Art of War in the Middle Ages

John Beeler is Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and the other of Warfare in England, 1066–1189, also from Cornell.

It deals with the period of 379–1515 A.D., a period in military history which saw the domination of the heavy cavalry, and does so in a fast-paced prose which makes the book every bit as exciting as an adventure novel.(Brooklyn Daily) Oman traces here with great skill the broad lines of European military history from the Late Roman Empire to the Renaissance.... An authoritative and highly readable study.(Virginia Quarterly Review) Rare and readable... brilliant history, ingeniously researched and cleanly written.(New York Times Book Review)

• FOREWORD, by Edward W. FoxPREFACE, by John H. BeelerINTRODUCTIONCHAPTER IThe Transition from Roman to Mediaeval Forms in War (A.D. 378–582)Disappearance of the legion—Constantine's reorganization—The German tribes—Battle of Adrianople—Theodosius accepts its teaching—Vegetius and the army at the end of the fourth century—The Goths and the Huns—Army of the Eastern Empire—Cavalry all-important.CHAPTER IIThe Early Middle Ages (A.D. 476—1066–1081)Paucity of data for the period—The Franks in the sixth century—Battle of Tours—Armies of Charles the Great—The Franks become horsemen—The Northman and the Magyar—Rise of feudalism—The Anglo-Saxons and their wars—The Danes and the fyrd—Military importance of the thegnhood—The Housecarls—Battle of Hastings—Battle of Durazzo.CHAPTER IIIThe Byzantines and Their Enemies (A.D. 582–1071)Character of Byzantine StrategyExcellence of the Byzantine army—Scientific study of the art of war—Leo's Tactica—Wars with the Frank—With the Turk—With the Slav—With the Saracen—Border warfare of Christendom and Islam—Defense of the Anatolic themes—Cavalry as a defensive force—Professional and unchivalrous character of Byzantine officers.Arms, Organization, and Tactics of the Byzantine ArmiesReorganization of the army of the eastern empire by Maurice—Its composition—Armament of the horseman, A.D. 600–1000—Armament of the infantry—Military train and engineers—The officers—Cavalry tactics—Leo's ideal line of battle—Military machines and their importance.CHAPTER IVThe Supremacy of Feudal Cavalry (A.D. 1066–1346)Unscientific nature of feudal warfare—Consequences of headlong charges—Tactical arrangements—Their primitive nature—Nonexistence of strategy—Weakness of infantry—Attempts to introduce discipline—Rise of mercenaries—Supreme importance of fortified places—Ascendancy of the defensive—The mediaeval siege—Improvement of the arts of attack and defense of fortified places—General character of campaigns—The Crusades.CHAPTER VThe Swiss (A.D. 1315–1515)Character, Arms, and OrganizationThe Swiss and the ancient Romans—Excellence of system more important than excellence of generals—The column of pikemen —The halberdier—Rapidity of the movements of the Swiss—Defensive armor—Character of Swiss armies.Tactics and StrategyThe captains of the Confederates—The echelon of three columns—The wedge and the hedgehog formations.Development of Swiss Military SupremacyBattle of Morgarten—Battle of Laupen—Battle of Sempach—BattIe of Arbedo—Moral ascendancy of the Swiss—Battle of Grandson—Battle of Morat—Wars of the last years of the fifteenth century.Causes of the Decline of Swiss AscendancyThe tactics of the Swiss become stereotyped—The Landsknechte and their rivalry with the Swiss—The Spanish infantry and the short sword—Battle of Ravenna—Fortified positions—Battle of La Bicocca—Increased use of artillery—Battle of Marignano—Decay of discipline in the Swiss armies and its consequences.CHAPTER VIThe English and Their Enemies (A.D. 1272–1485)The longbow and its origin, Welsh rather than Norman—Its rivalry with the crossbow—Edward I and the battle of Falkirk—The bow and the pike—Battle of Bannockburn and its lessons—The French knighthood and the English archery—Battle of Crécy—Battle of Poitiers—Du Guesclin and the English reverses—Battle of Agincourt—The French wars, 1415–1453—Battle of Formigny—Wars of the Roses—King Edward IV and his generalship—Barnet and Tewkesbury—Towton.CHAPTER VIIConclusionZiska and the Hussites—The wagon fortress and the tactics depending on it—Ascendancy and decline of the Hussites—Battle of Lipan—The Ottomans—Organization and equipment of the Janizaries—The timariot cavalry—The other nations of Europe—Concluding remarks.CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF BATTLESINDEX