Protection of Substation Critical Equipment Against Intentional Electromagnetic Threats

Vladimir Gurevich, Israel Electric Corp. Vladimir Gurevich is a senior specialist and Head of section of the Central Electric Laboratory at Israel Electric Corp. He has worked in the industry for nearly 40 years and his experience includes teaching as well as research. In 2006 he was Honorable Professor with the Kharkov Technical University and since 2007 he has served as an expert with the TC-94 Committee of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). He is the author of about 200 professional papers, 12 books and holder of nearly 120 patents in the field of electrical engineering and power electronics.

'This book provides background information on EMP and practical solutions for protecting power networks ... There are a variety of interesting protection circuits discussed and many interesting photos of unusual power distribution equipment and test equipment' IEEE, October 2017

• About the Author ixPreface xi1 Technical Progress and Its Consequences 11.1 Technical Progress in Relay Protection 121.2 Microprocessors – The Basis of the Contemporary Stage of Technical Progress 141.3 Smart Grid – A Dangerous Vector of ‘Technical Progress’ in Power Engineering 151.4 Dangerous Trends in the Development of Relay Protection Equipment 16References 222 Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Threats 252.1 Introduction 252.2 A Brief Historical Background 252.3 The First Reliable Information on HEMP as Well as Protection Methods in the Field of Electrical Power Engineering 262.4 The Actual Situation with Respect to the Protection of Power Electrical Systems from HEMP and other Types of Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Threats 272.5 Medium and Short‐Range Missile Systems – Potential Sources of Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Threats that Anti‐Missile Defence Systems Are Powerless to Defend Against 302.6 What is Needed to Actually Defend the Country Against an ‘Electromagnetic Armageddon’? 342.7 The Classification and Specifics of High Power Electromagnetic Threats 352.8 The Effect of HPEM on Microprocessor‐based Relay Protection Systems 532.9 The Principle Technical Standards in the HEMP Field 56References 593 Methods and Techniques of Protecting DPR from EMP 653.1 The Sensitivity of DPR to Electromagnetic Threats 653.2 Methods of Protection from HEMP 68References 694 Passive Methods and Techniques of Protecting DPR from EMP 714.1 Cabinets 714.2 The Earthing of Sensitive Electronic Apparatus 724.3 HEMP Filters 804.3.1 Ferrite Filters 804.3.2 LC Section‐based Filters 874.4 Non‐linear Overvoltage Limiters 944.5 Shielding of the Control Cables 994.6 Design Changes to DPR 1054.6.1 Analogue Input Points 1054.6.2 Discrete Input Points 1064.6.3 Output Relays 1074.6.4 Printed Boards 1084.7 Construction Materials 109References 1125 Active Methods and Techniques of Protecting DPR from EMP 1135.1 A New Principle in the Active Protection of DPR 1135.2 Current and Voltage Sensors with Regulated Pickup Threshold based on Reed Switches 1225.3 Technical and Economic Aspects Affecting the Active Methods of Protecting DPR 1285.4 Protecting the Circuit Breaker Remote Control System 141References 1466 Testing the DPR Immunity to HPEM 1496.1 An Analysis of Sources of HPEM 1496.2 The Parameters of Testing DPR for Immunity to HEMP 1536.3 The Parameters for Testing Immunity to Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) 1546.4 Testing Equipment for Testing Immunity to HPEM 1556.5 Use of the Performance Criteria During Testing of Electronic Apparatus for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 1666.6 The Idiosyncrasies of using Performance Criteria during Testing of Microprocessor Based Relay Protection Devices for their Immunity to Hpem 1676.7 A critique of the Method of Testing of the DPR Used in [6.16] 1686.8 An Analysis of the Results of the Second Independent Test of a DPR of the Same Type 1706.9 Conclusions and Recommendations for Testing Microprocessor Based Protective Relays 173References 1747 Administrative and Technical Measures to Protect DPR from EMP 1777.1 Problems with the Standardization of DPR 1777.1.1 Who Coordinates the Process of Standardization in the Field of Relay Protection? 1777.1.2 The Fundamental Principles of the Standardization of DPR 1797.2 The Fundamental Principles for the Standardization of DPR Testing 1897.2.1 A New Look at the Problem 1907.2.2 Modern Testing Systems to Test Protective Relays 1927.2.3 The Problems with Modern Protective Relay Testing Systems 1937.2.4 A Proposed Solution to the Problem 1947.3 Establishment of Reserves of Electronic Equipment Replacement Modules as a Way to Improve the Survivability of the Power System 1957.3.1 Optimizing the Capacity of Reserves of Replacement Modules 1957.3.2 The Problem of Storing SPTA Reserves 196References 2028 Protecting High‐Power Electrical Equipment from EMP 2058.1 The Magneto‐Hydrodynamic Effect of HEMP 2058.2 The Influence of the E3 HEMP Component on High‐Power Electrical Equipment 2078.3 Protection of High‐Power Equipment from the Impact of Geo‐Magnetically Induced Currents (GIC) 208References 216Appendix: EMP and its Impact on the Power System 217Index 223