Jay Lehr is Senior Scientist at the Heartland Institute and Senior Scientist at Bennett & Williams, Inc. He has written 14 books and over 500 articles on environmental science. He received the nation’s first Ph.D. in Ground Water Science form the university of Arizona in 1962. For 25 years he headed the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. In addition, Dr. Lehr has experience as an academic researcher in environmental science and helped the federal government develop several levels of environmental regulations, including the areas of surface water and ground water. Jack Keeley is the former Chief of Groundwater Research at the USEPA Kerr Water Resource Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.

• Preface ixContributors xiSurface Water HydrologyAcidification—Chronic 1Episodic Acidification 5Acidification of Freshwater Resources 7Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage 13The Aral Sea Disaster: Environment Issues and Nationalist Tensions 15Lake Baikal—A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies 20Base Flow 22River Basins 28River Basin Planning and Coordination 33Bioaccumulation 34Biotic Integrity Index to Evaluate Water Resource Integrity in Freshwater Systems 36Reversal of the Chicago River 41Flood Control in the Yellow River Basin in China 45Chironomids in Sediment Toxicity Testing 50Cienega 57Time-Area and The Clark Rainfall-Runoff Transformation 60Stream Classification 65Coastal Wetlands 71Freshwater Colloids 74Culvert Design 75Dilution-Mixing Zones and Design Flows 78Drainage Ditches 87Drainage Networks 93Dyes As Hydrological Tracers 95Flow-duration Curves 102Environmental Flows 106Eutrophication (Excessive Fertilization) 107Cultural Eutrophication 114Fish Cells in the Toxicological Evaluation of Environmental Contaminants 115Fish Consumption Advisories 118Fisheries: History, Science, and Management 121Factors Affecting Fish Growth and Production 129Water Needs for Freshwater Fisheries Management 133An Outline of the History of Fishpond Culture in Silesia, the Western Part of Poland 135Floods 142Flood Control Structures 150Floods as a Natural Hazard 153Flood Source Mapping in Watersheds 155Urban Flooding 159Floodwater Spreading 163Minimum Environmental Flow Regimes 166Forensic Hydrogeology 168Forests and Wetlands 170Rock Glacier 174Great Lakes 175Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Hydroelectric Reservoirs 180Gully Erosion 183Potential Health Issues Associated With Blue-Green Algae Blooms in Impoundments, Ponds and Lakes 188Heat Balance of Open Waterbodies 190Hydraulics 194Hydraulics of Pressurized Flow 196Hydroelectric Power 199Hydroelectric Reservoirs as Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases 203Hydrologic Persistence and The Hurst Phenomenon 210Unit Hydrograph 221Hydrological Processes and Measured Pollutant Loads 222Hydrologic Thresholds 229Ganga River, India 232Interception 235Kinematic Shock 239Kinematic Wave Method For Storm Drainage Design 242Kinematic Wave and Diffusion Wave Theories 246Kinematic Wave Flow Routing 253Reliability Concepts in Reservoir Design 259Lakes 265The Theory of Alternative Stable States in Shallow Lake Ecosystems 272NOAA Lake Level Forecast for Lake Michigan Right on Target 274Submerged Aquatic Plants Affect Water Quality in Lakes 275Lakes—Discharges To 281Lasers Scan Levees from the Air 284Levees for Flood Protection 286Limnology 291Adsorption of Metal Ions On Bed Sediments 295Microbiology of Lotic Aggregates and Biofilms 305Microorganisms in Their Natural Environment 309Calibration of Hydraulic Network Models 313Numerical Modeling of Currents 320Uncertainty Analysis in Watershed Modeling 325Watershed Modeling 327Modeling of Water Quality in Sewers 331Modeling of Urban Drainage and Stormwater 337Modeling Ungauged Watersheds 342Corps Turned Niagara Falls Off, On Again 345Open Channel Design 346Organic Compounds and Trace Elements in Freshwater Streambed Sediment and Fish from the Puget Sound Basin 349Impervious Cover—Paving Paradise 363Phytoremediation By Constructed Wetlands 364Unrecognized Pollutants 371Pollution of Surface Waters 373Pond Aquaculture—Modeling and Decision Support Systems 375Pumping Stations 379Regulated Rivers 381Reservoirs-Multipurpose 382Dam Removal as River Restoration 387Riparian Systems 390Rivers 392River and Water Facts 394Sediment Load Measurements 397Sedimentation 401Sedimentation and Flotation 404Reservoir Sedimentation 408Water from