Xiao-Yu Yang earned his BS degree from Jilin University in 2000 and his joint PhD degree from Jilin University, China and FUNDP, Belgium (co-education) in 2007. He is currently working as a full professor at the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, China, and as a visiting professor at Harvard University. He is editor of the Journal of Nanostructures and Nano-Objects. His research is aimed at thin film, self-assembly technology, hierarchical materials, catalysis, and cell-surface-engineering. He has authored and co-authored more than 50 scientific publications and 10 patents.

• Preface xviiPart I: Advanced Photoenergy Materials 11 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 3Teresa Gatti and Enzo Menna1.1 Introduction 41.2 Carbon Nanostructures 71.2.1 Structure and Physical Properties 71.2.2 Chemical Functionalization Approaches 91.3 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 121.3.1 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 131.3.2 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Perovskite Solar Cells 211.4 Conclusions and Outlook 38Acknowledgements 40References 412 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future 49Joaquín Calbo2.1 Introduction 492.2 Operational Mechanism 522.3 Sensitizer 562.3.1 Ruthenium-Based Dyes 562.3.2 Organic Dyes 572.3.3 Natural Dyes 602.3.4 Porphyrin Dyes 622.3.5 Quantum Dot Sensitizers 642.3.6 Perovskite-Based Sensitizers 662.4 Photoanode 682.4.1 Nanoarchitectures 692.4.2 Light Scattering Materials 702.4.3 Composites 722.4.4 Doping 742.4.5 Interfacial Engineering 752.4.6 TiCl4 Treatment 762.5 Electrolyte 772.5.1 Liquid Electrolytes 782.5.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 812.5.3 Solid-State Transport Materials 832.6 Counter Electrode 862.6.1 Metals and Alloys 862.6.2 Carbon-Based Materials 882.6.3 Conducting Polymers 902.6.4 Transition Metal Compounds 912.6.5 Hybrid Materials 932.7 Summary and Perspectives 95Acknowledgements 96References 963 Perovskite Solar Modules: Correlation between Efficiency and Scalability 121Fabio Matteocci, Luigi Angelo Castriotta and Alessandro Lorenzo Palma3.1 Introduction 1223.2 Printing Techniques 1253.2.1 Solution Processing Techniques 1263.2.2 Vacuum-Based Techniques 1273.3 Scaling Up Process 1303.3.1 Spin Coated PSM 1303.3.2 Blade Coated PSM 1323.3.3 Slot Die Coating 1333.3.4 Screen-Printed PSM 1343.3.5 Vacuum-Based PSM 1363.3.6 Solvent and Vacuum Free Perovskite Deposition 1373.4 Modules Architecture 1373.4.1 Series-Connected Solar Modules 1383.4.2 Parallel-Connected Solar Modules 1393.5 Process Flow for the Production of Perovskite Based Solar Modules 1413.5.1 The P1-P2-P3 Process 142References 1454 Brief Review on Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) Solar Cells 157Raja Mohan and Rini Paulose4.1 Introduction 1574.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect 1584.1.2 Solar Cell Material 1584.2 Factors Affecting PV Performance 1594.2.1 Doping 1594.2.2 Diffusion and Drift Current 1594.2.3 Recombination 1604.2.4 Diffusion Length 1604.2.5 Grain Size and Grain Boundaries 1614.2.6 Cell Thickness 1614.2.7 Cell Surface 1614.3 CIGS Based Solar Cell and Its Configuration 1614.3.1 CIGS Configuration 1634.4 Advances in CIGS Solar Cell 1794.4.1 CIGS-Tandem Solar Cell 1794.4.2 Flexible CIGS Solar Cell 1814.5 Summary 182Acknowledgement 183References 1835 Interface Engineering for High-Performance Printable Solar Cells 193Jinho Lee, Hongkyu Kang, Soonil Hong, Soo-Young Jang, Jong-Hoon Lee, Sooncheol Kwon, Heejoo Kim and Kwanghee Lee5.1 Introduction 1945.2 Electrolytes 1955.2.1 Introduction of Electrolytes for Interface Engineering 1955.2.2 Applications of Electrolytes to Printable Solar Cells 1975.3 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) 2105.3.1 Introduction of TMOs as ESLs for Interface Engineering 2105.3.2 Applications of TMOs for Printable Solar Cells 2125.3.3 Applications of TMOs as HSLs for Printable Solar Cells 2195.4 Organic Semiconductors 2255.4.1 Introduction of Organic Semiconductors for Interface Engineering 2255.4.2 Applications for Printable Solar Cells 2265.5 Outlook 237Acknowledgement 238References 2386 Screen Printed Thick Films on Glass Substrate for Optoelectronic Applications 253Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora6.1 What Is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages 2536.1.1 Thick Film Materials Substrates 2546.1.2 Thick Film Inks 2546.1.3 Sheet Resistivity 2556.1.4 Conductor Pastes 2556.1.5 Dielectric Pastes 2566.1.6 Resistor Pastes 2566.2 To Select Suitable Technology for Film Deposition by Considering the Economy, Flexibility, Reliability and Performance Aspects 2566.3 Experimental Procedure for Preparation of Thick Films by Screen Printing Process 2576.4 Introduction of Semiconductor Metal Oxide (SMO) and Their Usage in Optoelectronic and Chemical Sensor Applications 2626.4.1 Preparation of Cd0.75Zn0.25O Composition for Coating on Glass Substrate 2636.5 To Study the Structural, Optical and Electrical Characteristics of Thick Film 2646.5.