Edited by Graham R. Foster PhD, FRCP, Professor of Hepatology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. K. Rajender Reddy MD, FACP, FACG, FRCP, FAASLD, Ruimy Family President's Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Professor of Medicine in Surgery, Director of Hepatology, Director of Viral Hepatitis Center, Medical Director of Liver Transplantation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

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• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: Investigating the Liver1 Noninvasive markers of fibrosis: how reliable are they? 3Laurent Castera2 Liver biopsy in chronic viral hepatitis: is there still life left in it? 9Jaspreet Suri and Michael P. Curry3 Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in viral liver disease: any new biomarkers on the horizon? 15Saroja Bangaru, Jorge A. Marrero, and Amit G. Singal4 Realistic estimates of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus disease burden 19Homie RazaviPart II: Today’s TherapiesSection 1: HCV5 Acute hepatitis C: treat immediately or give a chance to spontaneously clear? 29David E. Kaplan6 Is ribavirin alive or dead in the current era of HCV therapy? 35Vijay Prabhakar and Paul Y. Kwo7 Hepatitis C virus genotype and viral testing, and on‐treatment monitoring: necessary or overkill? 41Sirina Ekpanyapong and K. Rajender Reddy8 Treatment of hepatitis C virus in renal disease: can we use all the drugs without additional monitoring? 48Stanislas Pol9 Does directly acting antiviral therapy improve quality of life? 54Daniel M. Forton10 Morbid obesity and hepatitis C: treat as normal or are there additional issues to consider? 59María Fernanda Guerra, Javier Ampuero, and Manuel Romero‐Gómez11 Generic direct‐acting antiviral agents: do they work well? 66Omar Salim Al Siyabi and Seng‐Gee Lim12 Impact and management of patients with multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes 74Peter Ferenci13 Hepatitis C virus and injecting drug use: what are the challenges? 78Olav Dalgard14 Hepatitis B virus reactivation while on hepatitis C virus direct‐acting antiviral therapy: is that a real concern and when is it a concern? 82Marina Serper15 Drug–drug interactions with direct‐acting antivirals: when do we need to care? 86Fiona Marra and David Back16 Treatment of hepatitis C in children 94Maureen M. Jonas17 While direct‐acting antivirals are effective, are there any unique safety considerations? 97Olivia Pietri, Félix Trottier‐Tellier, and Marc Bourlière18 Harm reduction strategies to prevent new infections and reinfections among people who inject drugs: how effective are they? 106Jason Grebely and Marianne Martinello19 Hepatitis C virus therapy in advanced liver disease: treat or transplant and treat? 112Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul and K. Rajender Reddy20 Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C virus: which should be treated first? 117Mario U. Mondelli, Andrea Lombardi, and Massimo Colombo21 Should we incentivize patients to take hepatitis C virus therapy? 122Ed Gane22 Treating prisoners with hepatitis C: should we do it and how? 125Seth Francis‐Graham and William Rosenberg23 Use of hepatitis C virus‐positive organs for uninfected recipients in the era of effective and safe direct‐acting antivirals: pros and cons 132Sirina Ekpanyapong and K. Rajender Reddy24 Is real‐life hepatitis C virus therapy as effective as in clinical trials? 138Jessica Su and Joseph K. LimSection 2: HBV, HDV, and HEV25 Management of acute hepatitis B infection: when should we offer antiviral therapy? 145Emma Hathorn and David J. Mutimer26 Rethinking the inactive carrier state: management of patients with low‐replicative HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B and normal liver enzymes 150María Buti, Mar Riveiro‐Barciela, and Rafael Esteban27 Hepatitis B e antigen‐positive chronic hepatitis B infection with minimal changes on liver biopsy: what to do next 156Apostolos Koffas and Patrick T. Kennedy28 The management of hepatitis B virus in pregnancy 160Henry L.Y. Chan29 Treatment of hepatitis B in children 164Maureen M. Jonas30 Hepatitis B vaccine failures: how do we handle them? 169Daniel Shouval31 The stopping rules in hepatitis B virus therapy: can we provide any guidance? 