Saturated River Sediment—Sand Abstraction 412Sediment Transport 417Stochastic Simulation of Hydrosystems 421Storage and Detention Facilities 430Urban Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Issues 432Rivers and Streams: One-Way Flow System 437Streamflow 439Water Quality in Suburban Watersheds 441Surface Water Pollution 444Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage 451Trace Elements in Water, Sediment, and Aquatic Biota—Effects of Biology and Human Activity 454Innovative Pens Hatch Thousands of Trout 458Watershed 460Combustible Watersheds 461Time of Concentration and Travel Time in Watersheds 469Watershed Hydrology 472Watershed Management for Environmental Quality and Food Security 479Water Hyacinth—The World’s Most Problematic Weed 479Water Quality in Ponds 484Water Turbine 487Wetlands: Uses, Functions, and Values 489Wetlands Overview 493Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States 496Urban Runoff 498Urban Water Studies 501Subglacial Lake Vostok 503Water—The Canadian Transporter 507Flood Prevention 510Effects of DDT in Surface Water on Bird Abundance and Reproduction—A History 513Instream Flow Methods 526Floodplain 527Fish Passage Facilities 529Fishing Waters 532Land Surface Modeling 533Agricultural WaterAnimal Farming Operations: Groundwater Quality Issues 538Aquaculture Technology for Producers 540Biofuel Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 545Soil Conservation 549Landscape Water-Conservation Techniques 553Crop Water Requirements 557Agricultural Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Productivity (WP) 558Large Area Surface Energy Balance Estimation Using Satellite Imagery 560Soil Erosion and Control Practices 565Water Table Contribution to Crop Evapotranspiration 570Crop Evapotranspiration 571Water Pollution From Fish Farms 579World’s Major Irrigation Areas 581Irrigation in The United States 586Irrigation Wells 594Agriculture and Land Use Planning 595Waterlogging 599Water Quality Management in an Agricultural Landscape 604Classification and Mapping of Agricultural Land for National Water-Quality Assessment 608Metal Tolerance in Plants: The Roles of Thiol-Containing Peptides 609Microirrigation 615Microirrigation: An Approach to Efficient Irrigation 620Plant and Microorganism Selection for Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbons and Metals 628Nitrate Pollution Prevention 637Nitrification 640Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides in Vegetables Grown on Untreated Soils from an Agricultural Watershed 643Pesticide Chemistry in the Environment 647Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil at Agrichemical Facilities 651Pesticide Occurrence and Distribution in Relation to Use 655Assessment of Pollution Outflow From Large Agricultural Areas 657Deep-Well Turbine Pumps 664Microbial Quality of Reclaimed Irrigation: International Perspective 667Soil Salinity 673Maintaining Salt Balance on Irrigated Land 677Salt Tolerance 681Groundwater Assessment Using Soil Sampling Techniques 688Skimmed Groundwater 691Soil Moisture Measurement—Neutron 692Soil N Management Impact on The Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water 694Soil Phosphorus Availability and Its Impact on Surface Water Quality 701Soil Water Issues 706Water Spreading 708Sprinkler Irrigation 712Stomates 714Crop Water Stress Detection Using Remote Sensing 719Vacuum Gauge Tensiometer 724Tile Drainage 729Tile Drainage: Impacts, Plant Growth, and Water Table Levels 731Measuring and Modeling Tree and Stand Level Transpiration 732Water Logging: Topographic and Agricultural Impacts 741Weed Control Strategies 742Screen Filters for Microirrigation 748Xeriscape 750Media Filters for Microirrigation 752Index 755

Jay Lehr is Senior Scientist at the Heartland Institute and Senior Scientist at Bennett & Williams, Inc. He has written 14 books and over 500 articles on environmental science. He received the nation’s first Ph.D. in Ground Water Science form the university of Arizona in 1962. For 25 years he headed the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. In addition, Dr. Lehr has experience as an academic researcher in environmental science and helped the federal government develop several levels of environmental regulations, including the areas of surface water and ground water. Jack Keeley is the former Chief of Groundwater Research at the USEPA Kerr Water Resource Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.

