JAMES E. AMBROSE (deceased), was an architect and structural engineer in California and Illinois. He was also a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California. PATRICK TRIPENY, MS, is Director at the Center for Teaching and Learning Excellence; Director Emeritus at the School of Architecture; Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies; and Associate Professor at the University of Utah. He is the recipient of several teaching awards including the ACSA / AIAS New Faculty Teaching Award in 2001 and the University of Utah’s Early Career Teaching Award in 2000-2001. SHARON S. BAUM KUSKA, PHD, PE, LEED AP, is a Professor of Architecture and Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Programs in the College of Architecture at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. She has been teaching courses in the College since 1986, with areas of interest including architectural structures, sustainable design, and women in design. With degrees in both architecture and engineering, Dr. Kuska is a licensed professional engineer and holds LEED AP certification. She was one of the DesignIntelligence 25 Most Admired Educators for 2016 and recipient of the College of Architecture Distinguished Teaching Award in 2021. She also co-authored Sustainometrics: Measuring Sustainability.

• Preface to the Thirteenth Edition ixPreface to the First Edition xiAbout the Companion Website xiiiIntroduction xvPart I Fundamental Functions of Structures 11 Investigation of Forces, Force Systems, Loading, and Reactions 31.1 Properties of Forces 31.2 Static Equilibrium 61.3 Force Components and Combinations 61.4 Graphical Analysis of Concurrent Force Systems 91.5 Algebraic Analysis of Nonconcurrent Force Systems 121.6 Laws of Equilibrium 141.7 Loads and Reactive Forces 161.8 Load Sources 191.9 Load Combinations 251.10 Determination of Design Loads 261.11 Design Methods 272 Investigation of Axial Force Actions 292.1 Forces and Stresses 292.2 Deformation 312.3 Thermal Effects in Axially Loaded Members 342.4 Suspension Cables 352.5 Funicular Arches 372.6 Graphical Analysis of Planar Trusses 402.7 Algebraic Analysis of Planar Trusses 452.8 Cable-Stayed Structures 482.9 Compression Members 503 Investigation of Structures for Shear and Bending 553.1 Direct Shear Stress 553.2 Shear in Beams 553.3 Bending Moments in Beams 583.4 Sense of Bending in Beams 623.5 Tabulated Values for Beam Behavior 673.6 Development of Bending Resistance 693.7 Shear Stress in Beams 723.8 Continuous and Restrained Beams 753.9 Members Experiencing Compression Plus Bending 853.10 Rigid Frames 913.11 Buckling of Beams 973.12 Second-Order Analysis 983.13 Computer Software for Structural Analysis 1004 Structural Systems and Planning 1014.1 General Considerations for Structural Systems 1014.2 Shear Wall and Diaphragm Structural System 1034.3 Braced Frame Systems 1044.4 Moment Frame Systems 1054.5 Wood Construction 1064.6 Steel Construction 1084.7 Concrete Construction 113Part II Wood Construction 1195 Wood Spanning Elements 1215.1 Structural Lumber 1215.2 Reference Design Values for Allowable Stress Design 1225.3 Design for Bending 1285.4 Beam Shear 1305.5 Deflection 1315.6 Bearing 1335.7 Joists and Rafters 1355.8 Decking for Roofs and Floors 1375.9 Plywood 1385.10 Glued-Laminated Products 1405.11 Wood Fiber Products 1415.12 Assembled Wood Structural Products 1416 Wood Columns 1456.1 Slenderness Ratio for Columns 1456.2 Compression Capacity of Simple Solid Columns 1456.3 Stud Wall Construction 1516.4 Round Columns 1526.5 Built-Up Columns 1536.6 Spaced Columns 1536.7 Columns with Bending 1537 Connections for Wood Structures 1597.1 Bolted Joints 1597.2 Nailed Joints 1607.3 Plywood Gussets 1637.4 Formed Steel Framing Elements 163Part III Steel Construction 1678 Steel Structural Products 1698.1 Design Methods for Steel Structures 1698.2 Materials for Steel Products 1708.3 Types of Steel Structural Products 1729 Steel Beams and Framing Elements 1779.1 Factors in Beam Design 1779.2 Inelastic Versus Elastic Behavior 1789.3 Nominal Moment Capacity of Steel Beams 1829.4 Design for Bending 1879.5 Design of Beams for Buckling Failure 1909.6 Shear in Steel Beams 1929.7 Deflection