Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology

ROY S. BERNS, PHD, is the Richard S. Hunter Professor in Color Science, Appearance, and Technology within the Program of Color Science at Rochester Institute of Technology, USA where he developed both M.S. and Ph.D. degree programs in Color Science. He has received scientific achievement awards from the Inter-Society Color Council, the Society of Imaging Science and Technology, the Colour Group of Great Britain, and the International Association of Colour. Dr. Berns is the author of the third edition of this book, as well as an author of over 200 publications.

• Preface xiChapter 1 Physical Properties of Colors 1A What this Book is about? 1B The Spectrum and Wave Theory 2C Light Sources 3D Conventional Materials 5Transmission 5Absorption 6Surface Scattering 7Internal Scattering 7Terminology – Dyes Versus Pigments 10Spectral Characteristics of Conventional Materials 12E Fluorescent Materials 12F Gonioapparent Materials 14Metallic Materials 14Pearlescent Materials 14Interference Materials 15Diffraction Materials 16G Photochromic and Thermochromic Colorants 16H Summary 16Chapter 2 Color and Spatial Vision 17A Trichromacy 17B Light and Chromatic adaptation 21C Compression 23D Opponency 23E Spatial Vision 26F Observer variability 29G Summary 34Chapter 3 Visual Color Specification 37A One-Dimensional Scales 37Hue 37Lightness 38Chromatic Intensity 39B Three-Dimensional Systems 39Geometries 39Natural Color System 40Munsell Color System 42Other Color-Order Systems 46C Color Appearance: Multidimensional systems 46D Color-Mixing systems 47RGB and HSB 47The Pantone Matching System 48Limitations of Color-Mixing Systems for Color Specification 49E Summary 49Chapter 4 Numerical Color Specification: Colorimetry 51A Color Matching 51B Derivation of the Standard observers 53Theoretical Considerations 53The Color-Matching Experiment 54The 1924 CIE Standard Photopic Observer 57The 1931 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer 58The 1964 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer 61Cone-Fundamental-Based Colorimetric Observers 62C Calculating Tristimulus values for Materials 62D Chromaticity Coordinates and the Chromaticity diagram 63E Calculating Tristimulus values and Chromaticity Coordinates for sources 67F Transformation of Primaries 68Displays 68Cone Fundamentals 71G Approximately Uniformly Spaced Systems 71L* Lightness 72u′v′ Uniform-Chromaticity Scale Diagram 72Cieluv 73Cielab 74Rotation of CIELAB Coordinates 75H Color-appearance models 78I Whiteness and Yellowness 83Whiteness 83Yellowness 84J Summary 84Chapter 5 Color-Quality Specification 85A Perceptibility and Acceptability Visual Judgments 85B Color-Difference Geometry 86C Ellipses and Ellipsoids 89D The Color-Difference Problem 92E Weighted Color-Difference Formulas 96F CMC(L:C) Color-Difference Formula 99G Ciede2000 Color-Difference Formula 100H Uniform Color-Difference Spaces 105I Determining Color-Tolerance Magnitude 106J Summary 110Chapter 6 Color and Material-Appearance Measurement 111A Basic Principles of Measuring Color and Material Appearance 111B The Sample 112C Visual Color Measurement 113D Measurement geometries 114Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function 115CIE Recommended Geometries for Measuring Spectral Reflectance Factor 115CIE Recommended Geometries for Measuring Spectral Transmittance Factor 118Multiangle Geometries 118E Spectrophotometry 119F Spectroradiometry 121G Fluorescence Measurements 122H Precision and Accuracy Measurements 124Repeatability 125Intramodel Reproducibility 127Accuracy 128I spectral Imaging 134J Material-Appearance Measurements 137Gloss 137Microstructure – Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function 137Macrostructure 142Sparkle and Graininess 143K Summary 144Chapter 7 Lighting 145A Standard Illuminants 145B Luminance Illuminance and Luminous Efficacy 148C Correlated Color Temperature 149D Color Rendition 150E Summary 155Chapter 8 Metamerism and Color Inconstancy 157A Metamerism Terminology 157B Producing Metamers 158C Indices of Metamerism 160Special Index of Metamerism 160General Index of Metamerism 162Using Indices of Metamerism 163D Color Inconstancy and Indices of Color Inconstancy 164E Summary 168Chapter 9 Optical Modeling of Colored Materials 169A Generic Approach to Color Modeling 169B Modeling Transparent Materials 171C Modeling Opaque Materials 174Opaque Paints 176Opaque Textiles 181D Modeling Gonioapparent Materials 184E Color-Formulation Software 184F Summary 188Chapter 10 Color Imaging 189A Analysis and Synthesis 190B Color Management 191C Additive versus Subtractive Mixing 195D Displays and Encoding 198E Printing 204F Digital Cameras 212Colorimetric Accuracy 213Spectral Accuracy 217G Spectral Color Reproduction 219H Summary 219Bibliography 221Annotated Bibliography 237Recommended Books 243Index 247