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 2646.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis 2656.5.3 Optical Properties 2656.5.4 Electrical Conduction Mechanism 2706.6 To Study the Sensitivity, Selectivity, Stability and Response and Recovery Time for Various Gases: CO2, LPG, Ethanol, NH3, NO2 and H2S at Different Operating Temperatures 2726.6.1 Mechanical Sensor 2726.6.2 Sensing Performance of the Sensor 2776.7 Conclusion(s) 279Acknowledgments 279References 2807 Hausmannite (Mn3O4) – Synthesis and Its Electrochemical, Catalytic and Sensor Application 283Rini Paulose and Raja Mohan7.1 Hausmannite as Energy Storage Material: Introduction 2847.1.1 Synthesis Methods 2867.1.2 Electrochemical Behaviour 2897.2 Hausmannite - Catalytic Application 3047.2.1 Photocatalytic Application 3057.2.2 Electrocatalytic Application 3067.3 Hausmannite - Sensor Application 3087.4 Summary 309Acknowledgement 310References 310Part II: Advanced Thin Films Materials 3218 Sol-Gel Technology to Prepare Advanced Coatings 323Flavia Bollino and Michelina Catauro8.1 Introduction 3248.1.1 Sol-Gel Chemistry 3278.2 Sol-Gel Coating Preparation 3358.2.1 Dip Coating 3378.2.2 Spin Coating 3418.3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Sol-Gel Coatings 3468.4 Sol-Gel Coating Application 3508.4.1 Optical Coatings 3518.4.2 Electronic Films 3528.4.3 Protective Films 3548.4.4 Porous Films 3578.4.5 Biomedical Application of the Sol-Gel Coatings 3588.5 Conclusion 366References 3679 The Use of Power Spectrum Density for Surface Characterization of Thin Films 379Fredrick Madaraka MwemaOluseyi Philip Oladijo and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi9.1 Introduction 3809.1.1 Uses of Power Spectral Density 3829.1.2 Theory of Power Spectral Density 3839.2 Literature Review 3879.3 Methodology 3899.3.1 Thin Film Deposition 3909.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 3909.3.3 Image Analysis 3919.4 Results and Discussion 3959.4.1 AFM Images and Line Profile Analysis 3959.4.2 Power Spectral Density Profiles 3989.5 Conclusion 407References 40910 Advanced Coating Nanomaterials for Drug Release Applications 413Natalia A. Scilletta, Sofía Municoy, Martín G. Bellino, Galo J. A. A. Soler-Illia, Martín F. Desimone and Paolo N. Catalano10.1 Introduction 41410.2 Ceramic Coating Nanomaterials 41510.2.1 Hydroxyapatite-Based Nanocoatings 41510.2.2 Oxide-Based Nanocoatings 42010.3 Biopolymer Coating Nanomaterials 43310.4 Composite Coating Nanomaterials 43910.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 445References 46111 Advancement in Material Coating for Engineering Applications 473Idowu David Ibrahim, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Yskandar Hamam, Yasser Alayli, Tamba Jamiru, Williams Kehinde Kupolati, Azunna Agwo Eze, Stephen C. Agwuncha, Chukwunonso Aghaegbulam Uwa, Moses Oluwafemi Oyesola, Oluyemi Ojo Daramola and Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane11.1 Introduction 47411.2 Material Coating Methods 47511.3 Electrostatic Powder Coating 47511.3.1 Galvanizing 47711.3.2 Powder Coating 48011.4 Influence of Coating on the Base Material 48011.4.1 Corrosion Resistance 48011.4.2 Wear Resistance 48511.5 Factors Affecting Properties of Coated Materials 48711.6 Areas of Application of Coated Materials 49011.6.1 Oil and Water Separation 49011.6.2 Membrane Technology 49111.6.3 Construction and Aircraft 49211.7 Conclusion 493Acknowledgment 494References 49412 Polymer and Carbon-Based Coatings for Biomedical Applications 499Shesan J. Owonubi, Linda Z. Linganiso, Tshwafo E. Motaung and Sandile P. Songca12.1 Introduction 50012.2 Coating 50012.3 Surface Interactions with Biological Systems 50112.3.1 Cell Adhesion 50112.3.2 Interactions between Blood and Coating Material 50212.3.3 Biofilm Formation as a Result of Bacterial Attachment 50212.4 Biomedical Applications of Coatings 50212.5 Polymer Based Coating for Biomedical Applications 50412.5.1 Drug Delivery 50412.5.2 Prevention of Infections from Micro-Organisms 50612.5.3 Biosensors 51012.5.4 Tissue Engineering 51212.5.5 Cardiovascular Stents 51312.5.6 Orthopaedic Implants 51512.6 Carbon-Based Coatings for Biomedical Applications 51712.6.1 Drug Delivery 51712.6.2 Prevention of Infections from Microorganisms 51812.6.3 Tissue Engineering 51912.6.4 Cardiovascular Stents 51912.6.5 Orthopaedic Implants 52112.