Water Encyclopedia, Domestic, Municipal, and Industrial Water Supply and Waste Disposal

Jay Lehr is Senior Scientist at the Heartland Institute and Senior Scientist at Bennett & Williams, Inc. He has written 14 books and over 500 articles on environmental science. He received the nation’s first Ph.D. in Ground Water Science form the university of Arizona in 1962. For 25 years he headed the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. In addition, Dr. Lehr has experience as an academic researcher in environmental science and helped the federal government develop several levels of environmental regulations, including the areas of surface water and ground water. Jack Keeley is the former Chief of Groundwater Research at the USEPA Kerr Water Resource Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma.

"...comprehensive coverage of the topic. I strongly urge that it be purchased for all reference libraries." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, January 2006)

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xiContributors xiiiDomestic Water SupplyThe Arsenic Drinking Water Crisis in Bangladesh 1Bottled Water 3Corrosion Control in Drinking Water Systems 5Economics of Residential Water Demands 12Gray Water Reuse in Households 16Water and Human Health 19Nitrate Health Effects 30Domestic Water Supply—Public–Private Partnership 42Methods of Reducing Radon in Drinking Water 51Water Reuse 53Roof Drainage Hydraulics 54Septic Tank Systems 61Domestic Solar Water Heaters 63Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage 67Virus Transport in the Subsurface 70Windmills 73Municipal Water SupplyMixing and Agitation in Water Treatment Systems 76Arsenic in Natural Waters 81Evaluation of Microbial Components of Biofouling 83Threat Agents and Water Biosecurity 87Granular Activated Carbon 92Competitive Adsorption of Several Organics and Heavy Metals on Activated Carbon in Water 107A Real-Time Hydrological Information System for Cities 121Chlorine and Chlorine Residuals 127Modeling Chlorine Residuals in Urban Water Distribution Systems 131Particulate Matter Removal by Coagulation 137Selective Coagulant Recovery from Water Treatment Plant Residuals Using the Domain Membrane Process 139Physical Water Conditioning 141Consumer Confidence Reports 145Water Conservation Measures 146Preventing Well Contamination 149Corrosion Control 152Cross Connection and Backflow Prevention 155Molecular-Based Detection of Cryptosporidium Parvum in Water 158Cryptosporidium 162Measuring Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocyst Inactivation Following Disinfection With Ultraviolet Light 165Dechlorination 169Desalination 170Diatomaceous Earth Filtration for Drinking Water 174Emerging Waterborne Infectious Diseases 177Improving Waterborne Disease Surveillance 183Disinfectants 192Disinfection 196Water Distribution System Operation 200Water Quality in Distribution Systems 204Design of Water Distribution Systems 207What is in Our Drinking Water? 213The Economics of Water Resources Allocation 215Answering the Challenge 218Key Causes of Drinking Water Quality Failure in a Rural Small Water Supply of South Africa 221Filtration 227Water Filtration 230Filtration With Granular Media 233Slow Sand Filtration and the Impact of Schmutzdecke 235Multistage Drinking Water Filtration 237Multistage Filtration: An Innovative Water Treatment Technology 238Particulate Matter Removal by Filtration and Sedimentation 243Filtration Water Treatment 245Synthetic and Natural Organic Removal by Biological Filtration 248Granular Bed and Precoat Filtration 249Flocculation 252Fluoridation 254Giardiasis 257Gravity Separation/Sedimentation 259Water Hammer 261Health Effects of Commonly Occurring Disinfection Byproducts in Municipal Water Supplies 264Health Effects of Microbial Contaminants and Biotoxins in Drinking Water 277Drinking Water and Public Health Protection 2811962 U.S. Public Health Service Standards 292Ion Exchange and Demineralization 297The State of the Water Industry—2004 301Iron and Manganese Removal 312Extraterritorial Land Use Control to Protect Water Supplies 315Leak Detection and Water Loss Control 317Lime–Soda Ash Processes 320Lime Softening 322Ion Exchange—Use of Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin For DOC Removal 325Membrane Filtration 331Water Meters 337Microbiological Concerns of Drinking Water Distribution Systems 341Nitrification of Potable Water Using Trickling Filters 346Organic Removal 350Ozone 354Ozone With Activated Carbon for Drinking Water Treatment 357Ozone–Bromide Interactions 357Municipal Water Supply: Ozonation 362Review of Parasite Fate and Transport in Karstic Aquifers 365Particulate Removal 370Pharmaceuticals in Water Systems 372Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry Systems (POU/POE) 378Assessing the Bactericidal Efficiency of Polydex for the Disinfection of Drinking Water in Rural Areas of South Africa 382Private Sector Participation, Marketing and Corporate Strategies in Municipal Water Supply and Sewerage 387Pumps 391Radionuclides 395Use of Redox Potentials in Wastewater Treatment 399Repairing Distribution Line Breaks 400Role of Small Water Reservoirs in Environment 403Reservoirs, Towers, and Tanks Drinking Water Storage Facilities 408Water Treatment Plant Residuals Management 411Reverse Osmosis, Process Chemistry 414Reverse Osmosis, Membrane Foulants 416Reverse Osmosis, Membrane Cleaning 419Application of Risk Assessments in Crafting Drinking Water Regulations 422Potential Risks of Waterborne Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 429Slow Sand