175Florian van Bömmel and Thomas Berg32 Hepatitis C and hepatitis B coinfection 182Chun‐Jen Liu and Jia‐Horng Kao33 Chronic hepatitis E virus infection: is it reality or hype and where does it matter? 189Nassim Kamar and Jacques Izopet34 Hepatitis E virus vaccines: have they arrived – when, where and for whom? 193Amit Goel and Rakesh AggarwalPart III: Clinical Set‐up and the Future35 Do we need expert hepatitis C virus treaters or are amateur treaters good enough? 203Shyamasundaran Kottilil and Poonam Mathur36 Hepatitis C vaccines: how close are we to the promised land? 208Timothy Donnison, Senthil Chinnakannan, Paola Cicconi, and Eleanor Barnes37 Elimination of hepatitis C virus in high‐prevalence, low‐income countries: is it feasible? 216Mahmoud Abdo and Hadeel Gamal Eldeen38 Hepatitis B virus diagnostics: anything new? 220Dina Ginzberg, Robert J. Wong, and Robert G. GishPart IV: Ongoing Controversies39 Is hepatocellular carcinoma risk impacted favorably or unfavorably by hepatitis C virus therapy with direct‐acting antivirals? 233Giuseppe Cabibbo, Calogero Cammà, and Antonio Craxì40 Global elimination of hepatitis C virus by 2030: the optimistic view 238Gregory J. Dore and Marianne Martinello41 Global elimination of hepatitis C virus by 2030: the pessimistic view 244Thomas G. Cotter and Michael CharltonIndex 250

Edited by Graham R. Foster PhD, FRCP, Professor of Hepatology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. K. Rajender Reddy MD, FACP, FACG, FRCP, FAASLD, Ruimy Family President's Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Professor of Medicine in Surgery, Director of Hepatology, Director of Viral Hepatitis Center, Medical Director of Liver Transplantation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Select Guide Rating

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: Investigating the Liver1 Noninvasive markers of fibrosis: how reliable are they? 3Laurent Castera2 Liver biopsy in chronic viral hepatitis: is there still life left in it? 9Jaspreet Suri and Michael P. Curry3 Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in viral liver disease: any new biomarkers on the horizon? 15Saroja Bangaru, Jorge A. Marrero, and Amit G. Singal4 Realistic estimates of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus disease burden 19Homie RazaviPart II: Today’s TherapiesSection 1: HCV5 Acute hepatitis C: treat immediately or give a chance to spontaneously clear? 29David E. Kaplan6 Is ribavirin alive or dead in the current era of HCV therapy? 35Vijay Prabhakar and Paul Y. Kwo7 Hepatitis C virus genotype and viral testing, and on‐treatment monitoring: necessary or overkill? 41Sirina Ekpanyapong and K. Rajender Reddy8 Treatment of hepatitis C virus in renal disease: can we use all the drugs without additional monitoring? 48Stanislas Pol9 Does directly acting antiviral therapy improve quality of life? 54Daniel M. Forton10 Morbid obesity and hepatitis C: treat as normal or are there additional issues to consider? 59María Fernanda Guerra, Javier Ampuero, and Manuel Romero‐Gómez11 Generic direct‐acting antiviral agents: do they work well? 66Omar Salim Al Siyabi and Seng‐Gee Lim12 Impact and management of patients with multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes 74Peter Ferenci13 Hepatitis C virus and injecting drug use: what are the challenges? 78Olav Dalgard14 Hepatitis B virus reactivation while on hepatitis C virus direct‐acting antiviral therapy: is that a real concern and when is it a concern? 82Marina Serper15 Drug–drug interactions with direct‐acting antivirals: when do we need to care? 86Fiona Marra and David Back16 Treatment of hepatitis C in children 94Maureen M. Jonas17 While direct‐acting antivirals are effective, are there any unique safety considerations? 97Olivia Pietri, Félix Trottier‐Tellier, and Marc Bourlière18 Harm reduction strategies to prevent new infections and reinfections among people who inject drugs: how effective are they? 106Jason Grebely and Marianne Martinello19 Hepatitis C virus therapy in advanced liver disease: treat or transplant and treat? 112Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul and K. Rajender Reddy20 Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C virus: which should be treated first? 117Mario U. Mondelli, Andrea Lombardi, and Massimo Colombo21 Should we incentivize patients to take hepatitis C virus therapy? 122Ed Gane22 Treating prisoners with hepatitis C: should we do it and how? 125Seth Francis‐Graham and William Rosenberg23 Use of hepatitis C virus‐positive organs for uninfected recipients in the era of effective and safe direct‐acting antivirals: pros and cons 132Sirina Ekpanyapong and K. Rajender Reddy24 Is real‐life hepatitis C virus therapy as effective as in clinical trials? 138Jessica Su and Joseph K. LimSection 2: HBV, HDV, and HEV25 Management of acute hepatitis B infection: when should we offer antiviral therapy? 145Emma Hathorn and David J. Mutimer26 Rethinking the inactive carrier state: management of patients with low‐replicative HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B and normal liver enzymes 150María Buti, Mar Riveiro‐Barciela, and Rafael Esteban27 Hepatitis B e antigen‐positive chronic hepatitis B infection with minimal changes on liver biopsy: what to do next 156Apostolos Koffas and Patrick T. Kennedy28 The management of hepatitis B virus in pregnancy 160Henry L.Y. Chan29 Treatment of hepatitis B in children 164Maureen M. Jonas30 Hepatitis B vaccine failures: how do we handle them? 169Daniel Shouval31 The stopping rules in hepatitis B virus therapy: can we provide any guidance? 175Florian van Bömmel and Thomas Berg32 Hepatitis C and hepatitis B coinfection 182Chun‐Jen Liu and Jia‐Horng Kao33 Chronic hepatitis E virus infection: is it reality or hype and where does it matter? 189Nassim Kamar and Jacques Izopet34 Hepatitis E virus vaccines: have they arrived – when, where and for whom? 193Amit Goel and Rakesh AggarwalPart III: Clinical Set‐up and the Future35 Do we need expert hepatitis C virus treaters or are amateur treaters good enough? 203Shyamasundaran Kottilil and Poonam Mathur36 Hepatitis C vaccines: how close are we to the promised land? 208Timothy Donnison, Senthil Chinnakannan, Paola Cicconi, and Eleanor Barnes37 Elimination of hepatitis C virus in high‐prevalence, low‐income countries: is it feasible? 216Mahmoud Abdo and Hadeel Gamal Eldeen38 Hepatitis B virus diagnostics: anything new? 220Dina Ginzberg, Robert J. Wong, and Robert G. GishPart IV: Ongoing Controversies39 Is hepatocellular carcinoma risk impacted favorably or unfavorably by hepatitis C virus therapy with direct‐acting antivirals? 233Giuseppe Cabibbo, Calogero Cammà, and Antonio Craxì40 Global elimination of hepatitis C virus by 2030: the optimistic view 238Gregory J. Dore and Marianne Martinello41 Global elimination of hepatitis C virus by 2030: the pessimistic view 244Thomas G. Cotter and Michael CharltonIndex 250

Edited by Graham R. Foster PhD, FRCP, Professor of Hepatology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. K. Rajender Reddy MD, FACP, FACG, FRCP, FAASLD, Ruimy Family President's Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Professor of Medicine in Surgery, Director of Hepatology, Director of Viral Hepatitis Center, Medical Director of Liver Transplantation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Select Guide Rating

• List of Contributors viiPreface xiPart I: Investigating the Liver1 Noninvasive markers of fibrosis: how reliable are they? 3Laurent Castera2 Liver biopsy in chronic viral hepatitis: is there still life left in it? 9Jaspreet Suri and Michael P. Curry3 Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in viral liver disease: any new biomarkers on the horizon? 15Saroja Bangaru, Jorge A. Marrero, and Amit G. Singal4 Realistic estimates of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus disease burden 19Homie RazaviPart II: Today’s TherapiesSection 1: HCV5 Acute hepatitis C: treat immediately or give a chance to spontaneously clear? 29David E. Kaplan6 Is ribavirin alive or dead in the current era of HCV therapy? 35Vijay Prabhakar and Paul Y. Kwo7 Hepatitis C virus genotype and viral testing, and on‐treatment monitoring: necessary or overkill? 