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 522Acknowledgement 523References 52313 Assessment of the Effectiveness of Producing Mineral Fillers via Pulverization for Ceramic Coating Materials 537Anja Terzić and Lato Pezo13.1 Introduction 53813.2 Experimental 54013.2.1 The Characterization of the Materials Used in the Experiment 54013.2.2 Mechano-Chemical Activation Procedure 54113.2.3 Mathematical Modeling 54213.3 Results and Discussion 54413.3.1 Descriptive Statistics of the Results of Mechano-Chemical Activation 54413.3.2 Principal Component Analyses 54713.3.3 Response Surface Methodology 54913.3.4 Standard Score Analysis 55213.4 Conclusion 557Acknowledgement 558References 55914 Advanced Materials for Laser Surface Cladding: Processing, Manufacturing, Challenges and Future Prospects 563Oluranti Agboola, Patricia Popoola, Rotimi Sadiku, Samuel Eshorame Sanni, Damilola E. Babatunde, Peter Adeniyi Alaba and Sunday Ojo Fayomi14.1 Introduction 56414.2 Laser Processing Techniques 56514.2.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) 56514.2.2 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) 56914.2.3 Ultrashort Laser Pulses 57014.2.4 Hybrid Laser Arc Welding (HLAW) 58014.3 Physic of Laser Surface Treatment (LST) 58214.3.1 Physic of Laser Cladding Process 58314.3.2 Governing Equation 58314.4 Laser Fabrication 58714.4.1 Laser Microfabrication 58714.4.2 Laser Nanofabrication 59014.5 Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) 59314.5.1 Laser Melting (LM) 59314.5.2 Laser Sintering (LS) 59614.5.3 Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) 59714.6 Challenges of Laser Material Processing 59914.7 Future Prospect of Advance Materials for Laser Cladding 60014.8 Conclusion 601References 60115 Functionalization of Iron Oxide-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles with Gold Shells 617Arūnas Jagminas and Agnė Mikalauskaitė15.1 Introduction 61815.2 Synthesis of Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Reaction 61815.3 Synthesis of Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition 61915.4 Less Popular Chemical Syntheses 62015.5 Gold Shell Formation Onto the Surface of Magnetite Nanoparticles 62015.6 Methionine-Induced Deposition of Au0/Au+Species 63315.7 Application Trends 63915.7.1 Imagining 63915.7.2 Hyperthermia 64315.7.3 Antimicrobial Agents 64515.7.4 Bio-Separation 64615.7.5 Targeted Drug Delivery 64615.8 Outlooks 647References 64816 Functionalized-Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Fabrication and Application in Catalysis 661Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, Mohaddeseh Sajjadi and S. Mohammad Sajadi16.1 Introduction 66216.2 Synthesis 66516.2.1 Micromechanical Exfoliation of Graphite 66616.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene 66816.2.3 Reduction of Graphite Oxide 66916.2.4 Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on Silicon Carbide 67216.2.5 Unzipping CNTs 67316.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide Functionalization 67316.3.1 Covalent Surface Functionalization of Graphene 67616.3.2 Noncovalent Surface Functionalization of Graphene 69017.3.3 Other Methods of Functionalization of Graphene 69216.4 Properties and Applications of Graphene 69416.5 Applications of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 69816.5.1 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Photocatalyst 69816.5.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Catalyst 70016.6 Conclusion 709References 710Index 729

Xiao-Yu Yang earned his BS degree from Jilin University in 2000 and his joint PhD degree from Jilin University, China and FUNDP, Belgium (co-education) in 2007. He is currently working as a full professor at the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, China, and as a visiting professor at Harvard University. He is editor of the Journal of Nanostructures and Nano-Objects. His research is aimed at thin film, self-assembly technology, hierarchical materials, catalysis, and cell-surface-engineering. He has authored and co-authored more than 50 scientific publications and 10 patents.

