Wyman W. Lai, MD, MPH, MBA, Co-Medical Director, CHOC Children’s Heart Institute, Clinical Professor, UC Irvine Department of Pediatrics, USA.Luc L. Mertens, MD, PhD, Section Head, Echocardiography, The Hospital for Sick Children; Professor of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Canada.Meryl S. Cohen, MD, MS Ed, Professor of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Associate Chief, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA.Tal Geva, MD, Alexander S. Nadas Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Cardiologist-in-Chief and Chair, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, USA.

• Contributors viiPreface xiiAbout the Companion Website xiiiPart I Introduction to Cardiac Ultrasound Imaging1 Ultrasound Physics 3Jan D'hooge, Olivier Villemain, and Luc L. Mertens2 Instrumentation, Patient Preparation, and Patient Safety 21Stacey Drant and Vivekanand Allada3 Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease 34Tal Geva4 The Normal Pediatric Echocardiogram 47Wyman W. Lai and Jacqueline WheatleyPart II Quantitative Methods5 Structural Measurements and Adjustments for Growth 69Steven D. Colan and Leo Lopez6 Hemodynamic Measurements 87Mark K. Friedberg and Olivier Villemain7 Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessment 116Luc L. Mertens and Mark K. Friedberg8 Diastolic Ventricular Function Assessment 146Peter C. Frommelt9 Right Ventricular Function 168Luc L. Mertens and Andreea DragulescuPart III Anomalies of the Systemic and Pulmonary Veins, Septa, and Atrioventricular Junction10 Pulmonary Venous Anomalies 189David W. Brown11 Systemic Venous Anomalies 213Jill J. Savla and Michael D. Quartermain12 Anomalies of the Atrial Septum 228Tal Geva13 Ventricular Septal Defects 247Shobha Natarajan and Meryl S. Cohen14 Ebstein Anomaly, Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia, and Right Atrial Anomalies 267Frank Cetta and Benjamin W. Eidem15 Mitral Valve and Left Atrial Anomalies 280James C. Nielsen and Daniela Y. Rafii16 Common Atrioventricular Canal Defects 297Meryl S. CohenPart IV Anomalies of the Ventriculoarterial Junction and Great Arteries17 Anomalies of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary Valve 321Matthew S. Lemler, Poonam P. Thankavel, and Claudio Ramaciotti18 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum 340Jami C. Levine19 Abnormalities of the Ductus Arteriosus and Pulmonary Arteries 360Elizabeth Caris and Bhawna Arya20 Anomalies of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Aortic Valve 382John M. Simpson and Owen I. Miller21 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 405Brian R. White, David J. Goldberg, and Jack Rychik22 Aortic Arch Anomalies: Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch 430Jan Marek, Matthew Fenton, and Sachin Khambadkone23 Tetralogy of Fallot 463Shubhika Srivastava, Ira A. Parness, and Tal Geva24 Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window 492Timothy C. Slesnick, Ritu Sachdeva, Joe R. Kreeger, Maria A. Pernetz, and William L. Border25 Transposition of the Great Arteries 508Xavier Iriart, Meryl S. Cohen, and Luc L. Mertens26 Double-Outlet Ventricle 534Leo Lopez, Kuberan Pushparajah, and Tal Geva27 Physiologically "Corrected" Transposition of the Great Arteries 560Erwin Oechslin and Andreea DragulescuPart V Miscellaneous Cardiovascular Lesions28 Hearts with Functional Single Ventricle, Superior-Inferior Ventricles, and Crisscross Heart 585David N. Schidlow and Stephen P. Sanders29 Echocardiographic Assessment of Functional Single Ventricles after the Fontan Operation 616Marc Gewillig and Luc L. Mertens30 Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy Syndrome 635Lindsay S. Rogers and Meryl S. Cohen31 Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries 658Shubhika Srivastava and Piers C. A. Barker32 Vascular Rings and Slings 685Andrew J. Powell33 Connective Tissue Disorders 700Julie De Backer and Shaine A. Morris34 Cardiac Masses 728Michele A. Frommelt and Rebecca S. BeroukhimPart VI Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium35 Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, and Heart Transplantation 747Renee Margossian36 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 772Colin J. McMahon and Javier Ganame37 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Pericardial Diseases 794Dale A. Burkett and Adel K. Younoszai38 Other Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium 822Rebecca S. Beroukhim and Steven D. ColanPart VII Acquired Pediatric Heart Disease39 Kawasaki Disease 845Kevin G. Friedman40 Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 856Meghan Zimmerman and Craig Sable41 Infective Endocarditis 870Manfred Otto Vogt and Andreas KuhnPart VIII Special Techniques and Topics42 Transesophageal and Intraoperative Echocardiography 885Owen I. Miller and John M. Simpson43 Pregnancy and Heart Disease 904Anne Marie Valente44 Fetal Echocardiography 924Lindsay R. Freud and Lisa K. Hornberger45 Echocardiographic Assessment of the Transitional Circulation 964Amir H. Ashrafi, Gabriel Altit, and Patrick J. McNamara46 Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension 992Pei-Ni Jone47 The Role of Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging 1011Pierangelo Renella, Wyman W. Lai, and Ashwin PrakashIndex 1031

Wyman W. Lai, MD, MPH, MBA, Co-Medical Director, CHOC Children’s Heart Institute, Clinical Professor, UC Irvine Department of Pediatrics, USA.Luc L. Mertens, MD, PhD, Section Head, Echocardiography, The Hospital for Sick Children; Professor of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Canada.Meryl S. Cohen, MD, MS Ed, Professor of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Associate Chief, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA.Tal Geva, MD, Alexander S. Nadas Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Cardiologist-in-Chief and Chair, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, USA.

• Contributors viiPreface xiiAbout the Companion Website xiiiPart I Introduction to Cardiac Ultrasound Imaging1 Ultrasound Physics 3Jan D'hooge, Olivier Villemain, and Luc L. Mertens2 Instrumentation, Patient Preparation, and Patient Safety 21Stacey Drant and Vivekanand Allada3 Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease 34Tal Geva4 The Normal Pediatric Echocardiogram 47Wyman W. Lai and Jacqueline WheatleyPart II Quantitative Methods5 Structural Measurements and Adjustments for Growth 69Steven D. Colan and Leo Lopez6 Hemodynamic Measurements 87Mark K. Friedberg and Olivier Villemain7 Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessment 116Luc L. Mertens and Mark K. Friedberg8 Diastolic Ventricular Function Assessment 146Peter C. Frommelt9 Right Ventricular Function 168Luc L. Mertens and Andreea DragulescuPart III Anomalies of the Systemic and Pulmonary Veins, Septa, and Atrioventricular Junction10 Pulmonary Venous Anomalies 189David W. Brown11 Systemic Venous Anomalies 213Jill J. Savla and Michael D. Quartermain12 Anomalies of the Atrial Septum 228Tal Geva13 Ventricular Septal Defects 247Shobha Natarajan and Meryl S. Cohen14 Ebstein Anomaly, Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia, and Right Atrial Anomalies 267Frank Cetta and Benjamin W. Eidem15 Mitral Valve and Left Atrial Anomalies 280James C. Nielsen and Daniela Y. Rafii16 Common Atrioventricular Canal Defects 297Meryl S. CohenPart IV Anomalies of the Ventriculoarterial Junction and Great Arteries17 Anomalies of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary Valve 321Matthew S. Lemler, Poonam P. Thankavel, and Claudio Ramaciotti18 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum 340Jami C. Levine19 Abnormalities of the Ductus Arteriosus and Pulmonary Arteries 360Elizabeth Caris and Bhawna Arya20 Anomalies of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Aortic Valve 382John M. Simpson and Owen I. Miller21 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 405Brian R. White, David J. Goldberg, and Jack Rychik22 Aortic Arch Anomalies: Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch 430Jan Marek, Matthew Fenton, and Sachin Khambadkone23 Tetralogy of Fallot 463Shubhika Srivastava, Ira A. Parness, and Tal Geva24 Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window 492Timothy C. Slesnick, Ritu Sachdeva, Joe R. Kreeger, Maria A. Pernetz, and William L. Border25 Transposition of the Great Arteries 508Xavier Iriart, Meryl S. Cohen, and Luc L. Mertens26 Double-Outlet Ventricle 534Leo Lopez, Kuberan Pushparajah, and Tal Geva27 Physiologically "Corrected" Transposition of the Great Arteries 560Erwin Oechslin and Andreea DragulescuPart V Miscellaneous Cardiovascular Lesions28 Hearts with Functional Single Ventricle, Superior-Inferior Ventricles, and Crisscross Heart 585David N. Schidlow and Stephen P. Sanders29 Echocardiographic Assessment of Functional Single Ventricles after the Fontan Operation 616Marc Gewillig and Luc L. Mertens30 Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy Syndrome 635Lindsay S. Rogers and Meryl S. Cohen31 Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries 658Shubhika Srivastava and Piers C. A. Barker32 Vascular Rings and Slings 685Andrew J. Powell33 Connective Tissue Disorders 700Julie De Backer and Shaine A. Morris34 Cardiac Masses 728Michele A. Frommelt and Rebecca S. BeroukhimPart VI Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium35 Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, and Heart Transplantation 747Renee Margossian36 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 772Colin J. McMahon and Javier Ganame37 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Pericardial Diseases 794Dale A. Burkett and Adel K. Younoszai38 Other Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium 822Rebecca S. Beroukhim and Steven D. ColanPart VII Acquired Pediatric Heart Disease39 Kawasaki Disease 845Kevin G. Friedman40 Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 856Meghan Zimmerman and Craig Sable41 Infective Endocarditis 870Manfred Otto Vogt and Andreas KuhnPart VIII Special Techniques and Topics42 Transesophageal and Intraoperative Echocardiography 885Owen I. Miller and John M. Simpson43 Pregnancy and Heart Disease 904Anne Marie Valente44 Fetal Echocardiography 924Lindsay R. Freud and Lisa K. Hornberger45 Echocardiographic Assessment of the Transitional Circulation 964Amir H. Ashrafi, Gabriel Altit, and Patrick J. McNamara46 Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension 992Pei-Ni Jone47 The Role of Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging 1011Pierangelo Renella, Wyman W. Lai, and Ashwin PrakashIndex 1031

Wyman W. Lai, MD, MPH, MBA, Co-Medical Director, CHOC Children’s Heart Institute, Clinical Professor, UC Irvine Department of Pediatrics, USA.Luc L. Mertens, MD, PhD, Section Head, Echocardiography, The Hospital for Sick Children; Professor of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Canada.Meryl S. Cohen, MD, MS Ed, Professor of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Associate Chief, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA.Tal Geva, MD, Alexander S. Nadas Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Cardiologist-in-Chief and Chair, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, USA.

