Beginner's Guide to Targeted Cancer Treatments and Cancer Immunotherapy

DR. ELAINE VICKERS is the founder of Science Communicated Ltd, an independent company that provides in-person and online education on cancer biology, targeted cancer treatments, and cancer immunotherapies. In partnership with numerous hospitals, institutes, charities, companies, and clinical trials units, Dr. Vickers educates hundreds of healthcare professionals each year. She holds a degree in Medical Science from the University of Birmingham and a PhD in Molecular Biology from the University of Manchester.

• Acknowledgments ixPraise for the First Edition xiAbout the Author xiiiHow to Use This Book xvChapter 1 An Introduction to Cancer Cell Biology and Genetics 11.1 Introduction 21.2 DNA Damage Is the Cause of Every Cancer 31.3 The Defining Features (Hallmarks) of Cancer Cells 181.4 Variation Among Cancer Cells in a Single Tumor 201.5 Cancer’s Relationship with Our Immune System 221.6 The Cancer Microenvironment 301.7 Cancer Spread/Metastasis 361.8 Cancer Stem Cells 391.9 Unique Properties of Hematological Cancers 401.10 Obstacles that Prevent Us from Curing Cancer 461.11 Final Thoughts 52Chapter 2 Monoclonal Antibodies and Small Molecules as Cancer Treatments, 612.1 Introduction 622.2 Antibody-Based Cancer Treatments 662.3 Small Molecule Cancer Treatments 832.4 Treatment Combinations 992.5 Final Thoughts 100Chapter 3 Treatments that Target Cell Communication 1093.1 Introduction 1103.2 Growth Factor-Controlled Signaling Pathways 1123.3 Growth Factor Receptors in Cancer 1183.4 Drugs that Target EGFR 1213.5 Drugs that Target HER2 1313.6 Drugs that Block Other Growth Factor Receptors 1383.7 Targeting the MAPK Signaling Pathway 1453.8 Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway 1563.9 Targeting the JAK-STAT Pathway 1643.10 Bcr-Abl Inhibitors 1673.11 Final Thoughts 169Chapter 4 More Targets and Treatments 1834.1 Angiogenesis Inhibitors 1844.2 Antibody Conjugates 1954.3 PARP Inhibitors 2024.4 CDK Inhibitors and Other Cell Cycle-Targeted Treatments 2114.5 Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors 2194.6 Targeting Epigenetic Enzymes 2224.7 Targeting Cell Survival 2264.8 Targeting B Cell Receptor Signaling 2304.9 Nuclear Transport Inhibitors 2354.10 Proteasome Inhibitors 2364.11 Final Thoughts 240Chapter 5 Immunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors, 2535.1 The Importance of T Cells 2545.2 An Introduction to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors 2565.3 How Checkpoint Inhibitors Work 2605.4 Lessons Learned from Checkpoint Inhibitor Trials 2615.5 Why Some Patients Benefit from Checkpoint Inhibitors and Others Don’t 2715.6 Biomarkers of Response to Checkpoint Inhibitors 2755.7 Checkpoint Inhibitor Combinations 2825.8 Novel Checkpoint Inhibitors and Activators 2875.9 Final Thoughts 290Chapter 6 Other Forms of Immunotherapy 3016.1 Introduction 3026.2 Naked Antibodies that Trigger an Immune Response 3036.3 Immunomodulators and CELMoDs 3046.4 Introduction to Adoptive Cell Therapies 3076.5 Tumor‐Infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy 3086.6 CAR T Cell Therapy 3126.7 TCR‐Engineered T Cell Therapy 3266.8 Cell Therapy with Other White Blood Cells 3316.9 T Cell Engagers 3326.10 Cancer Treatment Vaccines 3406.11 Final Thoughts 351Chapter 7 Treatments Relevant to Individual Cancer Types 3597.1 Introduction 3597.2 Treatments for Breast Cancer 3617.3 Treatments for Bowel and Anal Cancers 3647.4 Treatments for Lung Cancer 3677.5 Treatments for Prostate, Testicular, and Penile Cancers 3717.6 Treatments for Head and Neck Cancer 3747.7 Treatments for Esophageal, Gastroesophageal Junction, and Stomach Cancers 3767.8 Treatments for Pancreatic, Bile Duct, and Primary Liver Cancers 3787.9 Treatments for Kidney and Bladder Cancers 3817.10 Treatments for Ovarian Cancer 3837.11 Treatments for Other Gynaecological Cancers 3847.12 Treatments for Brain and CNS Cancers 3867.13 Treatments for Skin Cancer 3887.14 Treatments for B Cell and T Cell Leukemias 3917.15 Treatments for Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas 3937.16 Treatments for Hodgkin Lymphoma and Myeloma 3957.17 Treatments for Myeloid Cell Cancers 3977.18 Treatments for Childhood Cancers 400Appendix 411Glossary of Terms 413Index 431