• Preface xviiPart I: Advanced Photoenergy Materials 11 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 3Teresa Gatti and Enzo Menna1.1 Introduction 41.2 Carbon Nanostructures 71.2.1 Structure and Physical Properties 71.2.2 Chemical Functionalization Approaches 91.3 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 121.3.1 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 131.3.2 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Perovskite Solar Cells 211.4 Conclusions and Outlook 38Acknowledgements 40References 412 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future 49Joaquín Calbo2.1 Introduction 492.2 Operational Mechanism 522.3 Sensitizer 562.3.1 Ruthenium-Based Dyes 562.3.2 Organic Dyes 572.3.3 Natural Dyes 602.3.4 Porphyrin Dyes 622.3.5 Quantum Dot Sensitizers 642.3.6 Perovskite-Based Sensitizers 662.4 Photoanode 682.4.1 Nanoarchitectures 692.4.2 Light Scattering Materials 702.4.3 Composites 722.4.4 Doping 742.4.5 Interfacial Engineering 752.4.6 TiCl4 Treatment 762.5 Electrolyte 772.5.1 Liquid Electrolytes 782.5.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 812.5.3 Solid-State Transport Materials 832.6 Counter Electrode 862.6.1 Metals and Alloys 862.6.2 Carbon-Based Materials 882.6.3 Conducting Polymers 902.6.4 Transition Metal Compounds 912.6.5 Hybrid Materials 932.7 Summary and Perspectives 95Acknowledgements 96References 963 Perovskite Solar Modules: Correlation between Efficiency and Scalability 121Fabio Matteocci, Luigi Angelo Castriotta and Alessandro Lorenzo Palma3.1 Introduction 1223.2 Printing Techniques 1253.2.1 Solution Processing Techniques 1263.2.2 Vacuum-Based Techniques 1273.3 Scaling Up Process 1303.3.1 Spin Coated PSM 1303.3.2 Blade Coated PSM 1323.3.3 Slot Die Coating 1333.3.4 Screen-Printed PSM 1343.3.5 Vacuum-Based PSM 1363.3.6 Solvent and Vacuum Free Perovskite Deposition 1373.4 Modules Architecture 1373.4.1 Series-Connected Solar Modules 1383.4.2 Parallel-Connected Solar Modules 1393.5 Process Flow for the Production of Perovskite Based Solar Modules 1413.5.1 The P1-P2-P3 Process 142References 1454 Brief Review on Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) Solar Cells 157Raja Mohan and Rini Paulose4.1 Introduction 1574.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect 1584.1.2 Solar Cell Material 1584.2 Factors Affecting PV Performance 1594.2.1 Doping 1594.2.2 Diffusion and Drift Current 1594.2.3 Recombination 1604.2.4 Diffusion Length 1604.2.5 Grain Size and Grain Boundaries 1614.2.6 Cell Thickness 1614.2.7 Cell Surface 1614.3 CIGS Based Solar Cell and Its Configuration 1614.3.1 CIGS Configuration 1634.4 Advances in CIGS Solar Cell 1794.4.1 CIGS-Tandem Solar Cell 1794.4.2 Flexible CIGS Solar Cell 1814.5 Summary 182Acknowledgement 183References 1835 Interface Engineering for High-Performance Printable Solar Cells 193Jinho Lee, Hongkyu Kang, Soonil Hong, Soo-Young Jang, Jong-Hoon Lee, Sooncheol Kwon, Heejoo Kim and Kwanghee Lee5.1 Introduction 1945.2 Electrolytes 1955.2.1 Introduction of Electrolytes for Interface Engineering 1955.2.2 Applications of Electrolytes to Printable Solar Cells 1975.3 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) 2105.3.1 Introduction of TMOs as ESLs for Interface Engineering 2105.3.2 Applications of TMOs for Printable Solar Cells 2125.3.3 Applications of TMOs as HSLs for Printable Solar Cells 2195.4 Organic Semiconductors 2255.4.1 Introduction of Organic Semiconductors for Interface Engineering 2255.4.2 Applications for Printable Solar Cells 2265.5 Outlook 237Acknowledgement 238References 2386 Screen Printed Thick Films on Glass Substrate for Optoelectronic Applications 253Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora6.1 What Is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages 2536.1.1 Thick Film Materials Substrates 2546.1.2 Thick Film Inks 2546.1.3 Sheet Resistivity 2556.1.4 Conductor Pastes 2556.1.5 Dielectric Pastes 2566.1.6 Resistor Pastes 2566.2 To Select Suitable Technology for Film Deposition by Considering the Economy, Flexibility, Reliability and Performance Aspects 2566.3 Experimental Procedure for Preparation of Thick Films by Screen Printing Process 2576.4 Introduction of Semiconductor Metal Oxide (SMO) and Their Usage in Optoelectronic and Chemical Sensor Applications 2626.4.1 Preparation of Cd0.75Zn0.25O Composition for Coating on Glass Substrate 2636.5 To Study the Structural, Optical and Electrical Characteristics of Thick Film 2646.5.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 2646.