• Contributors viiPreface xiiAbout the Companion Website xiiiPart I Introduction to Cardiac Ultrasound Imaging1 Ultrasound Physics 3Jan D'hooge, Olivier Villemain, and Luc L. Mertens2 Instrumentation, Patient Preparation, and Patient Safety 21Stacey Drant and Vivekanand Allada3 Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease 34Tal Geva4 The Normal Pediatric Echocardiogram 47Wyman W. Lai and Jacqueline WheatleyPart II Quantitative Methods5 Structural Measurements and Adjustments for Growth 69Steven D. Colan and Leo Lopez6 Hemodynamic Measurements 87Mark K. Friedberg and Olivier Villemain7 Left Ventricular Systolic Function Assessment 116Luc L. Mertens and Mark K. Friedberg8 Diastolic Ventricular Function Assessment 146Peter C. Frommelt9 Right Ventricular Function 168Luc L. Mertens and Andreea DragulescuPart III Anomalies of the Systemic and Pulmonary Veins, Septa, and Atrioventricular Junction10 Pulmonary Venous Anomalies 189David W. Brown11 Systemic Venous Anomalies 213Jill J. Savla and Michael D. Quartermain12 Anomalies of the Atrial Septum 228Tal Geva13 Ventricular Septal Defects 247Shobha Natarajan and Meryl S. Cohen14 Ebstein Anomaly, Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia, and Right Atrial Anomalies 267Frank Cetta and Benjamin W. Eidem15 Mitral Valve and Left Atrial Anomalies 280James C. Nielsen and Daniela Y. Rafii16 Common Atrioventricular Canal Defects 297Meryl S. CohenPart IV Anomalies of the Ventriculoarterial Junction and Great Arteries17 Anomalies of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Pulmonary Valve 321Matthew S. Lemler, Poonam P. Thankavel, and Claudio Ramaciotti18 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum 340Jami C. Levine19 Abnormalities of the Ductus Arteriosus and Pulmonary Arteries 360Elizabeth Caris and Bhawna Arya20 Anomalies of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Aortic Valve 382John M. Simpson and Owen I. Miller21 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 405Brian R. White, David J. Goldberg, and Jack Rychik22 Aortic Arch Anomalies: Coarctation of the Aorta and Interrupted Aortic Arch 430Jan Marek, Matthew Fenton, and Sachin Khambadkone23 Tetralogy of Fallot 463Shubhika Srivastava, Ira A. Parness, and Tal Geva24 Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window 492Timothy C. Slesnick, Ritu Sachdeva, Joe R. Kreeger, Maria A. Pernetz, and William L. Border25 Transposition of the Great Arteries 508Xavier Iriart, Meryl S. Cohen, and Luc L. Mertens26 Double-Outlet Ventricle 534Leo Lopez, Kuberan Pushparajah, and Tal Geva27 Physiologically "Corrected" Transposition of the Great Arteries 560Erwin Oechslin and Andreea DragulescuPart V Miscellaneous Cardiovascular Lesions28 Hearts with Functional Single Ventricle, Superior-Inferior Ventricles, and Crisscross Heart 585David N. Schidlow and Stephen P. Sanders29 Echocardiographic Assessment of Functional Single Ventricles after the Fontan Operation 616Marc Gewillig and Luc L. Mertens30 Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy Syndrome 635Lindsay S. Rogers and Meryl S. Cohen31 Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries 658Shubhika Srivastava and Piers C. A. Barker32 Vascular Rings and Slings 685Andrew J. Powell33 Connective Tissue Disorders 700Julie De Backer and Shaine A. Morris34 Cardiac Masses 728Michele A. Frommelt and Rebecca S. BeroukhimPart VI Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium35 Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Myocarditis, and Heart Transplantation 747Renee Margossian36 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 772Colin J. McMahon and Javier Ganame37 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Pericardial Diseases 794Dale A. Burkett and Adel K. Younoszai38 Other Anomalies of the Ventricular Myocardium 822Rebecca S. Beroukhim and Steven D. ColanPart VII Acquired Pediatric Heart Disease39 Kawasaki Disease 845Kevin G. Friedman40 Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 856Meghan Zimmerman and Craig Sable41 Infective Endocarditis 870Manfred Otto Vogt and Andreas KuhnPart VIII Special Techniques and Topics42 Transesophageal and Intraoperative Echocardiography 885Owen I. Miller and John M. Simpson43 Pregnancy and Heart Disease 904Anne Marie Valente44 Fetal Echocardiography 924Lindsay R. Freud and Lisa K. Hornberger45 Echocardiographic Assessment of the Transitional Circulation 964Amir H. Ashrafi, Gabriel Altit, and Patrick J. McNamara46 Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension 992Pei-Ni Jone47 The Role of Multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging 1011Pierangelo Renella, Wyman W. Lai, and Ashwin PrakashIndex 1031