The Authors Patricia V. Turner, BSc, MS, DVM, DVSc, DACLAM, DABT, DECAWBM (AWSEL) is a University Professor Emerita at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada with over 30 years of experience in clinical practice, education, research, and national and international policy development with research and food animals. Colette L. Wheler, BSc, DVM, MVetSc, recently retired from her position as Manager of Veterinary Research Services at the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Dr. Wheler has over 20 years’ experience in laboratory animal medicine and over 15 years’ experience working with small mammal pets. Hugues Beaufrère, Dr. Med. Vet., PhD, DACZM, DABVP (Avian), DECZM (Avian), is an Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology at the University of California - Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA. Niora Fabian, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a Research/Clinical Veterinarian at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, MA, USA. John E. Harkness, DVM, MS, DACLAM, now deceased, was Professor Emeritus of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Mississippi State University in Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xAbout the Authors and Illustrators xiChapter 1. Introduction 1Sources of Information 2Taxonomy and History 3Behavior 3Regulatory Considerations 4Introduction, General Husbandry, and Disease Prevention 1Genetically Modified Animals 4Welfare- Friendly Clinical Practices for Rabbits and Rodents 6Equipment Needs 7Major Husbandry Concerns 8Factors Predisposing to Disease 15Allergies to Rabbits and Rodents 16References 17Chapter 2. The Rabbit 21The Guinea Pig 45The Chinchilla 57The Hamster 65The Gerbil 74The Mouse 81The Rat 93Chapter 3. Sample Collection 104Biology and Husbandry 21Clinical Procedures 104Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, and Urinalysis 116Medical Imaging 130Ophthalmology 135Administration of Drugs and Formulary 142Anesthesia 147Analgesia 169Surgery 174Dental Procedures in Rabbits and Rodents 183Quality Assurance Programs for Colony Health Surveillance 186Other Special Techniques 189Euthanasia 192Chapter 4. Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnoses 196Recognizing Signs of Illness and Pain in Rabbits and Rodents 196The Rabbit 199The Guinea Pig 210The Chinchilla 219The Hamster 221The Gerbil 227The Mouse 230The Rat 236Summary of Zoonotic Conditions of Companion Rabbits and Rodents 243Chapter 5. Specific Diseases and Conditions 245Acariasis (Mite Infections) 245Anorexia and Reduced Food Intake 254Astrovirus Infections 256Bordetella Bronchiseptica Infections 256Cestodiasis (Tapeworm Infection) 258Coccidiosis (Hepatic) in Rabbits 260Coccidiosis (Intestinal) 263Coronavirus Infections 264Corynebacterium Kutscheri Infections 269Cryptosporidiosis 270Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) 272Encephalitozoonosis 273Enteritis and Related Conditions 276Epilepsy in Gerbils 284Filobacter Rodentium Infections (Cilia- Associated Respiratory Bacillus) 285Gastrointestinal Stasis in Rabbits 286Hantavirus Infections 288Heart Conditons 290Heat Prostration 291Helicobacter Infections 292Hematuria and Pigmented Urine 294Hepatitis E Infections in Rabbits 295Herpesvirus Infections of Rabbits 297Hypovitaminosis C (Scurvy) in Guinea Pigs 298Lawsonia Infections (Proliferative Ileitis/ Enteropathy) 301Listeriosis 302Liver Lobe Torsion in Rabbits 303Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection 303Malocclusion and Dental Disease 305Mastitis 307Mousepox (Ectromelia Virus) 307Murine Encephalomyelitis 309Murine Mycoplasmosis 310Murine Norovirus Infections 312Myiasis (Fly Strike)— Primary 313Myiasis (Fly Strike)— Secondary 315Myxomatosis 315Nasal Dermatitis (Sore Nose) in Gerbils 317Neoplasia 317Nephrosis 322Oxyuriasis (Pinworms) 324Parvovirus Infections 326Pasteurella Multocida Infections 328Pediculosis 331Pneumocystosis 332Pododermatitis 334Pregnancy Toxemia 336Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease 337Rabies Virus Infection 339Ringtail 339Rodentibacter Complex Infections 340Rotavirus Infections 342Salmonellosis 343Sendai Virus Infections 345Spironucleosis 346Staphylococcosis 348Streptococcus PneumoniaeInfections in Rodents 350Streptococcus ZooepidemicusInfections in Guinea Pigs 351Transmissible Colonic Hyperplasia in Mice 352Tularemia 353Tyzzer’s Disease (Clostridium Piliforme Infection) 354Ulcerative Dermatitis (Moist Dermatitis) 356Urolithiasis 357Venereal Spirochetosis (Treponematosis) 359Chapter 6. Case Reports 361The Rabbit 361The Guinea Pig 363The Chinchilla 366The Hamster 367The Gerbil 367The Mouse 368The Rat 369Suggested Solutions 369Rabbits 369Guinea Pigs 375Chinchillas 377Hamsters 379Gerbils 380Mice 381Rats 383Index 385