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis 2656.5.3 Optical Properties 2656.5.4 Electrical Conduction Mechanism 2706.6 To Study the Sensitivity, Selectivity, Stability and Response and Recovery Time for Various Gases: CO2, LPG, Ethanol, NH3, NO2 and H2S at Different Operating Temperatures 2726.6.1 Mechanical Sensor 2726.6.2 Sensing Performance of the Sensor 2776.7 Conclusion(s) 279Acknowledgments 279References 2807 Hausmannite (Mn3O4) – Synthesis and Its Electrochemical, Catalytic and Sensor Application 283Rini Paulose and Raja Mohan7.1 Hausmannite as Energy Storage Material: Introduction 2847.1.1 Synthesis Methods 2867.1.2 Electrochemical Behaviour 2897.2 Hausmannite - Catalytic Application 3047.2.1 Photocatalytic Application 3057.2.2 Electrocatalytic Application 3067.3 Hausmannite - Sensor Application 3087.4 Summary 309Acknowledgement 310References 310Part II: Advanced Thin Films Materials 3218 Sol-Gel Technology to Prepare Advanced Coatings 323Flavia Bollino and Michelina Catauro8.1 Introduction 3248.1.1 Sol-Gel Chemistry 3278.2 Sol-Gel Coating Preparation 3358.2.1 Dip Coating 3378.2.2 Spin Coating 3418.3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Sol-Gel Coatings 3468.4 Sol-Gel Coating Application 3508.4.1 Optical Coatings 3518.4.2 Electronic Films 3528.4.3 Protective Films 3548.4.4 Porous Films 3578.4.5 Biomedical Application of the Sol-Gel Coatings 3588.5 Conclusion 366References 3679 The Use of Power Spectrum Density for Surface Characterization of Thin Films 379Fredrick Madaraka MwemaOluseyi Philip Oladijo and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi9.1 Introduction 3809.1.1 Uses of Power Spectral Density 3829.1.2 Theory of Power Spectral Density 3839.2 Literature Review 3879.3 Methodology 3899.3.1 Thin Film Deposition 3909.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 3909.3.3 Image Analysis 3919.4 Results and Discussion 3959.4.1 AFM Images and Line Profile Analysis 3959.4.2 Power Spectral Density Profiles 3989.5 Conclusion 407References 40910 Advanced Coating Nanomaterials for Drug Release Applications 413Natalia A. Scilletta, Sofía Municoy, Martín G. Bellino, Galo J. A. A. Soler-Illia, Martín F. Desimone and Paolo N. Catalano10.1 Introduction 41410.2 Ceramic Coating Nanomaterials 41510.2.1 Hydroxyapatite-Based Nanocoatings 41510.2.2 Oxide-Based Nanocoatings 42010.3 Biopolymer Coating Nanomaterials 43310.4 Composite Coating Nanomaterials 43910.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 445References 46111 Advancement in Material Coating for Engineering Applications 473Idowu David Ibrahim, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Yskandar Hamam, Yasser Alayli, Tamba Jamiru, Williams Kehinde Kupolati, Azunna Agwo Eze, Stephen C. Agwuncha, Chukwunonso Aghaegbulam Uwa, Moses Oluwafemi Oyesola, Oluyemi Ojo Daramola and Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane11.1 Introduction 47411.2 Material Coating Methods 47511.3 Electrostatic Powder Coating 47511.3.1 Galvanizing 47711.3.2 Powder Coating 48011.4 Influence of Coating on the Base Material 48011.4.1 Corrosion Resistance 48011.4.2 Wear Resistance 48511.5 Factors Affecting Properties of Coated Materials 48711.6 Areas of Application of Coated Materials 49011.6.1 Oil and Water Separation 49011.6.2 Membrane Technology 49111.6.3 Construction and Aircraft 49211.7 Conclusion 493Acknowledgment 494References 49412 Polymer and Carbon-Based Coatings for Biomedical Applications 499Shesan J. Owonubi, Linda Z. Linganiso, Tshwafo E. Motaung and Sandile P. Songca12.1 Introduction 50012.2 Coating 50012.3 Surface Interactions with Biological Systems 50112.3.1 Cell Adhesion 50112.3.2 Interactions between Blood and Coating Material 50212.3.3 Biofilm Formation as a Result of Bacterial Attachment 50212.4 Biomedical Applications of Coatings 50212.5 Polymer Based Coating for Biomedical Applications 50412.5.1 Drug Delivery 50412.5.2 Prevention of Infections from Micro-Organisms 50612.5.3 Biosensors 51012.5.4 Tissue Engineering 51212.5.5 Cardiovascular Stents 51312.5.6 Orthopaedic Implants 51512.6 Carbon-Based Coatings for Biomedical Applications 51712.6.1 Drug Delivery 51712.6.2 Prevention of Infections from Microorganisms 51812.6.3 Tissue Engineering 51912.6.4 Cardiovascular Stents 51912.6.5 Orthopaedic Implants 52112.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 522Acknowledgement 523References 52313 Assessment of the Effectiveness of Producing Mineral Fillers via Pulverization for Ceramic Coating Materials 537Anja Terzić and Lato Pezo13.1 Introduction 53813.2 Experimental 54013.2.1 The Characterization of the Materials Used in the Experiment 54013.2.2 Mechano-Chemical Activation Procedure 54113.2.3 Mathematical Modeling 54213.3 Results and Discussion 54413.3.1 Descriptive Statistics of the Results of Mechano-Chemical Activation 54413.3.2 Principal Component Analyses 54713.3.3 Response Surface Methodology 54913.3.4 Standard Score Analysis 55213.4 Conclusion 557Acknowledgement 558References 55914 Advanced Materials for Laser Surface Cladding: Processing, Manufacturing, Challenges and Future Prospects 563Oluranti Agboola, Patricia Popoola, Rotimi Sadiku, Samuel Eshorame Sanni, Damilola E. Babatunde, Peter Adeniyi Alaba and Sunday Ojo Fayomi14.1 Introduction 56414.2 Laser Processing Techniques 56514.2.