Hack to The Future

EMILY CROSE is a senior technical director at Sophos Labs. She works on Linux runtime threat detection and has over a decade’s experience in the field of information security. She served in the U.S. intelligence community for seven years before entering the private sector and is the co-founder of Hacking History, a project investigating the United States government’s handling of the hacking community.

• Introduction xvPart 1 The Pre-Broadband Era 1Chapter 1 A Subculture Explained 3Defining a Community 7Common Hacking Virtues 8Curiosity 8Mischief 9Defiance 10Perseverance 10Terms 11Hackers and Secrecy 15Summary 17Chapter 2 Uncle Sam and Technology 19World War I 21Codebreaking 22The Cold War 23Foreign Intelligence 25The INTs 26Sigint 26Comint 27Humint 27Central Intelligence Agency 28Computer Scientists of Operation Paperclip 28National Security Agency 30Federal Bureau of Investigation 31Advanced Research Projects Agency 32The Development of ARPANET 32ARPANET in Practice 34Packet Switching 34National Aeronautics and Space Administration 35NASA Hackers 35A Leak in the Walled Garden 38Chapter 3 Commercializing Technology 39Telephony 39The Phone Phreakers 40One Whistle to Rule Them All 44Blue and Red Boxes 45Rock Stars Are Born 47The Missing Stair 49The Personal Computer 50Altair 8800 50Apple I and II 51Communities 52Community Memory 52Jude Milhon 54Age of the Bulletin Board System 55Party Lines 58Chapter 4 Digital Disruption 61Viral Genesis 64Creeper and Reaper 65Wabbits 67Virus or Not? 69Xerparc 70Government in the 1970s 72Law Enforcement 74The ARPANET Spam Incident 78Chapter 5 Hacker Rehabilitation 81Dark Dante and the ARPANET Breach 82The Los Alamos National Labs Breach 85The 414s 87Shaping the Hacker Image 89Congressional Testimony 89The Morris Worm 91Legal Implications of Hacking 95WANK and OILZ 96Investigation 99Hacktivism 100Chapter 6 On the Other Side of The Wall 101Soviet Intelligence 104A “Closed Society” 106Glasnost and Perestroika 106Computers and Telecommunications 107Soviet Phreaking 108Building a Soviet Internet 110Soviet Programming 112Soviet Understanding of Hacking 113Post-Soviet Russia 113A New Class of Criminal 114Chapter 7 Hackers of the World, Unite! 117Project Cybersyn 118Get Me Beer! 119Building the Network 120Operation Condor 121Project Cybersyn’s Epitaph 122Chaos Computer Club 123Chaos Computer Club France 126Building Teletext 128The Prestel Hack 129Overseas Cooperation 131The Australian Scene 131AFP Tracking of Realm 132Chapter 8 Electronic Delinquents 135Digital Spycraft 136Protecting America’s Defense Networks 137American Code Making 138Church and Pike 139The Rainbow Series 141The Clipper Chip 142Prosecuting the 414s 144Hackers on Trial 145Operation Sundevil 147Sundevil Blowback 148The Crypto Wars 150Digital Bullets 151Chapter 9 Hackers Go Mainstream 153Computer Fraud and Abuse 154Kevin “Dark Dante” Poulsen 155Kevin “Condor” Mitnick 157Fugitive Mitnick 157Free Kevin 159Fallout from the Arrests 159Forging the Hacker Image 1611960’s Movie Hackers 1611980’s Movie Hackers 162Falken’s Maze 163Matthew Broderick 1631990’s Movie Hackers 166Hackers 167Chapter 10 The DEF CON Effect 171An Internet for Everyone 172A Great Migration 174Web Defacements 175Y2k 176Hacker Conferences 177The Business of Hacking 180Spot the Fed 182Part 2 The Post-Broadband Era 189Chapter 11 In from the Cold 191Hackers Meet Congress 192Development of the Red Team 195Operation Cybersnare 196Thinking About the Future 198Evident Surprise and Eligible Receiver 201Chapter 12 Anonymous 205USA PATRIOT Act 207Project Chanology 208HBGary 212Chapter 13 Spy vs. Spy 219“Collateral Murder” 220Chapter 14 Cybernetting Society 231Consumer Electronics 232A Politicized Internet 234Global Instability 236Arab Spring 237Operation Tunisia 238The Syrian Electronic Army 240The Euromaidan Protests 245Chapter 15 Hackers Unleashed 247Solar Sunrise 248Advanced Persistent Threat 250Emergence of Chinese Hacking 254American Elite 255A New Domain 258Chapter 16 Cyberwar 261Operation Uphold Democracy 264Cyberwarfare in Concept 266Stuxnet 268Combatant Hackers 270Ukrainian Blackouts 273Chapter 17 Politics As Usual 279Memetic Warfare 281Election Interference 283Hacking Elections at DEF CON 287Epilogue 291Cisa 292Pillar II 294Cyberwarfare in the 2020s 296The Way from Here 297Acknowledgments 299About the Author 301Index 303