Diagnosis and Control of Diseases of Fish and Shellfish

About the EditorsBrian Austin is Professor Emeritus of Microbiology, and formerly Director, of the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK. He has over 30 years of experience researching the diagnosis and control of bacterial fish diseases. Aweeda Newaj-Fyzul, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Agriquatics, Chaguanas, Trinidad.

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xv1 Introduction 1Brian Austin and Aweeda Newaj-FyzulConclusion 3References 32 Bacterial Diagnosis and Control in Fish and Shellfish 5Mags CrumlishIntroduction 5Bacterial Infections in Aquaculture 5Bacterial Disease Diagnostics and Control of Infections 6Modern Approaches in Bacterial Diagnostics 9Control Strategies Against Bacterial Diseases 10Emerging Bacterial Diseases 11Climate Change and Aquatic Bacterial Disease 12Polymicrobial and Concurrent Infections 13Public Health and Aquaculture 13Conclusion 14References 143 Complexities of Diagnostics of Viruses Affecting Farmed Aquatic Species 19Manfred WeidmannReferences 294 Parasitic Diseases in Aquaculture: Their Biology, Diagnosis and Control 37Giuseppe Paladini, Matt Longshaw, Andrea Gustinelli, and Andrew P. ShinnIntroduction 37Protista 38Biology and Taxonomy 38Life-Cycle 38Public Health 38Significant Pathogens within the Group 40Reviews 40Identification 41Diagnostic Methods 41Myxozoa 42Biology and Taxonomy 42Life-Cycle 42Public Health 43Significant Pathogens within the Group 43Reviews 43Identification 43Diagnostic Methods 43Mesomycetozoea, Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms 44Biology and Taxonomy 44Life-Cycle 44Public Health 45Significant Pathogens within the Group 45Reviews 46Identification 46Diagnostic Methods 46Monogenea 46Biology and Taxonomy 46Life-Cycle 48Public Health 48Significant Pathogens within the Group 49Reviews 49Identification 49Diagnostic Methods 49Digenea 50Biology and Taxonomy 50Life-Cycle 52Public Health 52Significant Pathogens within the Group 53Reviews 54Identification 54Diagnostic Methods 54Cestoda 55Biology and Taxonomy 55Life-Cycle 55Public Health 56Significant Pathogens within the Group 57Reviews 57Identification 57Diagnostic Methods 57Nematoda 58Biology and Taxonomy 58Life-Cycle 58Public Health 59Significant Pathogens within the Group 59Reviews 60Identification 60Diagnostic Methods 60Acanthocephala 60Biology and Taxonomy 60Life-Cycle 61Public Health 62Significant Pathogens within the Group 62Reviews 62Identification 62Diagnostic Methods 63Arthropoda 63Biology and Taxonomy 63Life-Cycles 63Parasitic Copepods 63Isopods 65Branchiurans 65Public Health 65Significant Pathogens within the Group 66Reviews 66Taxonomy and Systematics 66Identification 67Diagnostic Methods 68Treatment, Prophylaxis and Farm Management Practices 69Chemical Approaches 69Reviews 70Parasiticide Mode of Action 71Non-Chemical Approaches in Parasite Control 72Biosecurity 72Farm Infrastructure 72Husbandry-Based Practices 73Diet 74Biological Interventions 74Genetic Breeding Programmes 74Physical Measures 75Mechanical Measures 75Conclusion 76References 775 Modern Methods of Diagnosis 109Ahran Kim, Thanh Luan Nguyen, and Do-Hyung KimIntroduction 109Diagnostic Methods for Aquatic Diseases 110Conventional Methods 110Histopathology 110Parasitology 110Bacteriology 111Virology 111Immunoserological Methods 112Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies 112Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay 114Immunofluorescence Test 114Immunohistochemistry (IHC) 117Lateral Flow Immunoassay 119Molecular Methods 121Hybridization Methods 121Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods 123Molecular Typing Methods 128Future Diagnostic Methods 129Nanotechnology-based Strategies for Rapid Detection of Fish Pathogens 129MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for Microbial Identification 130High-throughput Sequencing Technologies 132Whole-genome Sequencing of Bacterial Pathogens 132Metagenomics Approaches for Pathogen Detection 134Conclusion 135References 1376 Immunostimulant Diets and Oral Vaccination In Fish 147Eva Vallejos-Vidal, Felipe Reyes-López, and Simon MacKenzieIntroduction 147Commonly Measured Immunological Parameters 148Plant, Herbal and Algal Extracts 150Plant and Herb Extracts 151Andrographis paniculata 151Aloe barbadensis 151Chinese