• Preface ixContributors xiSurface Water HydrologyAcidification—Chronic 1Episodic Acidification 5Acidification of Freshwater Resources 7Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage 13The Aral Sea Disaster: Environment Issues and Nationalist Tensions 15Lake Baikal—A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies 20Base Flow 22River Basins 28River Basin Planning and Coordination 33Bioaccumulation 34Biotic Integrity Index to Evaluate Water Resource Integrity in Freshwater Systems 36Reversal of the Chicago River 41Flood Control in the Yellow River Basin in China 45Chironomids in Sediment Toxicity Testing 50Cienega 57Time-Area and The Clark Rainfall-Runoff Transformation 60Stream Classification 65Coastal Wetlands 71Freshwater Colloids 74Culvert Design 75Dilution-Mixing Zones and Design Flows 78Drainage Ditches 87Drainage Networks 93Dyes As Hydrological Tracers 95Flow-duration Curves 102Environmental Flows 106Eutrophication (Excessive Fertilization) 107Cultural Eutrophication 114Fish Cells in the Toxicological Evaluation of Environmental Contaminants 115Fish Consumption Advisories 118Fisheries: History, Science, and Management 121Factors Affecting Fish Growth and Production 129Water Needs for Freshwater Fisheries Management 133An Outline of the History of Fishpond Culture in Silesia, the Western Part of Poland 135Floods 142Flood Control Structures 150Floods as a Natural Hazard 153Flood Source Mapping in Watersheds 155Urban Flooding 159Floodwater Spreading 163Minimum Environmental Flow Regimes 166Forensic Hydrogeology 168Forests and Wetlands 170Rock Glacier 174Great Lakes 175Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Hydroelectric Reservoirs 180Gully Erosion 183Potential Health Issues Associated With Blue-Green Algae Blooms in Impoundments, Ponds and Lakes 188Heat Balance of Open Waterbodies 190Hydraulics 194Hydraulics of Pressurized Flow 196Hydroelectric Power 199Hydroelectric Reservoirs as Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases 203Hydrologic Persistence and The Hurst Phenomenon 210Unit Hydrograph 221Hydrological Processes and Measured Pollutant Loads 222Hydrologic Thresholds 229Ganga River, India 232Interception 235Kinematic Shock 239Kinematic Wave Method For Storm Drainage Design 242Kinematic Wave and Diffusion Wave Theories 246Kinematic Wave Flow Routing 253Reliability Concepts in Reservoir Design 259Lakes 265The Theory of Alternative Stable States in Shallow Lake Ecosystems 272NOAA Lake Level Forecast for Lake Michigan Right on Target 274Submerged Aquatic Plants Affect Water Quality in Lakes 275Lakes—Discharges To 281Lasers Scan Levees from the Air 284Levees for Flood Protection 286Limnology 291Adsorption of Metal Ions On Bed Sediments 295Microbiology of Lotic Aggregates and Biofilms 305Microorganisms in Their Natural Environment 309Calibration of Hydraulic Network Models 313Numerical Modeling of Currents 320Uncertainty Analysis in Watershed Modeling 325Watershed Modeling 327Modeling of Water Quality in Sewers 331Modeling of Urban Drainage and Stormwater 337Modeling Ungauged Watersheds 342Corps Turned Niagara Falls Off, On Again 345Open Channel Design 346Organic Compounds and Trace Elements in Freshwater Streambed Sediment and Fish from the Puget Sound Basin 349Impervious Cover—Paving Paradise 363Phytoremediation By Constructed Wetlands 364Unrecognized Pollutants 371Pollution of Surface Waters 373Pond Aquaculture—Modeling and Decision Support Systems 375Pumping Stations 379Regulated Rivers 381Reservoirs-Multipurpose 382Dam Removal as River Restoration 387Riparian Systems 390Rivers 392River and Water Facts 394Sediment Load Measurements 397Sedimentation 401Sedimentation and Flotation 404Reservoir Sedimentation 408Water from Saturated River Sediment—Sand Abstraction 412Sediment Transport 417Stochastic Simulation of Hydrosystems 421Storage and Detention Facilities 430Urban Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Issues 432Rivers and Streams: One-Way Flow System 437Streamflow 439Water Quality in Suburban Watersheds 441Surface Water Pollution 444Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage 451Trace Elements in Water, Sediment, and Aquatic Biota—Effects of Biology and Human Activity 454Innovative Pens Hatch Thousands of Trout 458Watershed 460Combustible Watersheds 461Time of Concentration and Travel Time in Watersheds 469Watershed Hydrology 472Watershed Management for Environmental Quality and Food Security 479Water Hyacinth—The World’s Most Problematic Weed 479Water Quality in Ponds 484Water Turbine 487Wetlands: Uses, Functions, and Values 489Wetlands Overview 493Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States 496Urban Runoff 498Urban Water Studies 501Subglacial Lake Vostok 503Water—The Canadian Transporter 507Flood Prevention 510Effects of DDT in Surface Water on Bird Abundance and Reproduction—A History 513Instream Flow Methods 526Floodplain 527Fish Passage Facilities 529Fishing Waters 532Land Surface Modeling 533Agricultural WaterAnimal Farming Operations: Groundwater Quality Issues 538Aquaculture Technology for Producers 540Biofuel Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 545Soil Conservation 549Landscape Water-Conservation Techniques 553Crop Water Requirements 557Agricultural Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Productivity (WP) 558Large Area Surface Energy Balance Estimation Using Satellite Imagery 560Soil Erosion and Control Practices 565Water Table Contribution to Crop Evapotranspiration 570Crop Evapotranspiration 571Water Pollution From Fish Farms 579World’s Major Irrigation Areas 581Irrigation in The United States 586Irrigation Wells 594Agriculture and Land Use Planning 595Waterlogging 599Water Quality Management in an Agricultural Landscape 604Classification and Mapping of Agricultural Land for National Water-Quality Assessment 608Metal Tolerance in Plants: The Roles of Thiol-Containing Peptides 609Microirrigation 615Microirrigation: An Approach to Efficient Irrigation 620Plant and Microorganism Selection for Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbons and Metals 628Nitrate Pollution Prevention 637Nitrification 640Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides in Vegetables Grown on Untreated Soils from an Agricultural Watershed 643Pesticide Chemistry in the Environment 647Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil at Agrichemical Facilities 651Pesticide Occurrence and Distribution in Relation to Use 655Assessment of Pollution Outflow From Large Agricultural Areas 657Deep-Well Turbine Pumps 664Microbial Quality of Reclaimed Irrigation: International Perspective 667Soil Salinity 673Maintaining Salt Balance on Irrigated Land 677Salt Tolerance 681Groundwater Assessment Using Soil Sampling Techniques 688Skimmed Groundwater 691Soil Moisture Measurement—Neutron 692Soil N Management Impact on The Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water 694Soil Phosphorus Availability and Its Impact on Surface Water Quality 701Soil Water Issues 706Water Spreading 708Sprinkler Irrigation 712Stomates 714Crop Water Stress Detection Using Remote Sensing 719Vacuum Gauge Tensiometer 724Tile Drainage 729Tile Drainage: Impacts, Plant Growth, and Water Table Levels 731Measuring and Modeling Tree and Stand Level Transpiration 732Water Logging: Topographic and Agricultural Impacts 741Weed Control Strategies 742Screen Filters for Microirrigation 748Xeriscape 750Media Filters for Microirrigation 752Index 755

Jay Lehr is Senior Scientist at the Heartland Institute and Senior Scientist at Bennett & Williams, Inc. He has written 14 books and over 500 articles on environmental science. He received the nation’s first Ph.D. in Ground Water Science form the university of Arizona in 1962. For 25 years he headed the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. In addition, Dr. Lehr has experience as an academic researcher in environmental science and helped the federal government develop several levels of environmental regulations, including the areas of surface water and ground water. Jack Keeley is the former Chief of Groundwater Research at the USEPA Kerr Water Resource Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.

