refining on Climate Change 2356.1 Introduction 2356.2 The Refining Process 2366.3 Additives and Their Functions 2466.3.1 Platinum 2466.3.2 Cadmium 2506.3.3 Lead 2546.4 Science of Nanaoscale 2586.4.1 Connection Between Subatomic and Bulk Properties 2646.4.2 The Correct Formulation 2706.5 Zeolite as a Refining Catalyst 2776.5.1 Gasoline Pool 2816.5.2 Linear Paraffin Isomerization 2826.5.3 Isobutane–Butene Alkylation 2826.5.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) 2836.5.5 Reforming 2866.5.6 Hydrocracking 2876.6 Conclusions 2917 Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 2937.1 Introduction 2937.2 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 2977.3 Redefining Radiation and Energy 2987.3.1 Radiation 2987.3.2 Flames and Natural Frequencies of Flames 3047.3.3 Energy 3087.3.4 Conversion of Energy Into Mass 3197.4 Role of Petroleum Sources 3247.4.1 Organic Origin of Petroleum 3257.4.2 Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon 3277.4.3 Effect on Reserve 3317.5 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum 3337.6 Conclusions 3418 Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria 3438.1 Introduction 3438.2 Climate Change Hysteria 3458.3 The Energy Crisis 3498.3.1 Are Natural Resources Finite and Human Needs Infinite? 3498.3.2 The Finite/ Infinite Conundrum 3578.3.3 Renewable vs Non-Renewable: No Boundary-As-Such 3588.4 Conclusions 3619 The Monetization the Climate Science 3639.1 Introduction 3639.2 The Nobel Laureate Economist’s Claim 3669.3 Historical Development 3759.3.1 Pre-Industrial 3779.3.2 Industrial Age 3779.3.3 Age of Petroleum 3829.3.3.1 High-Acid Crude Oils and Opportunity Crudes 3859.3.3.2 Oil From Tight Formations and From Shale Formations 3869.3.3.3 Natural Gas 3879.3.3.4 Heavy Oil 3889.3.3.5 Tar Sand Bitumen 3899.4 Petroleum in the Big Picture 3909.5 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4019.5.1 CO2 Release to the Atmosphere 4119.5.2 Linking with GDP 4219.5.3 Different Trends in the Largest Emitting Countries and Regions 4229.6 Comments on the Copenhagen Summit 4239.7 The Parise Agreement 4299.7.1 Connection to Nordhaus 4299.7.2 The Agreement 4309.8 Carbon Tax: The Ultimate Goal of Climate Change Hysteria 4359.9 Conclusions 44410 The Science of Global Warming 44510.1 Introduction 44510.2 Current Status of Greenhouse 44710.3 The Current Focus 45610.3.1 Effect of Metals 45610.3.2 Indirect Effects 46010.4 Scientific Characterization of Greenhouse Gases 46710.4.1 Connection to Subatomic Energy 46710.4.2 Isotopes and Their Relation to Greenhouse Gases 47110.5 A New Approach to Material Characterization 48710.5.1 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials 49110.5.2 Rebalancing Mass and Energy 49110.5.3 Energy: Toward Scientific Modeling 49310.5.4 The Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy 49510.5.5 Avalanche Theory 49510.5.6 Simultaneous Characterization of Matter and Energy 49910.6 Classification of CO2 50310.6.1 Isotopic Characterization 50410.6.2 Isotopic Features of Naturally Occurring Chemicals 51510.6.3 Photosynthesis 51810.6.4 The Effect on Carbon (114C and δ13C) 52210.7 The Role of Water in Global Warming 52710.7.1 Water as the Driver of Climate Change 52910.8 Characterization of Energy Sources 53310.8.1 Environmental and Ecological Impact 53310.8.2 Quality of Energy 53310.8.3 Evaluation of Process 53410.8.4 Final Characterization 53511 Conclusions 53711.1 Concluding Remarks 53711.2 Conclusions of Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate 54111.3 Conclusions of Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO2 54111.4 Conclusions of Chapter 4: Role of Agricultureal practices on Climate Change 54211.5 Conclusions of Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Gobal Warming 54211.6 Concludsions of Chapetr 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change 54311.7 Conclusions of Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids 54311.8 Conclusions of Chapter 8: Delineraized History of Climate Change Hysteria 54411.9 Conclusions of Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science 54411.10 Conclusions of Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming 54512 References 547Index 619