Herbs 152Azadirachta indica 152Camellia sinensis 152Cedrus deodara 153Citrus sinensis 153Coffea arabica 153Echinacea 153Eclipta alba 154Mentha piperita 154Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi, Queen of Plants) 154Psidium guajava l 154Rehmannia glutinosa 154Rhizophora apiculata 155Cotinus coggyria 155Urtica dioica 155Viscum album coloratum 155Zingiber officinale 156Algae and Fungi Extracts 156Astaxanthin 156Navicula 156Porphyridium cruentum 157Spirulina platensis 157Ganoderma lucidum 158Lentinula edodes 158Diets Containing Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns 158Beta-Glucan 158Saccharomyces cerevisiae 161Chitin 162Receptors Mediating Immunostimulation Via PAMPs 162Oral Vaccination 164Gut Immunity 165Non-encapsulated Vaccines 166Encapsulated Oral Vaccines 166Future Perspectives 167References 1687 Prebiotics and Synbiotics 185Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar, Yun-Zhang Sun, and Zhigzhang ZhouThe Interactions between Feed Additives and Diseases of Fish and Shellfish 185Prebiotics and Synbiotics: Definition and History 185Mode of Actions on Disease Resistance 186Strengthening the Immune Response 186Conclusion 187References 1878 Probiotics for Disease Control in Aquaculture 189S.M. Sharifuzzaman and Brian AustinIntroduction 189Definition of Probiotics 190Source of Probiotics 191Application Methods and Options 192Delivery Method 192Dosage, Frequency and Duration of Administration 193Use of Single Strain or Combinations 194Dead, Inactivated or Cell Component 194Range of Probiotics and their Efficacy 195Modes of Action 204Example of Commercial-Scale Application 207Safety and Regulatory Issues 208Conclusion 208References 2099 Use of Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture 223Mirian Reverter, Nathalie Tapissier-Bontemps, Pierre Sasal, and Denis SaulnierIntroduction 223Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture 224Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture 224Application of Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture 225Analysis of Plants Used in Aquaculture 227Plant Orders Most Frequently Used in Aquaculture 239Lamiales 239Fabales 241Asterales 241Malpighiales 242Plant Species Most Widely Used in Aquaculture 242Analysis of Plant Bioactivity 243Analysis of Plant Parts Used in Aquaculture 244Other Plants and Perspectives 244Conclusion 245References 24610 Antibiotics and Disinfectants 263Brian AustinIntroduction 263Antibiotics 264Chemotherapy Regimes 264Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) 264Chryseobacterium scophthalmum 267Cold-Water Disease/Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome (RTFS) 267Cold-Water Vibriosis 267Columnaris 267Edwardsiellosis (Edwardsiella ictaluri) 267Edwardsiellosis (E. tarda) 267Enteric Redmouth (ERM) 267Flavobacteriosis 268Flavobacterium johnsoniae 268Francisellosis 268Furunculosis; Carp Erythrodermatitis; Goldfish Ulcer Disease 268Gaffkemia 268Lactococcosis and Streptococcosis 268Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (Aeromonas hydrophila) 269Mycobacteriosis 269Nocardiosis 269Pasteurellosis 269Plesiomonas shigelloides 269Rickettsiosis 269Sekiten byo; Red Spot 269Sporocytophaga sp. 269Staphylococcus aureus 269Staphylococcus epidermidis 269Tenacibaculum maritimum 269Vibriosis (Vibrio anguillarum; V. ordalii) 270Vibrio alginolyticus 270Vibrio harveyi 270Vibrio pelagius 270Vibrio splendidus 270Disinfectants 270Disinfectant Regimes 271Aeromonas Septicaemia; Fin/Tail Rot 271Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) and Sea Lice 271Bacterial Gill Disease 271Bacterial Kidney Disease 271Botulism 271Citrobacter freundii 271Cold-Water Disease 271Columnaris 271Columnaris and Ichthyobodo necator – Concurrent Infections 272Crayfish Plague 272Flavobacterium johnsoniae 272Gyrodactylus salaris 272Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) 272Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) 272Mycobacteriosis 272Pseudomonas fluorescens 272Sporocytophaga sp. 273Conclusion 273References 27311 Management Techniques and Disease Control 279Aweeda Newaj-Fyzul and Brian AustinIntroduction 279Disinfection 279Hygiene 280Acquisition of New Stock 280Stocking Levels 280Water Flow and Aeration 280Feed/Feeding Regimes 281Vermin 281References 28112 Conclusions 283Brian Austin and Aweeda Newaj-FyzulReferences 284Index 289