Abdelkhalk Aboulouard, PhD is a researcher in the Physics Department, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco. He has published more than 25 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests focus on third-generation solar cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and perovskite solar cells. Mustafa Can, PhD is a professor in the Department of Engineering Sciences at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey. He has authored more than 90 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests include dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells, biosensors, organic light-emitting diodes, photoelectrochemical water splitting, and CO2 reduction. Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic with more than 17 years of research experience. He has authored more than 95 research publications in peer-reviewed journals and 30 book chapters and co-edited multiple books. His research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers for potential electronic applications.

• Preface xlixPart I: Fundamentals of Solar Cell Technology 11 Fundamentals of Solar Cells and Solar Energy Devices: Classifications, Design Architectures and Manufacturing Technologies 3Ashok Adhikari, Amira Jalil Fragoso-Medina and Dwight Roberto Acosta-Najarro2 Critical Parameters and Performance Evaluation Methods of Solar Cells 51Cotfas Daniel Tudor and Cotfas Petru Adrian3 Energy Efficient Solar Cell Materials and Strategies for Enhancing Conversion Efficiencies 95David O. Idisi, Simphiwe Zwane, Bonex W. Mwakikunga and Joseph K. O. Asante4 Upconversion and Downconversion Processes in Solar Cells 135Sara Abid and Nadia ShahzadPart II: Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 1775 Introduction to Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fundamentals Current Research and Challenges 179Abdelkhalk Aboulouard, Eyyup Yalcin, Hajar Belmahi, Mohamed Jouaiti, Adil Belhaj, Ismail Arroub, Mustafa Can, Said Laasri, Kalim Deshmukh and Mohammed El Idrissi6 Nanomaterials in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 231Shreya, Jahanvi Thakur, Peeyush Phogat, Ranjana Jha and Sukhvir Singh7 Artificial Dyes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 277Hafza Asghar, Tabinda Riaz, Hafiz Abdul Mannan, Ayman A. Abdulrahman, Rizwan Nasir and Suhaib Umer Ilyas8 Natural Dyes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 317Nusret Kaya and Merve Karaman9 Electrolytes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 359Merve Karaman, Irmak Doðan Tunç and Nusret Kaya10 Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 395Mehedi Hasan Jihad and Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan11 Characterization Methods for Dye‑Sensitized Solar Cells 441Ho Soonmin, Manal A. Awad, Khalid M.O. Ortashi, Mahesh Dhonde, Rahilah S. Shaikh, Rohidas B. Kale, Faroha Liaqat, Qamar Wali and Rajan Jose12 Charge Separation and Recombination in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 491Prosenjit Choudhury, Ekramul Kabir, Sudipta Chowdhury, Subhankar Choudhury, Poulami Jana, Nabajyoti Baildya, Surajit Saha, Biswajit Sinha and Narendra Nath Ghosh13 Bandgap Tuning in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 531Jaimson T. James, Sivasri Babu, Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam and Andrews Nirmala Grace14 Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 569Ujjwal Mahajan, Kamal Prajapat, Mahesh Dhonde and Kirti Sahu15 Mathematical Modeling and Simulations of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 629Doaa M. Atia and Ninet M. Ahmed16 Machine Learning Approaches on the Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 669Mahmoud Ashraf and Sameh O. AbdellatifPart III: Organic Solar Cells 70917 Introduction to Organic Solar Cells: Prospects and Challenges 711Ana Paula de Oliveira Lopes Inacio, Eliezer Quadro Oreste, Ananda Fagundes Guarda and Daiane Dias18 Organic-Inorganic Solar Cells 751Manojna R. Nayak, Vishwa B. Nadoni, Barnabas Kodasi, Praveen K. Bayannavar, D. Jagadeesh Prasad and Ravindra R. Kamble19 Nanomaterials in Organic Solar Cells 789Deepthi Jayan K.20 Active Materials for Hole Transport Layers in Organic Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations, and Performance Optimization 863Waqar Ali Zahid, Muhammad Fiaz Ahmad, Waqas Akram and Javed Iqbal21 Active Materials for Electron Transport Layers in Organic Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 901Guo Chen, Shaobo Ding and Peng Li22 Characterization Methods for Organic Solar Cells 941Mutahire Tok, Merve Yurdakul and Çisem Kýrbýyýk Kurukavak23 Photoexcited Carrier Dynamics in Organic Solar Cells 981Nazia Iram and Javed Ahmad24 Band Gap Tuning in Organic Solar Cells 1015P. Ram Kumar and S. Alwin25 Stability of Organic Solar Cells 1055Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Sathish Marimuthu, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam and Andrews Nirmala Grace26 Computational Study of Non‑Fullerene Organic Small Molecule Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells 1089Waqas Akram, Amber