The Authors Patricia V. Turner, BSc, MS, DVM, DVSc, DACLAM, DABT, DECAWBM (AWSEL) is a University Professor Emerita at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada with over 30 years of experience in clinical practice, education, research, and national and international policy development with research and food animals. Colette L. Wheler, BSc, DVM, MVetSc, recently retired from her position as Manager of Veterinary Research Services at the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Dr. Wheler has over 20 years’ experience in laboratory animal medicine and over 15 years’ experience working with small mammal pets. Hugues Beaufrère, Dr. Med. Vet., PhD, DACZM, DABVP (Avian), DECZM (Avian), is an Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology at the University of California - Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA. Niora Fabian, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a Research/Clinical Veterinarian at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, MA, USA. John E. Harkness, DVM, MS, DACLAM, now deceased, was Professor Emeritus of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Mississippi State University in Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xAbout the Authors and Illustrators xiChapter 1. Introduction 1Sources of Information 2Taxonomy and History 3Behavior 3Regulatory Considerations 4Introduction, General Husbandry, and Disease Prevention 1Genetically Modified Animals 4Welfare- Friendly Clinical Practices for Rabbits and Rodents 6Equipment Needs 7Major Husbandry Concerns 8Factors Predisposing to Disease 15Allergies to Rabbits and Rodents 16References 17Chapter 2. The Rabbit 21The Guinea Pig 45The Chinchilla 57The Hamster 65The Gerbil 74The Mouse 81The Rat 93Chapter 3. Sample Collection 104Biology and Husbandry 21Clinical Procedures 104Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, and Urinalysis 116Medical Imaging 130Ophthalmology 135Administration of Drugs and Formulary 142Anesthesia 147Analgesia 169Surgery 174Dental Procedures in Rabbits and Rodents 183Quality Assurance Programs for Colony Health Surveillance 186Other Special Techniques 189Euthanasia 192Chapter 4. Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnoses 196Recognizing Signs of Illness and Pain in Rabbits and Rodents 196The Rabbit 199The Guinea Pig 210The Chinchilla 219The Hamster 221The Gerbil 227The Mouse 230The Rat 236Summary of Zoonotic Conditions of Companion Rabbits and Rodents 243Chapter 5. Specific Diseases and Conditions 245Acariasis (Mite Infections) 245Anorexia and Reduced Food Intake 254Astrovirus Infections 256Bordetella Bronchiseptica Infections 256Cestodiasis (Tapeworm Infection) 258Coccidiosis (Hepatic) in Rabbits 260Coccidiosis (Intestinal) 263Coronavirus Infections 264Corynebacterium Kutscheri Infections 269Cryptosporidiosis 270Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) 272Encephalitozoonosis 273Enteritis and Related Conditions 276Epilepsy in Gerbils 284Filobacter Rodentium Infections (Cilia- Associated Respiratory Bacillus) 285Gastrointestinal Stasis in Rabbits 286Hantavirus Infections 288Heart Conditons 290Heat Prostration 291Helicobacter Infections 292Hematuria and Pigmented Urine 294Hepatitis E Infections in Rabbits 295Herpesvirus Infections of Rabbits 297Hypovitaminosis C (Scurvy) in Guinea Pigs 298Lawsonia Infections (Proliferative Ileitis/ Enteropathy) 301Listeriosis 302Liver Lobe Torsion in Rabbits 303Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection 303Malocclusion and Dental Disease 305Mastitis 307Mousepox (Ectromelia Virus) 307Murine Encephalomyelitis 309Murine Mycoplasmosis 310Murine Norovirus Infections 312Myiasis (Fly Strike)— Primary 313Myiasis (Fly Strike)— Secondary 315Myxomatosis 315Nasal Dermatitis (Sore Nose) in Gerbils 317Neoplasia 317Nephrosis 322Oxyuriasis (Pinworms) 324Parvovirus Infections 326Pasteurella Multocida Infections 328Pediculosis 331Pneumocystosis 332Pododermatitis 334Pregnancy Toxemia 336Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease 337Rabies Virus Infection 339Ringtail 339Rodentibacter Complex Infections 340Rotavirus Infections 342Salmonellosis 343Sendai Virus Infections 345Spironucleosis 346Staphylococcosis 348Streptococcus PneumoniaeInfections in Rodents 350Streptococcus ZooepidemicusInfections in Guinea Pigs 351Transmissible Colonic Hyperplasia in Mice 352Tularemia 353Tyzzer’s Disease (Clostridium Piliforme Infection) 354Ulcerative Dermatitis (Moist Dermatitis) 356Urolithiasis 357Venereal Spirochetosis (Treponematosis) 359Chapter 6. Case Reports 361The Rabbit 361The Guinea Pig 363The Chinchilla 366The Hamster 367The Gerbil 367The Mouse 368The Rat 369Suggested Solutions 369Rabbits 369Guinea Pigs 375Chinchillas 377Hamsters 379Gerbils 380Mice 381Rats 383Index 385