• Preface ixContributors xiSurface Water HydrologyAcidification—Chronic 1Episodic Acidification 5Acidification of Freshwater Resources 7Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage 13The Aral Sea Disaster: Environment Issues and Nationalist Tensions 15Lake Baikal—A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies 20Base Flow 22River Basins 28River Basin Planning and Coordination 33Bioaccumulation 34Biotic Integrity Index to Evaluate Water Resource Integrity in Freshwater Systems 36Reversal of the Chicago River 41Flood Control in the Yellow River Basin in China 45Chironomids in Sediment Toxicity Testing 50Cienega 57Time-Area and The Clark Rainfall-Runoff Transformation 60Stream Classification 65Coastal Wetlands 71Freshwater Colloids 74Culvert Design 75Dilution-Mixing Zones and Design Flows 78Drainage Ditches 87Drainage Networks 93Dyes As Hydrological Tracers 95Flow-duration Curves 102Environmental Flows 106Eutrophication (Excessive Fertilization) 107Cultural Eutrophication 114Fish Cells in the Toxicological Evaluation of Environmental Contaminants 115Fish Consumption Advisories 118Fisheries: History, Science, and Management 121Factors Affecting Fish Growth and Production 129Water Needs for Freshwater Fisheries Management 133An Outline of the History of Fishpond Culture in Silesia, the Western Part of Poland 135Floods 142Flood Control Structures 150Floods as a Natural Hazard 153Flood Source Mapping in Watersheds 155Urban Flooding 159Floodwater Spreading 163Minimum Environmental Flow Regimes 166Forensic Hydrogeology 168Forests and Wetlands 170Rock Glacier 174Great Lakes 175Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Hydroelectric Reservoirs 180Gully Erosion 183Potential Health Issues Associated With Blue-Green Algae Blooms in Impoundments, Ponds and Lakes 188Heat Balance of Open Waterbodies 190Hydraulics 194Hydraulics of Pressurized Flow 196Hydroelectric Power 199Hydroelectric Reservoirs as Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases 203Hydrologic Persistence and The Hurst Phenomenon 210Unit Hydrograph 221Hydrological Processes and Measured Pollutant Loads 222Hydrologic Thresholds 229Ganga River, India 232Interception 235Kinematic Shock 239Kinematic Wave Method For Storm Drainage Design 242Kinematic Wave and Diffusion Wave Theories 246Kinematic Wave Flow Routing 253Reliability Concepts in Reservoir Design 259Lakes 265The Theory of Alternative Stable States in Shallow Lake Ecosystems 272NOAA Lake Level Forecast for Lake Michigan Right on Target 274Submerged Aquatic Plants Affect Water Quality in Lakes 275Lakes—Discharges To 281Lasers Scan Levees from the Air 284Levees for Flood Protection 286Limnology 291Adsorption of Metal Ions On Bed Sediments 295Microbiology of Lotic Aggregates and Biofilms 305Microorganisms in Their Natural Environment 309Calibration of Hydraulic Network Models 313Numerical Modeling of Currents 320Uncertainty Analysis in Watershed Modeling 325Watershed Modeling 327Modeling of Water Quality in Sewers 331Modeling of Urban Drainage and Stormwater 337Modeling Ungauged Watersheds 342Corps Turned Niagara Falls Off, On Again 345Open Channel Design 346Organic Compounds and Trace Elements in Freshwater Streambed Sediment and Fish from the Puget Sound Basin 349Impervious Cover—Paving Paradise 363Phytoremediation By Constructed Wetlands 364Unrecognized Pollutants 371Pollution of Surface Waters 373Pond Aquaculture—Modeling and Decision Support Systems 375Pumping Stations 379Regulated Rivers 381Reservoirs-Multipurpose 382Dam Removal as River Restoration 387Riparian Systems 390Rivers 392River and Water Facts 394Sediment Load Measurements 397Sedimentation 401Sedimentation and Flotation 404Reservoir Sedimentation 