Walayat and Javed Iqbal27 Computational Study of Donor Materials for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells 1139Vidya G., Shashank A. Tidke, Kelvin Nosakhare Eguavoen and Praveen C. Ramamurthy28 Organic Flexible Solar Cells 1175Manal A. Awad, Khalid M. Ortashi, Awatif A. Hendi and Nada E. Eisa29 Machine Learning Approaches in Designing Organic Solar Cells 1223Sathish Marimuthu, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan and Andrews Nirmala Grace30 Indoor and Outdoor Applications of the Organic Solar Cells 1261Muhammad Muzammal, Hamza Gulzarab, Umme Rubab, Iram Saba, Muhammad Zubair, Syed Salman Shafqat, Ghulam Mustafa and Muhammad Nadeem ZafarPart IV: Perovskite Solar Cells 130331 Introduction to Perovskite Solar Cells: Prospects and Challenges 1305Abhishek Raj, Manish Kumar, Meena Devi, Manish Kumar and Avneesh Anshul32 A Comparison Between Regular (n-i-p) and Inverted (p-i-n) Perovskite Solar Cells: Structural, Advantage-Disadvantage and Perspective 1349Eyyup Yalcin33 Hybrid Organo-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 1391Ruiqi Wang, Zexin Tang, Jieyang Xu, Jintao Zhu, Chunlan Zhou, Hainam Do and Bencan Tang34 Nanomaterials in Perovskite Solar Cells 1449T. Sangavi, S. Vasanth, C. Viswanathan and N. Ponpandian35 Active Materials for Hole Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 1489Zahraa S. Ismail, Eman F. Sawires, Fathy Z. Amer and Sameh O. Abdellatif36 Active Materials for Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 1535Zahraa S. Ismail, Eman F. Sawires, Fathy Z. Amer and Sameh O. Abdellatif37 Control of Perovskite Film Morphology for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells 1587Nalini V, Aneela Perumalla, Sumangala T.P., Sreeram K. Kalpathy and Tiju Thomas38 Lead-Free and Tin Lead Perovskite Solar Cells 1639Sidra Khatoon, Satish Kumar Yadav, Anshuman Shukla, Amit Misra, Jyotsna Singh and Rajendra Bahadur Singh39 Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells: Fundamental, Advances, and Challenges 1681\Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Jaimson T. James and Andrews Nirmala Grace40 Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Fundamental, Advances, and Challenges 1719Mrinal Kanti Sikdar, Sagar Bhattarai and Binaya Kumar Sahu41 Characterization Methods and Charge Carrier Dynamics of Perovskite Solar Cells 1753Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan and Andrews Nirmala Grace42 Stability and Bandgap Tuning in Perovskite Solar Cells 1789Pardhasaradhi Nandigana, Sarojini N., Subash B. and Subhendu K. Panda43 Origin of J-V Hysteresis and Methods of Hysteresis Reduction in Perovskite Solar Cells 1825Calink Indiara do Livramento dos Santos, Maria Zilda Oliveira and Giovanna Machado44 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells 1877Z. Younsi, Q. Aouni, H. Bencherif, S. Rabhi, P. Sasikumar, M. Kashif and M. khaouani45 Modelling and Simulations of Perovskite Solar Cells 1917Nicholas Rono, Chinedu C. Ahia, Edson L. Meyer, George G. Njema and Joshua K. Kibet46 Machine Learning Approaches in Perovskite Materials 1961Z. Younsi, H. Bencherif, F. Meddour, P. Sasikumar, S. Rabhi and M. Khaouani47 Indoor and Outdoor Applications of Perovskite Solar Cells 2001Magdalin Asir Gnanaraj, Peter Daniel Nixon, Elangovan Jayaseelan, Jeba Beula R., Abiram Angamuthu and Nallamuthu AnanthiPart V: Sustainability, Environmental and Commercial Aspects of Solar Cells 205148 Sustainability, Potential Hazards, and Commercial Viability of Solar Cell Technologies 2053Satish Kumar Yadav, Sidra Khatoon, Aradhana Shukla, Amit Misra, Jyotsna Singh and Rajendra Bahadur Singh49 3D Printing for Solar Cells 2095Mouhcine Bakhaddache, Ismail Ezzaraa, Youssef Oubarri, Mohamed Abouelmajd, Mostapha Oulcaid, Ahmed Bahlaoui, Ismail Arroub, Jamaa Bengourram, Manuel Lagache and Soufiane Belhouideg50 Future of Solar Cells in Energy Systems and Challenges in Large Scale Energy Production 2133Peeyush Phogat, Bhawana Chand, Shreya, Ranjana Jha and Sukhvir SinghAcknowledgement 2163References 2163Index 2173

Abdelkhalk Aboulouard, PhD is a researcher in the Physics Department, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco. He has published more than 25 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests focus on third-generation solar cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and perovskite solar cells. Mustafa Can, PhD is a professor in the Department of Engineering Sciences at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey. He has authored more than 90 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests include dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells, biosensors, organic light-emitting diodes, photoelectrochemical water splitting, and CO2 reduction. Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic with more than 17 years of research experience. He has authored more than 95 research publications in peer-reviewed journals and 30 book chapters and co-edited multiple books. His research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers for potential electronic applications.