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) 56514.2.2 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) 56914.2.3 Ultrashort Laser Pulses 57014.2.4 Hybrid Laser Arc Welding (HLAW) 58014.3 Physic of Laser Surface Treatment (LST) 58214.3.1 Physic of Laser Cladding Process 58314.3.2 Governing Equation 58314.4 Laser Fabrication 58714.4.1 Laser Microfabrication 58714.4.2 Laser Nanofabrication 59014.5 Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) 59314.5.1 Laser Melting (LM) 59314.5.2 Laser Sintering (LS) 59614.5.3 Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) 59714.6 Challenges of Laser Material Processing 59914.7 Future Prospect of Advance Materials for Laser Cladding 60014.8 Conclusion 601References 60115 Functionalization of Iron Oxide-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles with Gold Shells 617Arūnas Jagminas and Agnė Mikalauskaitė15.1 Introduction 61815.2 Synthesis of Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Reaction 61815.3 Synthesis of Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition 61915.4 Less Popular Chemical Syntheses 62015.5 Gold Shell Formation Onto the Surface of Magnetite Nanoparticles 62015.6 Methionine-Induced Deposition of Au0/Au+Species 63315.7 Application Trends 63915.7.1 Imagining 63915.7.2 Hyperthermia 64315.7.3 Antimicrobial Agents 64515.7.4 Bio-Separation 64615.7.5 Targeted Drug Delivery 64615.8 Outlooks 647References 64816 Functionalized-Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Fabrication and Application in Catalysis 661Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, Mohaddeseh Sajjadi and S. Mohammad Sajadi16.1 Introduction 66216.2 Synthesis 66516.2.1 Micromechanical Exfoliation of Graphite 66616.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene 66816.2.3 Reduction of Graphite Oxide 66916.2.4 Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on Silicon Carbide 67216.2.5 Unzipping CNTs 67316.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide Functionalization 67316.3.1 Covalent Surface Functionalization of Graphene 67616.3.2 Noncovalent Surface Functionalization of Graphene 69017.3.3 Other Methods of Functionalization of Graphene 69216.4 Properties and Applications of Graphene 69416.5 Applications of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 69816.5.1 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Photocatalyst 69816.5.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Catalyst 70016.6 Conclusion 709References 710Index 729

Xiao-Yu Yang earned his BS degree from Jilin University in 2000 and his joint PhD degree from Jilin University, China and FUNDP, Belgium (co-education) in 2007. He is currently working as a full professor at the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, China, and as a visiting professor at Harvard University. He is editor of the Journal of Nanostructures and Nano-Objects. His research is aimed at thin film, self-assembly technology, hierarchical materials, catalysis, and cell-surface-engineering. He has authored and co-authored more than 50 scientific publications and 10 patents.

• Preface xviiPart I: Advanced Photoenergy Materials 11 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 3Teresa Gatti and Enzo Menna1.1 Introduction 41.2 Carbon Nanostructures 71.2.1 Structure and Physical Properties 71.2.2 Chemical Functionalization Approaches 91.3 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices 121.3.1 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 131.3.2 Use of Carbon Nanostructures in Perovskite Solar Cells 211.4 Conclusions and Outlook 38Acknowledgements 40References 412 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future 49Joaquín Calbo2.1 Introduction 492.2 Operational Mechanism 522.3 Sensitizer 562.3.1 Ruthenium-Based Dyes 562.3.2 Organic Dyes 572.3.3 Natural Dyes 602.3.4 Porphyrin Dyes 622.3.5 Quantum Dot Sensitizers 642.3.6 Perovskite-Based Sensitizers 662.4 Photoanode 682.4.1 Nanoarchitectures 692.4.2 Light Scattering Materials 702.4.3 Composites 722.4.4 Doping 742.4.5 Interfacial Engineering 752.4.6 TiCl4 Treatment 762.5 Electrolyte 772.5.1 Liquid Electrolytes 782.5.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 812.5.3 Solid-State Transport Materials 832.6 Counter Electrode 862.6.1 Metals and Alloys 862.6.2 Carbon-Based Materials 882.6.3 Conducting Polymers 902.6.4 Transition Metal Compounds 912.6.5 Hybrid Materials 932.7 Summary and Perspectives 95Acknowledgements 96References 963 Perovskite Solar Modules: Correlation between Efficiency and Scalability 121Fabio Matteocci, Luigi Angelo Castriotta and Alessandro Lorenzo Palma3.1 Introduction 1223.2 Printing Techniques 1253.2.1 Solution Processing Techniques 1263.2.2 Vacuum-Based Techniques 1273.3 Scaling Up Process 1303.3.1 Spin Coated PSM 1303.3.2 Blade Coated PSM 1323.3.3 Slot Die Coating 1333.3.4 Screen-Printed PSM 1343.3.5 Vacuum-Based PSM 1363.3.6 Solvent and Vacuum Free Perovskite Deposition 1373.4 Modules Architecture 1373.4.1 Series-Connected Solar Modules 1383.4.2 Parallel-Connected Solar Modules 1393.5 Process Flow for the Production of Perovskite Based Solar Modules 1413.5.1 The P1-P2-P3 Process 142References 1454 Brief Review on Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) Solar Cells 157Raja Mohan and Rini Paulose4.1 Introduction 1574.