Forest Mensuration

AvJohn A. Kershaw Jr.,Mark J. Ducey

Inbunden, Engelska, 2016

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Beskrivning

Forest mensuration – the science of measurement applied to forest vegetation and forest products – holds value for basic ecology as well as sustainable forest management. As demands on the world’s forests have grown, scientists and professionals are increasingly called on to quantify forest composition, structure, and the goods and services forests provide. Grounded in geometry, sampling theory, and ecology as well as practical field experience, forest mensuration offers opportunities for creative problem solving and critical thinking. This fifth edition of the classic volume, Forest Mensuration, includes coverage of traditional and emerging topics, with attention to SI and Imperial units throughout. The book has been reorganised from the fourth edition to better integrate non-timber and ecological aspects of forest mensuration at the tree, stand, forest, and landscape scales throughout. The new edition includes new chapters that specifically address the integration of remotely sensed data in the forest inventory process, and inventory methods for dead and downed wood. One unifying theme, not only for traditional forestry but for the non-timber inventory and for remote sensing, is the use of covariates to make sampling more efficient and spatially explicit. This is introduced in the introductory chapter on statistics and the chapter on sampling designs has been restructured to highlight this approach and lay the foundation for further learning. New examples will be developed throughout the textbook with an emphasis on current issues and international practice.Students in applied forestry programs will find ample coverage of forest products and timber inventory, while expanded material on biodiversity, biomass and carbon inventory, downed dead wood, and the growing role of remote sensing in forest assessment will be valuable to a broader audience in applied ecology.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2016-12-30
Mått:175 x 246 x 33 mm
Vikt:1 090 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:640
Upplaga:5
Förlag:John Wiley and Sons Ltd
ISBN:9781118902035

Utforska kategorier

Geografi inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

Mer om författaren

John A. Kershaw, Jr. Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada.Mark J. Ducey, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, USA.Thomas W. Beers, Emeritus Professor of Forestry, Purdue University, USA.Bertram Husch, former Forestry Consultant at INFORA Estudios Ltda. in Santiago, Chile, and former Forest Mensurationist, FAO.

Innehållsförteckning

Preface xiv1 Introduction 11.1. Role of Forest Mensuration in Forest Management 21.2. Forest Mensuration as a Tool for Monitoring Forests 31.3. Relevance of Forest Mensuration for Ecology and Nontimber Resources 41.4. Design and Planning of Inventories 52 Principles of Measurement 132.1. Scales of Measurement 142.2. Units of Measurement 162.3. Systems of Measurement 162.4. Variables 212.5. Precision, Accuracy, and Bias 212.6. Significant Digits and Rounding Off 232.7. Data Summary and Presentation 272.8. Fundamental Measurements 303 Basic Statistical Concepts 343.1. Descriptive Statistics 343.2. Frequency Distributions 383.3. Measures of Central Tendency 403.4. Measures of Dispersion 423.5. Sampling Error 453.6. Sample Size Determination 503.7. Influence of Scalar Transformations and the Estimation of Totals 523.8. Correlation and Regression Estimation 533.9. Use of Covariates to Improve Estimation 634 Land Area Determination in Forest Mensuration 674.1. Land Distance and Area Units 684.2. Measuring Distances 684.3. Measuring Area in the Field 734.4. Measuring Area Using Maps and Photos 734.5. Determination of Photo Scale 764.6. Determination of Direction Using a Compass 804.7. The U.S. Public Land Surveys 824.8. Global Positioning Systems 864.9. Geographic Information Systems 895 Individual Tree Parameters 925.1. Age 925.2. Tree Diameters and Cross‐Sectional Areas 955.3. Height 1085.4. Form 1215.5. Crown Parameters 1255.6. Regression and Allometric Approaches 1306 Determination of Tree Volume Weight and Biomass 1356.1. Measurement of Individual Trees 1376.2. Allometric Equations for Volume, Weight, and Biomass 1566.3. Tabular Estimation 1606.4. Volume and Biomass Distribution in Trees 1676.5. Other Methods of Estimating Tree Content 1736.6. Applications to Seedlings and Understory Vegetation 1796.7. Applications to Snags and Down Woody Material 1797 Measurement of Primary Forest Products 1847.1. Units of Measurement of Forest Products 1847.2. Log Rules 1867.3. Board Foot Log Rules 1867.4. Log Scaling 1957.5. Scaling Stacked Volume 1997.6. Volume Unit Conversion 2007.7. Scaling By Weight 2048 Stand Parameters 2108.1. Age 2118.2. Species Composition 2128.3. Diameter 2198.4. Height 2288.5. Volume, Weight, and Biomass 2328.6. Crown and Canopy Measurements 2368.7. Understory and Regeneration 2398.8. Site Quality 2508.9. Density and Stocking 2599 Sampling Units for Estimating Parameters 2739.1. The Factor Concept 2749.2. Fixed‐Area Plots 2769.3. Sampling Trees with Variable Probability 2879.4. Other Examples of Variable Probability Sampling 2989.5. Distance‐Based Sampling Units 2999.6. Selecting Appropriate Sampling Units 30310 Sampling Designs in Forest Inventories 30510.1. Basic Considerations 30510.2. Simple Random Sampling (SRS) 31110.3. Systematic Sampling (SYS) 31810.4. Selective or Opportunistic Sampling 32610.5. Stratified Sampling (STS) 32710.6. Cluster Sampling 33410.7. Multistage Sampling 33810.8. Sampling with Covariates 34310.9. List Sampling 35310.10. 3P Sampling 35711 Inventory of Standing Trees Using Sampling with Varying Probability 36111.1. Horizontal Point Sampling (HPS) 36211.2. Subsampling in HPS 37711.3. Other Variable Probability Sampling Techniques 38612 Inventory of Downed Dead Material Using Sampling with Varying Probability 39312.1. Fixed‐Area Plots 39412.2. Line Intersect Sampling 39812.3. Angle Gauge Methods 40612.4. Perpendicular Distance Sampling (PDS) 41412.5. Other Methods 42512.6. Design Considerations and Selection of Methods 42713 Integrating Remote Sensing in Forest Inventory 42913.1. Types of Remotely Sensed Data 42913.2. Remote Sensing for Stratification 44213.3. Individual Tree Measurements 44613.4. Remote Sensing for Covariates 44914 Measurement of Tree and Stand Growth 45514.1. Individual Tree Growth 45614.2. Direct Measurement of Tree Growth 46014.3. Reconstructing Tree Growth 46514.4. Stand and Forest Growth 47414.5. Measurement of Stand and Forest Growth and Yield 47914.6. Considerations for the Design and Maintenance of Permanent Sample Plot Systems 49414.7. Growth and Yield Models 503Appendix 519References 550Index 592