• Preface xlixPart I: Fundamentals of Solar Cell Technology 11 Fundamentals of Solar Cells and Solar Energy Devices: Classifications, Design Architectures and Manufacturing Technologies 3Ashok Adhikari, Amira Jalil Fragoso-Medina and Dwight Roberto Acosta-Najarro2 Critical Parameters and Performance Evaluation Methods of Solar Cells 51Cotfas Daniel Tudor and Cotfas Petru Adrian3 Energy Efficient Solar Cell Materials and Strategies for Enhancing Conversion Efficiencies 95David O. Idisi, Simphiwe Zwane, Bonex W. Mwakikunga and Joseph K. O. Asante4 Upconversion and Downconversion Processes in Solar Cells 135Sara Abid and Nadia ShahzadPart II: Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 1775 Introduction to Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fundamentals Current Research and Challenges 179Abdelkhalk Aboulouard, Eyyup Yalcin, Hajar Belmahi, Mohamed Jouaiti, Adil Belhaj, Ismail Arroub, Mustafa Can, Said Laasri, Kalim Deshmukh and Mohammed El Idrissi6 Nanomaterials in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 231Shreya, Jahanvi Thakur, Peeyush Phogat, Ranjana Jha and Sukhvir Singh7 Artificial Dyes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 277Hafza Asghar, Tabinda Riaz, Hafiz Abdul Mannan, Ayman A. Abdulrahman, Rizwan Nasir and Suhaib Umer Ilyas8 Natural Dyes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 317Nusret Kaya and Merve Karaman9 Electrolytes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 359Merve Karaman, Irmak Doðan Tunç and Nusret Kaya10 Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 395Mehedi Hasan Jihad and Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan11 Characterization Methods for Dye‑Sensitized Solar Cells 441Ho Soonmin, Manal A. Awad, Khalid M.O. Ortashi, Mahesh Dhonde, Rahilah S. Shaikh, Rohidas B. Kale, Faroha Liaqat, Qamar Wali and Rajan Jose12 Charge Separation and Recombination in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 491Prosenjit Choudhury, Ekramul Kabir, Sudipta Chowdhury, Subhankar Choudhury, Poulami Jana, Nabajyoti Baildya, Surajit Saha, Biswajit Sinha and Narendra Nath Ghosh13 Bandgap Tuning in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 531Jaimson T. James, Sivasri Babu, Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam and Andrews Nirmala Grace14 Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 569Ujjwal Mahajan, Kamal Prajapat, Mahesh Dhonde and Kirti Sahu15 Mathematical Modeling and Simulations of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 629Doaa M. Atia and Ninet M. Ahmed16 Machine Learning Approaches on the Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 669Mahmoud Ashraf and Sameh O. AbdellatifPart III: Organic Solar Cells 70917 Introduction to Organic Solar Cells: Prospects and Challenges 711Ana Paula de Oliveira Lopes Inacio, Eliezer Quadro Oreste, Ananda Fagundes Guarda and Daiane Dias18 Organic-Inorganic Solar Cells 751Manojna R. Nayak, Vishwa B. Nadoni, Barnabas Kodasi, Praveen K. Bayannavar, D. Jagadeesh Prasad and Ravindra R. Kamble19 Nanomaterials in Organic Solar Cells 789Deepthi Jayan K.20 Active Materials for Hole Transport Layers in Organic Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations, and Performance Optimization 863Waqar Ali Zahid, Muhammad Fiaz Ahmad, Waqas Akram and Javed Iqbal21 Active Materials for Electron Transport Layers in Organic Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 901Guo Chen, Shaobo Ding and Peng Li22 Characterization Methods for Organic Solar Cells 941Mutahire Tok, Merve Yurdakul and Çisem Kýrbýyýk Kurukavak23 Photoexcited Carrier Dynamics in Organic Solar Cells 981Nazia Iram and Javed Ahmad24 Band Gap Tuning in Organic Solar Cells 1015P. Ram Kumar and S. Alwin25 Stability of Organic Solar Cells 1055Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Sathish