The Authors Patricia V. Turner, BSc, MS, DVM, DVSc, DACLAM, DABT, DECAWBM (AWSEL) is a University Professor Emerita at the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada with over 30 years of experience in clinical practice, education, research, and national and international policy development with research and food animals. Colette L. Wheler, BSc, DVM, MVetSc, recently retired from her position as Manager of Veterinary Research Services at the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Dr. Wheler has over 20 years’ experience in laboratory animal medicine and over 15 years’ experience working with small mammal pets. Hugues Beaufrère, Dr. Med. Vet., PhD, DACZM, DABVP (Avian), DECZM (Avian), is an Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine and Epidemiology at the University of California - Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA. Niora Fabian, DVM, MS, DACLAM, is a Research/Clinical Veterinarian at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, MA, USA. John E. Harkness, DVM, MS, DACLAM, now deceased, was Professor Emeritus of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Mississippi State University in Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xAbout the Authors and Illustrators xiChapter 1. Introduction 1Sources of Information 2Taxonomy and History 3Behavior 3Regulatory Considerations 4Introduction, General Husbandry, and Disease Prevention 1Genetically Modified Animals 4Welfare- Friendly Clinical Practices for Rabbits and Rodents 6Equipment Needs 7Major Husbandry Concerns 8Factors Predisposing to Disease 15Allergies to Rabbits and Rodents 16References 17Chapter 2. The Rabbit 21The Guinea Pig 45The Chinchilla 57The Hamster 65The Gerbil 74The Mouse 81The Rat 93Chapter 3. Sample Collection 104Biology and Husbandry 21Clinical Procedures 104Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, and Urinalysis 116Medical Imaging 130Ophthalmology 135Administration of Drugs and Formulary 142Anesthesia 147Analgesia 169Surgery 174Dental Procedures in Rabbits and Rodents 183Quality Assurance Programs for Colony Health Surveillance 186Other Special Techniques 189Euthanasia 192Chapter 4. Clinical Signs and Differential Diagnoses 196Recognizing Signs of Illness and Pain in Rabbits and Rodents 196The Rabbit 199The Guinea Pig 210The Chinchilla 219The Hamster 221The Gerbil 227The Mouse 230The Rat 236Summary of Zoonotic Conditions of Companion Rabbits and Rodents 243Chapter 5. Specific Diseases and Conditions 245Acariasis (Mite Infections) 245Anorexia and Reduced Food Intake 254Astrovirus Infections 256Bordetella Bronchiseptica Infections 256Cestodiasis (Tapeworm Infection) 258Coccidiosis (Hepatic) in Rabbits 260Coccidiosis (Intestinal) 263Coronavirus Infections 264Corynebacterium Kutscheri Infections 269Cryptosporidiosis 270Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) 272Encephalitozoonosis 273Enteritis and Related Conditions 276Epilepsy in Gerbils 284Filobacter Rodentium Infections (Cilia- Associated Respiratory Bacillus) 285Gastrointestinal Stasis in Rabbits 286Hantavirus Infections 288Heart Conditons 290Heat Prostration 291Helicobacter Infections 292Hematuria and Pigmented Urine 294Hepatitis E Infections in Rabbits 295Herpesvirus Infections of Rabbits 297Hypovitaminosis C (Scurvy) in Guinea Pigs 298Lawsonia Infections (Proliferative Ileitis/ Enteropathy) 301Listeriosis 302Liver Lobe Torsion in Rabbits 303Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection 303Malocclusion and Dental Disease 305Mastitis 307Mousepox (Ectromelia Virus) 307Murine Encephalomyelitis 309Murine Mycoplasmosis 310Murine Norovirus Infections 312Myiasis (Fly Strike)— Primary 313Myiasis (Fly Strike)— Secondary 315Myxomatosis 315Nasal Dermatitis (Sore Nose) in Gerbils 317Neoplasia 317Nephrosis 322Oxyuriasis (Pinworms) 324Parvovirus Infections 326Pasteurella Multocida Infections 328Pediculosis 331Pneumocystosis 332Pododermatitis 334Pregnancy Toxemia 336Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease 337Rabies Virus Infection 339Ringtail 339Rodentibacter Complex Infections 340Rotavirus Infections 342Salmonellosis 343Sendai Virus Infections 345Spironucleosis 346Staphylococcosis 348Streptococcus PneumoniaeInfections in Rodents 350Streptococcus ZooepidemicusInfections in Guinea Pigs 351Transmissible Colonic Hyperplasia in Mice 352Tularemia 353Tyzzer’s Disease (Clostridium Piliforme Infection) 354Ulcerative Dermatitis (Moist Dermatitis) 356Urolithiasis 357Venereal Spirochetosis (Treponematosis) 359Chapter 6. Case Reports 361The Rabbit 361The Guinea Pig 363The Chinchilla 366The Hamster 367The Gerbil 367The Mouse 368The Rat 369Suggested Solutions 369Rabbits 369Guinea Pigs 375Chinchillas 377Hamsters 379Gerbils 380Mice 381Rats 383Index 385