of Beams 1969.8 Safe Load Tables 2009.9 Concentrated Load Effects on Beams 2049.10 Steel Trusses 2059.11 Manufactured Trusses for Flat Spans 2069.12 Decks with Steel Framing 21110 Steel Columns and Frames 21310.1 Column Shapes 21310.2 Column Slenderness and End Conditions 21310.3 Safe Axial Loads for Steel Columns 21510.4 Design of Steel Columns 21810.5 Columns with Bending 22410.6 Column Framing and Connections 22810.7 Column Base Plate Design 22911 Bolted Connections for Steel Structures 23311.1 Bolted Connections 23311.2 Design of a Bolted Connection 24011.3 Bolted Framing Connections 24311.4 Bolted Truss Connections 24512 Light-Gauge Formed Steel Structures 24912.1 Light-Gauge Steel Products 24912.2 Light-Gauge Steel Decks 24912.3 Light-Gauge Steel Systems 252Part IV Concrete Construction 25513 Reinforced Concrete Structures 25713.1 General Considerations 25713.2 General Application of Strength Methods 26113.3 Beams: Ultimate Strength Method 26113.4 Beams in Site-Cast Systems 27013.5 Spanning Slabs 28013.6 Shear in Beams 28313.7 Development Length for Reinforcement 29313.8 Deflection Control 29814 Flat-Spanning Concrete Systems 30114.1 Slab-and-Beam Systems 30114.2 General Considerations for Beams 30615 Concrete Columns and Compression Members 30915.1 Effects of Compression Force 30915.2 General Considerations for Concrete Columns 31115.3 Design Methods and Aids for Concrete Columns 31715.4 Special Considerations for Concrete Columns 32115.5 Vertical Concrete Compression Elements 32316 Foundations 32916.1 Shallow Bearing Foundations 32916.2 Wall Footings 32916.3 Column Footings 33416.4 Pedestals 341Part V Structural Systems for Buildings 34317 General Considerations for Building Structures 34517.1 Choice of Building Construction 34517.2 Structural Design Standards 34617.3 Structural Design Process 34617.4 Development of Structural Systems 34618 Building One 34918.1 General Considerations 34918.2 Design of the Wood Structure for Gravity Loads 34918.3 Design for Lateral Loads 35218.4 Alternative Steel and Masonry Structure 35918.5 Alternative Truss Roof 36418.6 Foundations 36519 Building Two 36719.1 Design for Gravity Loads 36719.2 Design for Lateral Loads 37019.3 Alternative Steel and Masonry Structure 37120 Building Three 37520.1 General Considerations 37520.2 Structural Alternatives 37820.3 Design of the Steel Structure 37920.4 Alternative Floor Construction with Trusses 38420.5 Design of the Trussed Bent for Wind 38620.6 Considerations for a Steel Rigid Frame 39020.7 Considerations for a Masonry Wall Structure 39120.8 The Concrete Structure 39420.9 Design of the Foundations 409Appendix A: Properties of Sections 411A.1 Centroids 411A.2 Moment of Inertia 414A.3 Transferring Moments of Inertia 416A.4 Miscellaneous Properties 418A.5 Tables of Properties of Sections 420Glossary 429References 435Quick Reference to Useful Data 437Index 439

JAMES E. AMBROSE (deceased), was an architect and structural engineer in California and Illinois. He was also a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California. PATRICK TRIPENY, MS, is Director at the Center for Teaching and Learning Excellence; Director Emeritus at the School of Architecture; Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies; and Associate Professor at the University of Utah. He is the recipient of several teaching awards including the ACSA / AIAS New Faculty Teaching Award in 2001 and the University of Utah’s Early Career Teaching Award in 2000-2001. SHARON S. BAUM KUSKA, PHD, PE, LEED AP, is a Professor of Architecture and Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Programs in the College of Architecture at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. She has been teaching courses in the College since 1986, with areas of interest including architectural structures, sustainable design, and women in design. With degrees in both architecture and engineering, Dr. Kuska is a licensed professional engineer and holds LEED AP certification. She was one of the DesignIntelligence 25 Most Admired Educators for 2016 and recipient of the College of Architecture Distinguished Teaching Award in 2021. She also co-authored Sustainometrics: Measuring Sustainability.