41Sirina Ekpanyapong and K. Rajender Reddy8 Treatment of hepatitis C virus in renal disease: can we use all the drugs without additional monitoring? 48Stanislas Pol9 Does directly acting antiviral therapy improve quality of life? 54Daniel M. Forton10 Morbid obesity and hepatitis C: treat as normal or are there additional issues to consider? 59María Fernanda Guerra, Javier Ampuero, and Manuel Romero‐Gómez11 Generic direct‐acting antiviral agents: do they work well? 66Omar Salim Al Siyabi and Seng‐Gee Lim12 Impact and management of patients with multiple hepatitis C virus genotypes 74Peter Ferenci13 Hepatitis C virus and injecting drug use: what are the challenges? 78Olav Dalgard14 Hepatitis B virus reactivation while on hepatitis C virus direct‐acting antiviral therapy: is that a real concern and when is it a concern? 82Marina Serper15 Drug–drug interactions with direct‐acting antivirals: when do we need to care? 86Fiona Marra and David Back16 Treatment of hepatitis C in children 94Maureen M. Jonas17 While direct‐acting antivirals are effective, are there any unique safety considerations? 97Olivia Pietri, Félix Trottier‐Tellier, and Marc Bourlière18 Harm reduction strategies to prevent new infections and reinfections among people who inject drugs: how effective are they? 106Jason Grebely and Marianne Martinello19 Hepatitis C virus therapy in advanced liver disease: treat or transplant and treat? 112Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul and K. Rajender Reddy20 Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C virus: which should be treated first? 117Mario U. Mondelli, Andrea Lombardi, and Massimo Colombo21 Should we incentivize patients to take hepatitis C virus therapy? 122Ed Gane22 Treating prisoners with hepatitis C: should we do it and how? 125Seth Francis‐Graham and William Rosenberg23 Use of hepatitis C virus‐positive organs for uninfected recipients in the era of effective and safe direct‐acting antivirals: pros and cons 132Sirina Ekpanyapong and K. Rajender Reddy24 Is real‐life hepatitis C virus therapy as effective as in clinical trials? 138Jessica Su and Joseph K. LimSection 2: HBV, HDV, and HEV25 Management of acute hepatitis B infection: when should we offer antiviral therapy? 145Emma Hathorn and David J. Mutimer26 Rethinking the inactive carrier state: management of patients with low‐replicative HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B and normal liver enzymes 150María Buti, Mar Riveiro‐Barciela, and Rafael Esteban27 Hepatitis B e antigen‐positive chronic hepatitis B infection with minimal changes on liver biopsy: what to do next 156Apostolos Koffas and Patrick T. Kennedy28 The management of hepatitis B virus in pregnancy 160Henry L.Y. Chan29 Treatment of hepatitis B in children 164Maureen M. Jonas30 Hepatitis B vaccine failures: how do we handle them? 169Daniel Shouval31 The stopping rules in hepatitis B virus therapy: can we provide any guidance? 175Florian van Bömmel and Thomas Berg32 Hepatitis C and hepatitis B coinfection 182Chun‐Jen Liu and Jia‐Horng Kao33 Chronic hepatitis E virus infection: is it reality or hype and where does it matter? 189Nassim Kamar and Jacques Izopet34 Hepatitis E virus vaccines: have they arrived – when, where and for whom? 193Amit Goel and Rakesh AggarwalPart III: Clinical Set‐up and the Future35 Do we need expert hepatitis C virus treaters or are amateur treaters good enough? 203Shyamasundaran Kottilil and Poonam Mathur36 Hepatitis C vaccines: how close are we to the promised land? 208Timothy Donnison, Senthil Chinnakannan, Paola Cicconi, and Eleanor Barnes37 Elimination of hepatitis C virus in high‐prevalence, low‐income countries: is it feasible? 216Mahmoud Abdo and Hadeel Gamal Eldeen38 Hepatitis B virus diagnostics: anything new? 220Dina Ginzberg, Robert J. Wong, and Robert G. GishPart IV: Ongoing Controversies39 Is hepatocellular carcinoma risk impacted favorably or unfavorably by hepatitis C virus therapy with direct‐acting antivirals? 233Giuseppe Cabibbo, Calogero Cammà, and Antonio Craxì40 Global elimination of hepatitis C virus by 2030: the optimistic view 238Gregory J. Dore and Marianne Martinello41 Global elimination of hepatitis C virus by 2030: the pessimistic view 244Thomas G. Cotter and Michael CharltonIndex 250