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect 1584.1.2 Solar Cell Material 1584.2 Factors Affecting PV Performance 1594.2.1 Doping 1594.2.2 Diffusion and Drift Current 1594.2.3 Recombination 1604.2.4 Diffusion Length 1604.2.5 Grain Size and Grain Boundaries 1614.2.6 Cell Thickness 1614.2.7 Cell Surface 1614.3 CIGS Based Solar Cell and Its Configuration 1614.3.1 CIGS Configuration 1634.4 Advances in CIGS Solar Cell 1794.4.1 CIGS-Tandem Solar Cell 1794.4.2 Flexible CIGS Solar Cell 1814.5 Summary 182Acknowledgement 183References 1835 Interface Engineering for High-Performance Printable Solar Cells 193Jinho Lee, Hongkyu Kang, Soonil Hong, Soo-Young Jang, Jong-Hoon Lee, Sooncheol Kwon, Heejoo Kim and Kwanghee Lee5.1 Introduction 1945.2 Electrolytes 1955.2.1 Introduction of Electrolytes for Interface Engineering 1955.2.2 Applications of Electrolytes to Printable Solar Cells 1975.3 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) 2105.3.1 Introduction of TMOs as ESLs for Interface Engineering 2105.3.2 Applications of TMOs for Printable Solar Cells 2125.3.3 Applications of TMOs as HSLs for Printable Solar Cells 2195.4 Organic Semiconductors 2255.4.1 Introduction of Organic Semiconductors for Interface Engineering 2255.4.2 Applications for Printable Solar Cells 2265.5 Outlook 237Acknowledgement 238References 2386 Screen Printed Thick Films on Glass Substrate for Optoelectronic Applications 253Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora6.1 What Is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages 2536.1.1 Thick Film Materials Substrates 2546.1.2 Thick Film Inks 2546.1.3 Sheet Resistivity 2556.1.4 Conductor Pastes 2556.1.5 Dielectric Pastes 2566.1.6 Resistor Pastes 2566.2 To Select Suitable Technology for Film Deposition by Considering the Economy, Flexibility, Reliability and Performance Aspects 2566.3 Experimental Procedure for Preparation of Thick Films by Screen Printing Process 2576.4 Introduction of Semiconductor Metal Oxide (SMO) and Their Usage in Optoelectronic and Chemical Sensor Applications 2626.4.1 Preparation of Cd0.75Zn0.25O Composition for Coating on Glass Substrate 2636.5 To Study the Structural, Optical and Electrical Characteristics of Thick Film 2646.5.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 2646.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis 2656.5.3 Optical Properties 2656.5.4 Electrical Conduction Mechanism 2706.6 To Study the Sensitivity, Selectivity, Stability and Response and Recovery Time for Various Gases: CO2, LPG, Ethanol, NH3, NO2 and H2S at Different Operating Temperatures 2726.6.1 Mechanical Sensor 2726.6.2 Sensing Performance of the Sensor 2776.7 Conclusion(s) 279Acknowledgments 279References 2807 Hausmannite (Mn3O4) – Synthesis and Its Electrochemical, Catalytic and Sensor Application 283Rini Paulose and Raja Mohan7.1 Hausmannite as Energy Storage Material: Introduction 2847.1.1 Synthesis Methods 2867.1.2 Electrochemical Behaviour 2897.2 Hausmannite - Catalytic Application 3047.2.1 Photocatalytic Application 3057.2.2 Electrocatalytic Application 3067.3 Hausmannite - Sensor Application 3087.4 Summary 309Acknowledgement 310References 310Part II: Advanced Thin Films Materials 3218 Sol-Gel Technology to Prepare Advanced Coatings 323Flavia Bollino and Michelina Catauro8.1 Introduction 3248.1.1 Sol-Gel Chemistry 3278.2 Sol-Gel Coating Preparation 3358.2.1 Dip Coating 3378.2.2 Spin Coating 3418.3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Sol-Gel Coatings 3468.4 Sol-Gel Coating Application 3508.4.1 Optical Coatings 3518.4.2 Electronic Films 3528.4.3 Protective Films 3548.4.4 Porous Films 3578.4.5 Biomedical Application of the Sol-Gel Coatings 3588.5 Conclusion 366References 3679 The Use of Power Spectrum Density for Surface Characterization of Thin Films 379Fredrick Madaraka MwemaOluseyi Philip Oladijo and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi9.1 Introduction 3809.1.1 Uses of Power Spectral Density 3829.1.2 Theory of Power Spectral Density 3839.2 Literature Review 3879.3 Methodology 3899.3.1 Thin Film Deposition 3909.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 3909.3.3 Image Analysis 3919.4 Results and Discussion 3959.4.1 AFM Images and Line Profile Analysis 3959.4.2 Power Spectral Density Profiles 3989.5 Conclusion 407References 40910 Advanced Coating Nanomaterials for Drug Release Applications 413Natalia A. Scilletta, Sofía Municoy, Martín G. Bellino, Galo J. A. A. Soler-Illia, Martín F. Desimone and Paolo N. Catalano10.1 Introduction 41410.2 Ceramic Coating Nanomaterials 41510.2.1 Hydroxyapatite-Based Nanocoatings 41510.2.2 Oxide-Based Nanocoatings 42010.3 Biopolymer Coating Nanomaterials 43310.4 Composite Coating Nanomaterials 43910.