Filtration 431Approaches for Securing a Water Distribution System 434Water Security: An Emerging Issue 437Guide to Selection of Water Treatment Processes 439Source Water Assessment 444Hydraulic Design of Water Distribution Storage Tanks 448System Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 449Settling Tanks 452Treatment for Technologies for Small Drinking Water Systems 457Ultraviolet Disinfection 466Ultraviolet Irradiation 469Water Disinfection Using UV Radiation—A Sri Lankan Experience 471Drinking Water Quality Standards (DWQS)-United States 476Valves 482Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria, Viruses, and Protozoa 485Water Meter 489Municipal Watersheds 495Public Water Supply World 500Ten Key Trends That Will Shape the Future of the World Water Industry 508Zebra Mussel Control Without Chemicals 510Package Plants 514Anaerobic Sewage Treatment 517 Persistence of Pathogens in Water 521Well Head Protection 524Chemical Drinking Water Standards, Past, Present, and Future 529Industrial WaterMagnetic Water Conditioning 534Water Impacts from Construction Sites 537Industrial Cooling Water—Biofouling 538Industrial Cooling Water—Corrosion 542Industrial Cooling Water—Scale Formation 545Economics of Industrial Water Demands 549Electric Generating Plants—Effects of Contaminants 553Energy Dissipation 558Water Use in Energy Production 560Evaluation of Toxic Properties of Industrial Effluents by on-Line Respirometry 565Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 571Hydrocarbon Treatment Techniques 575Use of Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment Systems for Maize Processing Plants 581Bonding of Toxic Metal Ions 586Application of Microfiltration to Industrial Wastewaters 591Water Treatment in Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage 595Industrial Mine Use: Mine Waste 609Sugarcane Industry Wastewaters Treatment 614Estimated Use of Water in The United States in 1990 Industrial Water Use 620Waste Water TreatmentAeration 623Fine Bubble Diffused Air Aeration Systems 626Air Stripping 631Land Applications of Wastewater in Arid Lands: Theory and Case Studies 632Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Water Sources 636Biochemical Oxygen Demand 639Molecular Biology Tools for Monitoring Biodiversity in Wastewater Treatment Plants 642Biosolids 646Integrated Capacity Building Needs for Water Supply and Wastewater Sanitation 651Wastewater Characterization 656Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment of Wastewater 659Getting Our Clean Water Act Together 660Inadequate Treatment of Wastewater: A Source of Coliform Bacteria in Receiving Surface Water Bodies in Developing Countries—Case Study: Eastern Cape Province of South Africa 661Denitrification in The Activated Sludge Process 667Detergents 669Ecological Wastewater Management 675Waste Treatment in Fish Farms 681Flotation as A Separation Process 684Degradation of Chloro-Organics and Hydrocarbons 688Landfill 695Landfill Leachates, Part I: Origin and Characterization 699Landfill Leachates: Part 2: Treatment 702Macrophytes as Biomonitors of Polychlorinated Biphenyls 714Wastewater Management for Developing Countries 718Mercury Removal From Complex Waste Waters 722Metal Speciation and Mobility as Influenced by Landfill Disposal Practices 723Microbial Foaming in the Activated Sludge Process 728Introduction to Wastewater Modeling and Treatment Plant Design 730Practical Applications of Wastewater Modeling and Treatment Plant Design 738New York City Harbor Survey 745Nitrification in the Activated Sludge Process 751Effluent Limitations and the NPDES Permit 755Odor Abatement in Wastewater Treatment Plants 760Aqueous Reactions of Specific Organic Compounds with Ozone 765The Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in The Wastewater Treatment Process 766The Role of Organoclay in Water Cleanup 771Combined Sewer Overflow Treatment 782Biological Phosphorus Removal in the Activated Sludge Process 788Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors in Water Purification 791EPA’s National Pretreatment Program, 1973–2003: Thirty Years of Protecting The Environment 798Problems Encountered During Pipe Repair and Renewal 801Radioactive Waste 802Reclaimed Water 805Wastewater Treatment and Recycling Technologies 808Wastewater Treatment Processes and Water Reuse 814Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Research 819Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse 825Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Treatment Technology 826Sewage 828Domestic Sewage 830Solidification/Stabilization of Hazardous Solid Wastes 835Wastewater Treatment—Small Scale 840Microbial Foaming and Bulking in Activated Sludge Plants 844Aqueous Behavior of Elements in a Flue Gas Desulfurization Sludge Disposal Site 848Sludge Treatment and Disposal 853Wastewater Sludge 861Processing of Sludge 864Municipal Storm Water Management 866What Wastewater Utilities Can Do Now to Guard Against Terrorist and Security Threats 870Wastewater Treatment Techniques—Advanced 871Trenchless Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques 876Basics of Underground Water and Sewer Pipeline Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation 883Water Hammer: Quantitative Causes and Effects 891Constructed Wetlands 892Using Ecosystem Processes in a Constructed Wetland to Treat Mine Wastewater in Ireland 897Water and Wastewater Properties and Characteristics 900Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 904Sewerage Odors—How to Control 910Ultrafiltration—Complexation in Wastewater Treatment 916Index 923