Free Space Optical Networks for Ultra-Broad Band Services

Stamatios V. Kartalopoulus, PhD, is the Williams Professor in Telecommunications Networking at the ECE/TCOM graduate program at the University of Oklahoma. He has been a Distinguished Speaker of IEEE and has been invited to give keynote speeches internationally. For twenty-two years prior, Dr. Kartalopoulos defined, led, and managed research and development teams in Bell Laboratories, where he received the President's Award and other awards for excellence. A Fellow of IEEE, he has published more than 250 scientific papers and ten books, and has been awarded twenty patents. In 2010, he received the 2009 Choice Award for Outstanding Academic Titles for his book Security of Information and Communication Networks (Wiley/IEEE Press), and also received the award for Top Cited Article in the period 2005-2010 for his FTTH/B paper in Optical Systems and Networks (Vol. 2, 2005).

"The book covers an important area of free space optical networking. Although this type of communications has its roots in ancient times and its modern form was originally conceived for the inter-satellite applications, its applicability extends now to terrestrial access networks, LAN to LAN inter-connectivity, emergency communications network deployment, and others. Free Space Optical Networks for Ultra-Broad Band Services was written by Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos, a renowned expert in optical communications, in a reader-friendly manner. The book covers a wide range of topics, ranging from free the physical layer, through networking issues, to security and applications. It can be a valuable source of information for graduate students as well as practicing engineers."—Andrzej Jajszczyk, AGH University of Science and Technology"This book is an introduction to the technical aspects and design issues of free-space optical (FSO) networks. The effects of atmospheric phenomena on laser beam propagation are presented. Optical devices used in FSO systems are overviewed. The design of FSO systems with point-to-point, ring and mesh topology is explained emphasizing practical aspects. Advantages and drawbacks of FSO networks are examined. Throughout the book, all topics are presented using a clear, albeit appropriate, language. Most difficult technical details are omitted, thus allowing readers with a general background to understand the essential concepts and principles. The tutorial approach of S. Kartalopoulos, already familiar to the readers of his previous works, makes also this book a pleasant reading to all those wishing a general introduction to FSO networks."—Stefano Bregni, Politecnico di Milano

• Preface xv Acknowledgments xixAbout the Author xxiINTRODUCTION 11 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT IN UNGUIDED MEDIA 111.1 Introduction 111.2 Laser Beam Characteristics 121.3 Atmospheric Layers 281.4 Atmospheric Effects on Optical Signals 301.5 Coding for Atmospheric Optical Propagation 441.6 LIDAR 442 FSO TRANSCEIVER DESIGN 512.1 Introduction 512.2 Light Sources 522.3 Modulators 612.4 Photodetectors and Receivers 632.5 Optical Amplifi cation 702.6 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio 762.7 Acquisition, Pointing and Tracking 772.8 Adaptive and Active Optics 832.9 Laser Safety 862.10 Node Housing and Mounting 873 POINT-TO-POINT FSO SYSTEMS 913.1 Introduction 913.2 Simple PtP Design 933.3 Point-to-Point with Transponder Nodes 983.4 Hybrid FSO and RF 1013.5 FSO Point-to-Multipoint 1023.6 FSO Point-to-Mobile 1034 RING FSO SYSTEMS 1064.1 Introduction 1064.2 Ring Topologies and Service Protection 1074.3 Ring Nodes with Add-Drop 1094.4 Concatenated Rings 1114.5 Ring to Network Connectivity 1115 MESH FSO SYSTEMS 1135.1 Introduction 1135.2 FSO Nodes for Mesh Topology 1145.3 Hybrid Mesh-FSO with RF 1205.4 Hybrid FSO-Fiber Networks 1216 WDM MESH-FSO 1246.1 Introduction 1246.2 Light Attributes 1256.3 Optical Media 1256.4 Interaction of Light with Matter 1276.5 Medium Birefringence 1336.6 DWDM and CWDM Optical Channels 1346.7 WDM FSO Links 1356.8 WDM Mesh FSO Networks 1356.9 Service Protection in Mesh-FSO Networks 1386.10 WDM Mesh-FSO versus EM-Wireless 1407 INTEGRATING MESH-FSO WITH THE PUBLIC NETWORK 1437.1 Introduction 1437.2 The Ethernet Protocol 1457.3 The TCP/IP Protocol 1517.4 The ATM Protocol 1547.5 Wireless Protocols 1587.6 The Next Generation SONET/SDH Protocol 1647.7 Next Generation SONET/SDH Networks 1707.8 Next Generation Protocols 1757.9 The GMPLS Protocol 1777.10 The GFP Protocol 1797.11 The LCAS Protocol 1847.12 The LAPS Protocol 1847.13 Any Protocol over SONET/SDH 1868 FSO NETWORK SECURITY 1918.1 Introduction 1918.2 Cryptography 1938.3 Security Levels 1948.4 Security Layers 1958.5 FSO Inherent Security Features 1988.6 Conclusion 2009 FSO SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 2029.1 Introduction 2029.2 FSO Networks for Highway Assisted Communications 2039.3 Mesh-FSO in Disaster Areas 2039.4 Visual Light Communication 2049.5 Conclusion 207References 207Acronyms 209Index 218