408Water from Saturated River Sediment—Sand Abstraction 412Sediment Transport 417Stochastic Simulation of Hydrosystems 421Storage and Detention Facilities 430Urban Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Issues 432Rivers and Streams: One-Way Flow System 437Streamflow 439Water Quality in Suburban Watersheds 441Surface Water Pollution 444Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage 451Trace Elements in Water, Sediment, and Aquatic Biota—Effects of Biology and Human Activity 454Innovative Pens Hatch Thousands of Trout 458Watershed 460Combustible Watersheds 461Time of Concentration and Travel Time in Watersheds 469Watershed Hydrology 472Watershed Management for Environmental Quality and Food Security 479Water Hyacinth—The World’s Most Problematic Weed 479Water Quality in Ponds 484Water Turbine 487Wetlands: Uses, Functions, and Values 489Wetlands Overview 493Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States 496Urban Runoff 498Urban Water Studies 501Subglacial Lake Vostok 503Water—The Canadian Transporter 507Flood Prevention 510Effects of DDT in Surface Water on Bird Abundance and Reproduction—A History 513Instream Flow Methods 526Floodplain 527Fish Passage Facilities 529Fishing Waters 532Land Surface Modeling 533Agricultural WaterAnimal Farming Operations: Groundwater Quality Issues 538Aquaculture Technology for Producers 540Biofuel Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 545Soil Conservation 549Landscape Water-Conservation Techniques 553Crop Water Requirements 557Agricultural Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Productivity (WP) 558Large Area Surface Energy Balance Estimation Using Satellite Imagery 560Soil Erosion and Control Practices 565Water Table Contribution to Crop Evapotranspiration 570Crop Evapotranspiration 571Water Pollution From Fish Farms 579World’s Major Irrigation Areas 581Irrigation in The United States 586Irrigation Wells 594Agriculture and Land Use Planning 595Waterlogging 599Water Quality Management in an Agricultural Landscape 604Classification and Mapping of Agricultural Land for National Water-Quality Assessment 608Metal Tolerance in Plants: The Roles of Thiol-Containing Peptides 609Microirrigation 615Microirrigation: An Approach to Efficient Irrigation 620Plant and Microorganism Selection for Phytoremediation of Hydrocarbons and Metals 628Nitrate Pollution Prevention 637Nitrification 640Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides in Vegetables Grown on Untreated Soils from an Agricultural Watershed 643Pesticide Chemistry in the Environment 647Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil at Agrichemical Facilities 651Pesticide Occurrence and Distribution in Relation to Use 655Assessment of Pollution Outflow From Large Agricultural Areas 657Deep-Well Turbine Pumps 664Microbial Quality of Reclaimed Irrigation: International Perspective 667Soil Salinity 673Maintaining Salt Balance on Irrigated Land 677Salt Tolerance 681Groundwater Assessment Using Soil Sampling Techniques 688Skimmed Groundwater 691Soil Moisture Measurement—Neutron 692Soil N Management Impact on The Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water 694Soil Phosphorus Availability and Its Impact on Surface Water Quality 701Soil Water Issues 706Water Spreading 708Sprinkler Irrigation 712Stomates 714Crop Water Stress Detection Using Remote Sensing 719Vacuum Gauge Tensiometer 724Tile Drainage 729Tile Drainage: Impacts, Plant Growth, and Water Table Levels 731Measuring and Modeling Tree and Stand Level Transpiration 732Water Logging: Topographic and Agricultural Impacts 741Weed Control Strategies 742Screen Filters for Microirrigation 748Xeriscape 750Media Filters for Microirrigation 752Index 755