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 445References 46111 Advancement in Material Coating for Engineering Applications 473Idowu David Ibrahim, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Yskandar Hamam, Yasser Alayli, Tamba Jamiru, Williams Kehinde Kupolati, Azunna Agwo Eze, Stephen C. Agwuncha, Chukwunonso Aghaegbulam Uwa, Moses Oluwafemi Oyesola, Oluyemi Ojo Daramola and Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane11.1 Introduction 47411.2 Material Coating Methods 47511.3 Electrostatic Powder Coating 47511.3.1 Galvanizing 47711.3.2 Powder Coating 48011.4 Influence of Coating on the Base Material 48011.4.1 Corrosion Resistance 48011.4.2 Wear Resistance 48511.5 Factors Affecting Properties of Coated Materials 48711.6 Areas of Application of Coated Materials 49011.6.1 Oil and Water Separation 49011.6.2 Membrane Technology 49111.6.3 Construction and Aircraft 49211.7 Conclusion 493Acknowledgment 494References 49412 Polymer and Carbon-Based Coatings for Biomedical Applications 499Shesan J. Owonubi, Linda Z. Linganiso, Tshwafo E. Motaung and Sandile P. Songca12.1 Introduction 50012.2 Coating 50012.3 Surface Interactions with Biological Systems 50112.3.1 Cell Adhesion 50112.3.2 Interactions between Blood and Coating Material 50212.3.3 Biofilm Formation as a Result of Bacterial Attachment 50212.4 Biomedical Applications of Coatings 50212.5 Polymer Based Coating for Biomedical Applications 50412.5.1 Drug Delivery 50412.5.2 Prevention of Infections from Micro-Organisms 50612.5.3 Biosensors 51012.5.4 Tissue Engineering 51212.5.5 Cardiovascular Stents 51312.5.6 Orthopaedic Implants 51512.6 Carbon-Based Coatings for Biomedical Applications 51712.6.1 Drug Delivery 51712.6.2 Prevention of Infections from Microorganisms 51812.6.3 Tissue Engineering 51912.6.4 Cardiovascular Stents 51912.6.5 Orthopaedic Implants 52112.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 522Acknowledgement 523References 52313 Assessment of the Effectiveness of Producing Mineral Fillers via Pulverization for Ceramic Coating Materials 537Anja Terzić and Lato Pezo13.1 Introduction 53813.2 Experimental 54013.2.1 The Characterization of the Materials Used in the Experiment 54013.2.2 Mechano-Chemical Activation Procedure 54113.2.3 Mathematical Modeling 54213.3 Results and Discussion 54413.3.1 Descriptive Statistics of the Results of Mechano-Chemical Activation 54413.3.2 Principal Component Analyses 54713.3.3 Response Surface Methodology 54913.3.4 Standard Score Analysis 55213.4 Conclusion 557Acknowledgement 558References 55914 Advanced Materials for Laser Surface Cladding: Processing, Manufacturing, Challenges and Future Prospects 563Oluranti Agboola, Patricia Popoola, Rotimi Sadiku, Samuel Eshorame Sanni, Damilola E. Babatunde, Peter Adeniyi Alaba and Sunday Ojo Fayomi14.1 Introduction 56414.2 Laser Processing Techniques 56514.2.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) 56514.2.2 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) 56914.2.3 Ultrashort Laser Pulses 57014.2.4 Hybrid Laser Arc Welding (HLAW) 58014.3 Physic of Laser Surface Treatment (LST) 58214.3.1 Physic of Laser Cladding Process 58314.3.2 Governing Equation 58314.4 Laser Fabrication 58714.4.1 Laser Microfabrication 58714.4.2 Laser Nanofabrication 59014.5 Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM) 59314.5.1 Laser Melting (LM) 59314.5.2 Laser Sintering (LS) 59614.5.3 Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) 59714.6 Challenges of Laser Material Processing 59914.7 Future Prospect of Advance Materials for Laser Cladding 60014.8 Conclusion 601References 60115 Functionalization of Iron Oxide-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles with Gold Shells 617Arūnas Jagminas and Agnė Mikalauskaitė15.1 Introduction 61815.2 Synthesis of Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Reaction 61815.3 Synthesis of Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition 61915.4 Less Popular Chemical Syntheses 62015.5 Gold Shell Formation Onto the Surface of Magnetite Nanoparticles 62015.6 Methionine-Induced Deposition of Au0/Au+Species 63315.7 Application Trends 63915.7.1 Imagining 63915.7.2 Hyperthermia 64315.7.3 Antimicrobial Agents 64515.7.4 Bio-Separation 64615.7.5 Targeted Drug Delivery 64615.8 Outlooks 647References 64816 Functionalized-Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Fabrication and Application in Catalysis 661Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, Mohaddeseh Sajjadi and S. Mohammad Sajadi16.1 Introduction 66216.2 Synthesis 66516.2.1 Micromechanical Exfoliation of Graphite 66616.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene 66816.2.3 Reduction of Graphite Oxide 66916.2.4 Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on Silicon Carbide 67216.2.5 Unzipping CNTs 67316.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide Functionalization 67316.3.1 Covalent Surface Functionalization of Graphene 67616.3.2 Noncovalent Surface Functionalization of Graphene 69017.3.3 Other Methods of Functionalization of Graphene 69216.4 Properties and Applications of Graphene 69416.5 Applications of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 69816.5.1 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Photocatalyst 69816.5.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposite as Catalyst 70016.6 Conclusion 709References 710Index 729