Practical Atlas of Ruminant and Camelid Reproductive Ultrasonography

Editor-in-chief: Luc DesCôteaux, DMV, MSc, Dipl. ABVP (Dairy), is a Full Professor and Service Chief of the Ambulatory Clinic at the Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.Associate Editors:Giovanni Gnemmi, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECBHM, is a bovine practitioner and ultrasound instructor with BovineVet Italy.Jill Colloton, DVM, is a bovine practitioner and ultrasound instructor with Bovine Services, LLC, USA.

"This book is a must-have for any veterinarian performing reproductive ultrasound in ruminants and camelids. The quality of pictures, text, and overall coverage of the subject make it a valuable reference." (Doody's, 23 September 2011)

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xiIntroduction xiiiContributors xvChapter 1 Principles and recommendations, essential concepts, and common artifacts in ultrasound imaging 3Description and practical recommendations in the choice of ultrasound equipment with a view to image quality 3General principles and essential concepts to improve image quality 9Common artifacts 12Chapter 2 Scanning techniques and common errors in bovine practice 21Description of scanning technique 21Manipulation of the probe 21Common errors 23Chapter 3 Anatomy of the reproductive tract of the cow 27Genital tract 27Descriptive terminology of the ovary and ovarian structures 30Chapter 4 Bovine ovary 35Endocrinology and ovarian structures in pubertal cows 35Ovarian anomalies and differential diagnosis 42Use of color Doppler to monitor ovarian blood flow 48Ultrasound use in reproduction synchronization protocols for dairy cattle: Two perspectives 54Chapter 5 Bovine uterus 61Ultrasound of the uterus during the estrous cycle and normal postpartum period 61Color Doppler sonography of the uterine blood flow 67Ultrasound of the postpartum abnormal uterus and vagina 70Chapter 6 Bovine pregnancy 81Morphologic embryonic and fetal development up to day 55 81Ultrasound landmarks of standard early pregnancy diagnosis 87Early embryonic and fetal death 90Twins 93Chapter 7 Bovine fetal development after 55 days, fetal sexing, anomalies, and well-being 101Fetal development after 55 days 101Ultrasound fetal sexing 107Fetal anomalies 113Fetal well-being during late pregnancy (normal gestation, compromised pregnancy, and clone) 116Chapter 8 Bovine embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, special procedures, and cloning 125Embryo donors 126Oocyte collection for in vitro fertilization 135Recipients 136Management of clone recipients 138Chapter 9 Bull anatomy and ultrasonography of the reproductive tract 143Ultrasound equipment and techniques 143Anatomy of the reproductive system 145Anomalies and ultrasonographic imaging of external and internal reproductive organs 153Chapter 10 Buffalo and zebu cattle 163Equipment and scanning techniques 164Major differences between bovine and bubaline species 165Pathology 171Congenital and hereditary defects 173Ultrasound services in buffalo and zebu 173Chapter 11 Sheep and goats 181Usefulness of ultrasonography in small ruminants 181Equipment and scanning techniques 181Ultrasonographic imaging of the female reproductive tract 182Endocrine and ovarian processes that comprise the normal estrous cycle and pregnancy 186Fetal count, age, and sex 194Pathological conditions in the female 197Ultrasonographic evaluation of the male genital system 199Common abnormalities of the testis 204Common abnormalities of the accessory glands 208Chapter 12 Camelids 211Usefulness of ultrasonography in camelids 211Equipment and scanning techniques 211Ultrasonographic anatomy 213Ovarian function and endocrinology in South American camelids 215Pregnancy diagnosis and evaluation of fetal growth 217Uterine and ovarian abnormalities 219Index 225