• Preface to the Thirteenth Edition ixPreface to the First Edition xiAbout the Companion Website xiiiIntroduction xvPart I Fundamental Functions of Structures 11 Investigation of Forces, Force Systems, Loading, and Reactions 31.1 Properties of Forces 31.2 Static Equilibrium 61.3 Force Components and Combinations 61.4 Graphical Analysis of Concurrent Force Systems 91.5 Algebraic Analysis of Nonconcurrent Force Systems 121.6 Laws of Equilibrium 141.7 Loads and Reactive Forces 161.8 Load Sources 191.9 Load Combinations 251.10 Determination of Design Loads 261.11 Design Methods 272 Investigation of Axial Force Actions 292.1 Forces and Stresses 292.2 Deformation 312.3 Thermal Effects in Axially Loaded Members 342.4 Suspension Cables 352.5 Funicular Arches 372.6 Graphical Analysis of Planar Trusses 402.7 Algebraic Analysis of Planar Trusses 452.8 Cable-Stayed Structures 482.9 Compression Members 503 Investigation of Structures for Shear and Bending 553.1 Direct Shear Stress 553.2 Shear in Beams 553.3 Bending Moments in Beams 583.4 Sense of Bending in Beams 623.5 Tabulated Values for Beam Behavior 673.6 Development of Bending Resistance 693.7 Shear Stress in Beams 723.8 Continuous and Restrained Beams 753.9 Members Experiencing Compression Plus Bending 853.10 Rigid Frames 913.11 Buckling of Beams 973.12 Second-Order Analysis 983.13 Computer Software for Structural Analysis 1004 Structural Systems and Planning 1014.1 General Considerations for Structural Systems 1014.2 Shear Wall and Diaphragm Structural System 1034.3 Braced Frame Systems 1044.4 Moment Frame Systems 1054.5 Wood Construction 1064.6 Steel Construction 1084.7 Concrete Construction 113Part II Wood Construction 1195 Wood Spanning Elements 1215.1 Structural Lumber 1215.2 Reference Design Values for Allowable Stress Design 1225.3 Design for Bending 1285.4 Beam Shear 1305.5 Deflection 1315.6 Bearing 1335.7 Joists and Rafters 1355.8 Decking for Roofs and Floors 1375.9 Plywood 1385.10 Glued-Laminated Products 1405.11 Wood Fiber Products 1415.12 Assembled Wood Structural Products 1416 Wood Columns 1456.1 Slenderness Ratio for Columns 1456.2 Compression Capacity of Simple Solid Columns 1456.3 Stud Wall Construction 1516.4 Round Columns 1526.5 Built-Up Columns 1536.6 Spaced Columns 1536.7 Columns with Bending 1537 Connections for Wood Structures 1597.1 Bolted Joints 1597.2 Nailed Joints 1607.3 Plywood Gussets 1637.4 Formed Steel Framing Elements 163Part III Steel Construction 1678 Steel Structural Products 1698.1 Design Methods for Steel Structures 1698.2 Materials for Steel Products 1708.3 Types of Steel Structural Products 1729 Steel Beams and Framing Elements 1779.1 Factors in Beam Design 1779.2 Inelastic Versus Elastic Behavior 1789.3 Nominal Moment Capacity of Steel Beams 1829.4 Design for Bending 1879.5 Design of Beams for Buckling Failure 1909.6 Shear in Steel Beams 1929.7 Deflection of Beams 1969.8 Safe Load Tables 2009.9 Concentrated Load Effects on Beams 2049.10 Steel Trusses 2059.11 Manufactured Trusses for Flat Spans 2069.12 Decks with Steel Framing 21110 Steel Columns and Frames 21310.1 Column Shapes 21310.2 Column Slenderness and End Conditions 21310.3 Safe Axial Loads for Steel Columns 21510.4 Design of Steel Columns 21810.5 Columns with Bending 22410.6 Column Framing and Connections 22810.7 Column Base Plate Design 22911 Bolted Connections for Steel Structures 23311.1 Bolted Connections 23311.2 Design of a Bolted Connection 24011.3 Bolted Framing Connections 24311.4 Bolted Truss Connections 24512 Light-Gauge Formed Steel Structures 24912.1 Light-Gauge Steel Products 24912.2 Light-Gauge Steel Decks 24912.3 Light-Gauge Steel Systems 252Part IV Concrete Construction 25513 Reinforced Concrete Structures 25713.1 General Considerations 25713.2 General Application of Strength Methods 26113.3 Beams: Ultimate Strength Method 26113.4 Beams in Site-Cast Systems 27013.5 Spanning Slabs 28013.6 Shear in Beams 28313.7 Development Length for Reinforcement 29313.8 Deflection Control 29814 Flat-Spanning Concrete Systems 30114.1 Slab-and-Beam Systems 30114.2 General Considerations for Beams 30615 Concrete Columns and Compression Members 30915.1 Effects of Compression Force 30915.2 General Considerations for Concrete Columns 31115.3 Design Methods and Aids for Concrete Columns 