Marimuthu, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam and Andrews Nirmala Grace26 Computational Study of Non‑Fullerene Organic Small Molecule Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells 1089Waqas Akram, Amber Walayat and Javed Iqbal27 Computational Study of Donor Materials for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells 1139Vidya G., Shashank A. Tidke, Kelvin Nosakhare Eguavoen and Praveen C. Ramamurthy28 Organic Flexible Solar Cells 1175Manal A. Awad, Khalid M. Ortashi, Awatif A. Hendi and Nada E. Eisa29 Machine Learning Approaches in Designing Organic Solar Cells 1223Sathish Marimuthu, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan and Andrews Nirmala Grace30 Indoor and Outdoor Applications of the Organic Solar Cells 1261Muhammad Muzammal, Hamza Gulzarab, Umme Rubab, Iram Saba, Muhammad Zubair, Syed Salman Shafqat, Ghulam Mustafa and Muhammad Nadeem ZafarPart IV: Perovskite Solar Cells 130331 Introduction to Perovskite Solar Cells: Prospects and Challenges 1305Abhishek Raj, Manish Kumar, Meena Devi, Manish Kumar and Avneesh Anshul32 A Comparison Between Regular (n-i-p) and Inverted (p-i-n) Perovskite Solar Cells: Structural, Advantage-Disadvantage and Perspective 1349Eyyup Yalcin33 Hybrid Organo-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 1391Ruiqi Wang, Zexin Tang, Jieyang Xu, Jintao Zhu, Chunlan Zhou, Hainam Do and Bencan Tang34 Nanomaterials in Perovskite Solar Cells 1449T. Sangavi, S. Vasanth, C. Viswanathan and N. Ponpandian35 Active Materials for Hole Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 1489Zahraa S. Ismail, Eman F. Sawires, Fathy Z. Amer and Sameh O. Abdellatif36 Active Materials for Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 1535Zahraa S. Ismail, Eman F. Sawires, Fathy Z. Amer and Sameh O. Abdellatif37 Control of Perovskite Film Morphology for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells 1587Nalini V, Aneela Perumalla, Sumangala T.P., Sreeram K. Kalpathy and Tiju Thomas38 Lead-Free and Tin Lead Perovskite Solar Cells 1639Sidra Khatoon, Satish Kumar Yadav, Anshuman Shukla, Amit Misra, Jyotsna Singh and Rajendra Bahadur Singh39 Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells: Fundamental, Advances, and Challenges 1681\Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Jaimson T. James and Andrews Nirmala Grace40 Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Fundamental, Advances, and Challenges 1719Mrinal Kanti Sikdar, Sagar Bhattarai and Binaya Kumar Sahu41 Characterization Methods and Charge Carrier Dynamics of Perovskite Solar Cells 1753Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan and Andrews Nirmala Grace42 Stability and Bandgap Tuning in Perovskite Solar Cells 1789Pardhasaradhi Nandigana, Sarojini N., Subash B. and Subhendu K. Panda43 Origin of J-V Hysteresis and Methods of Hysteresis Reduction in Perovskite Solar Cells 1825Calink Indiara do Livramento dos Santos, Maria Zilda Oliveira and Giovanna Machado44 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells 1877Z. Younsi, Q. Aouni, H. Bencherif, S. Rabhi, P. Sasikumar, M. Kashif and M. khaouani45 Modelling and Simulations of Perovskite Solar Cells 1917Nicholas Rono, Chinedu C. Ahia, Edson L. Meyer, George G. Njema and Joshua K. Kibet46 Machine Learning Approaches in Perovskite Materials 1961Z. Younsi, H. Bencherif, F. Meddour, P. Sasikumar, S. Rabhi and M. Khaouani47 Indoor and Outdoor Applications of Perovskite Solar Cells 2001Magdalin Asir Gnanaraj, Peter Daniel Nixon, Elangovan Jayaseelan, Jeba Beula R., Abiram Angamuthu and Nallamuthu AnanthiPart V: Sustainability, Environmental and Commercial Aspects of Solar Cells 205148 Sustainability, Potential Hazards, and Commercial Viability of Solar Cell Technologies 2053Satish Kumar Yadav, Sidra Khatoon, Aradhana Shukla, Amit Misra, Jyotsna Singh and Rajendra Bahadur Singh49 3D Printing for Solar Cells 2095Mouhcine Bakhaddache, Ismail Ezzaraa, Youssef Oubarri, Mohamed Abouelmajd, Mostapha Oulcaid, Ahmed Bahlaoui, Ismail Arroub, Jamaa Bengourram, Manuel Lagache and Soufiane Belhouideg50 Future of Solar Cells in Energy Systems and Challenges in Large Scale Energy Production 2133Peeyush Phogat, Bhawana Chand, Shreya, Ranjana Jha and Sukhvir SinghAcknowledgement 2163References 2163Index 2173