31715.4 Special Considerations for Concrete Columns 32115.5 Vertical Concrete Compression Elements 32316 Foundations 32916.1 Shallow Bearing Foundations 32916.2 Wall Footings 32916.3 Column Footings 33416.4 Pedestals 341Part V Structural Systems for Buildings 34317 General Considerations for Building Structures 34517.1 Choice of Building Construction 34517.2 Structural Design Standards 34617.3 Structural Design Process 34617.4 Development of Structural Systems 34618 Building One 34918.1 General Considerations 34918.2 Design of the Wood Structure for Gravity Loads 34918.3 Design for Lateral Loads 35218.4 Alternative Steel and Masonry Structure 35918.5 Alternative Truss Roof 36418.6 Foundations 36519 Building Two 36719.1 Design for Gravity Loads 36719.2 Design for Lateral Loads 37019.3 Alternative Steel and Masonry Structure 37120 Building Three 37520.1 General Considerations 37520.2 Structural Alternatives 37820.3 Design of the Steel Structure 37920.4 Alternative Floor Construction with Trusses 38420.5 Design of the Trussed Bent for Wind 38620.6 Considerations for a Steel Rigid Frame 39020.7 Considerations for a Masonry Wall Structure 39120.8 The Concrete Structure 39420.9 Design of the Foundations 409Appendix A: Properties of Sections 411A.1 Centroids 411A.2 Moment of Inertia 414A.3 Transferring Moments of Inertia 416A.4 Miscellaneous Properties 418A.5 Tables of Properties of Sections 420Glossary 429References 435Quick Reference to Useful Data 437Index 439

JAMES E. AMBROSE (deceased), was an architect and structural engineer in California and Illinois. He was also a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California. PATRICK TRIPENY, MS, is Director at the Center for Teaching and Learning Excellence; Director Emeritus at the School of Architecture; Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies; and Associate Professor at the University of Utah. He is the recipient of several teaching awards including the ACSA / AIAS New Faculty Teaching Award in 2001 and the University of Utah’s Early Career Teaching Award in 2000-2001. SHARON S. BAUM KUSKA, PHD, PE, LEED AP, is a Professor of Architecture and Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Programs in the College of Architecture at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. She has been teaching courses in the College since 1986, with areas of interest including architectural structures, sustainable design, and women in design. With degrees in both architecture and engineering, Dr. Kuska is a licensed professional engineer and holds LEED AP certification. She was one of the DesignIntelligence 25 Most Admired Educators for 2016 and recipient of the College of Architecture Distinguished Teaching Award in 2021. She also co-authored Sustainometrics: Measuring Sustainability.

• Preface to the Thirteenth Edition ixPreface to the First Edition xiAbout the Companion Website xiiiIntroduction xvPart I Fundamental Functions of Structures 11 Investigation of Forces, Force Systems, Loading, and Reactions 31.1 Properties of Forces 31.2 Static Equilibrium 61.3 Force Components and Combinations 61.4 Graphical Analysis of Concurrent Force Systems 91.5 Algebraic Analysis of Nonconcurrent Force Systems 121.6 Laws of Equilibrium 141.7 Loads and Reactive Forces 161.8 Load Sources 191.9 Load Combinations 251.10 Determination of Design Loads 261.11 Design Methods 272 Investigation of Axial Force Actions 292.1 Forces and Stresses 292.2 Deformation 312.3 Thermal Effects in Axially Loaded Members 342.4 Suspension Cables 352.5 Funicular Arches 372.6 Graphical Analysis of Planar Trusses 402.7 Algebraic Analysis of Planar Trusses 452.8 Cable-Stayed Structures 482.9 Compression Members 503 Investigation of Structures for Shear and Bending 553.1 Direct Shear Stress 553.2 Shear in Beams 553.3 Bending Moments in Beams 583.4 Sense of Bending in Beams 623.5 Tabulated Values for Beam Behavior 673.6 Development of Bending Resistance 693.7 Shear Stress in Beams 723.8 Continuous and Restrained Beams 753.9 Members Experiencing Compression Plus Bending 853.10 Rigid Frames 913.11 Buckling of Beams 973.12 Second-Order Analysis 983.13 Computer Software for Structural Analysis 1004 Structural Systems and Planning 1014.1 General Considerations for Structural Systems 1014.2 Shear Wall and Diaphragm Structural System 1034.3 Braced Frame Systems 1044.4 Moment Frame Systems 1054.5 Wood Construction 1064.6 Steel Construction 1084.7 Concrete Construction 113Part II Wood Construction 1195 Wood Spanning Elements 1215.1 Structural Lumber 1215.2 Reference Design Values for Allowable Stress Design 1225.3 Design for Bending 1285.4 Beam Shear 1305.5 Deflection 1315.6 Bearing 1335.7 Joists and Rafters 1355.8 Decking for Roofs and Floors 1375.9 Plywood 1385.10 Glued-Laminated Products 1405.11 Wood Fiber Products 1415.12 Assembled Wood Structural Products 1416 Wood Columns 1456.1 Slenderness Ratio for Columns 1456.2 Compression Capacity of Simple Solid Columns 1456.3 Stud Wall Construction 1516.4 Round Columns 1526.5 Built-Up Columns 1536.6 Spaced Columns 1536.7 Columns with Bending 1537 Connections for Wood Structures 1597.1 Bolted Joints 1597.2 Nailed Joints 1607.3 Plywood Gussets 1637.4 Formed Steel Framing Elements 163Part III Steel Construction 1678 Steel Structural Products 1698.1 Design Methods for Steel Structures 1698.2 Materials for Steel Products 1708.3 Types of Steel Structural Products 1729 Steel Beams and Framing Elements 1779.1 Factors in Beam Design 1779.2 Inelastic Versus Elastic Behavior 1789.3 Nominal Moment Capacity of Steel Beams 1829.4 Design for Bending 1879.5 Design of Beams for Buckling Failure 1909.6 Shear in Steel Beams 1929.7 Deflection of Beams 1969.8 Safe Load Tables 2009.9 Concentrated Load Effects on Beams 2049.10 Steel Trusses 2059.11 Manufactured Trusses for Flat Spans 2069.12 Decks with Steel Framing 21110 Steel Columns and Frames 21310.1 Column Shapes 21310.2 Column Slenderness and End Conditions 21310.3 Safe Axial Loads for Steel Columns 21510.4 Design of Steel Columns 21810.5 Columns with Bending 22410.6 Column Framing and Connections 22810.7 Column Base Plate Design 22911 Bolted Connections for Steel Structures 23311.1 Bolted Connections 23311.2 Design of a Bolted Connection 24011.3 Bolted Framing Connections 24311.4 Bolted Truss Connections 24512 Light-Gauge Formed Steel Structures 24912.1 Light-Gauge Steel Products 24912.2 Light-Gauge Steel Decks 24912.3 Light-Gauge Steel Systems 252Part IV Concrete Construction 25513 Reinforced Concrete Structures 25713.1 General Considerations 25713.2 General Application of Strength Methods 26113.3 Beams: Ultimate Strength Method 26113.4 Beams in Site-Cast Systems 27013.5 Spanning Slabs 28013.6 Shear in Beams 28313.7 Development Length for Reinforcement 29313.8 Deflection Control 29814 Flat-Spanning Concrete Systems 30114.1 Slab-and-Beam Systems 30114.2 General Considerations for Beams 30615 Concrete Columns and Compression Members 30915.1 Effects of Compression Force 30915.2 General Considerations for Concrete Columns 31115.3 Design Methods and Aids for Concrete Columns 31715.4 Special Considerations for Concrete Columns 32115.5 Vertical Concrete Compression Elements 32316 Foundations 32916.1 Shallow Bearing Foundations 32916.2 Wall Footings 32916.3 Column Footings 33416.4 Pedestals 341Part V Structural Systems for Buildings 34317 General Considerations for Building Structures 34517.1 Choice of Building Construction 34517.2 Structural Design Standards 34617.3 Structural Design Process 34617.4 Development of Structural Systems 34618 Building One 34918.1 General Considerations 34918.2 Design of the Wood Structure for Gravity Loads 34918.3 Design for Lateral Loads 35218.4 Alternative Steel and Masonry Structure 35918.5 Alternative Truss Roof 36418.6 Foundations 36519 Building Two 36719.1 Design for Gravity Loads 36719.2 Design for Lateral Loads 37019.3 Alternative Steel and Masonry Structure 37120 Building Three 37520.1 General Considerations 37520.2 Structural Alternatives 37820.3 Design of the Steel Structure 37920.4 Alternative Floor Construction with Trusses 38420.5 Design of the Trussed Bent for Wind 38620.6 Considerations for a Steel Rigid Frame 39020.7 Considerations for a Masonry Wall Structure 39120.8 The Concrete Structure 39420.9 Design of the Foundations 409Appendix A: Properties of Sections 411A.1 Centroids 411A.2 Moment of Inertia 414A.3 Transferring Moments of Inertia 416A.4 Miscellaneous Properties 418A.5 Tables of Properties of Sections 420Glossary 429References 435Quick Reference to Useful Data 437Index 439