Abdelkhalk Aboulouard, PhD is a researcher in the Physics Department, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Morocco. He has published more than 25 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests focus on third-generation solar cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and perovskite solar cells. Mustafa Can, PhD is a professor in the Department of Engineering Sciences at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey. He has authored more than 90 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conferences. His research interests include dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells, biosensors, organic light-emitting diodes, photoelectrochemical water splitting, and CO2 reduction. Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic with more than 17 years of research experience. He has authored more than 95 research publications in peer-reviewed journals and 30 book chapters and co-edited multiple books. His research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers for potential electronic applications.

• Preface xlixPart I: Fundamentals of Solar Cell Technology 11 Fundamentals of Solar Cells and Solar Energy Devices: Classifications, Design Architectures and Manufacturing Technologies 3Ashok Adhikari, Amira Jalil Fragoso-Medina and Dwight Roberto Acosta-Najarro2 Critical Parameters and Performance Evaluation Methods of Solar Cells 51Cotfas Daniel Tudor and Cotfas Petru Adrian3 Energy Efficient Solar Cell Materials and Strategies for Enhancing Conversion Efficiencies 95David O. Idisi, Simphiwe Zwane, Bonex W. Mwakikunga and Joseph K. O. Asante4 Upconversion and Downconversion Processes in Solar Cells 135Sara Abid and Nadia ShahzadPart II: Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 1775 Introduction to Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fundamentals Current Research and Challenges 179Abdelkhalk Aboulouard, Eyyup Yalcin, Hajar Belmahi, Mohamed Jouaiti, Adil Belhaj, Ismail Arroub, Mustafa Can, Said Laasri, Kalim Deshmukh and Mohammed El Idrissi6 Nanomaterials in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 231Shreya, Jahanvi Thakur, Peeyush Phogat, Ranjana Jha and Sukhvir Singh7 Artificial Dyes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 277Hafza Asghar, Tabinda Riaz, Hafiz Abdul Mannan, Ayman A. Abdulrahman, Rizwan Nasir and Suhaib Umer Ilyas8 Natural Dyes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 317Nusret Kaya and Merve Karaman9 Electrolytes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 359Merve Karaman, Irmak Doðan Tunç and Nusret Kaya10 Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 395Mehedi Hasan Jihad and Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan11 Characterization Methods for Dye‑Sensitized Solar Cells 441Ho Soonmin, Manal A. Awad, Khalid M.O. Ortashi, Mahesh Dhonde, Rahilah S. Shaikh, Rohidas B. Kale, Faroha Liaqat, Qamar Wali and Rajan Jose12 Charge Separation and Recombination in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 491Prosenjit Choudhury, Ekramul Kabir, Sudipta Chowdhury, Subhankar Choudhury, Poulami Jana, Nabajyoti Baildya, Surajit Saha, Biswajit Sinha and Narendra Nath Ghosh13 Bandgap Tuning in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 531Jaimson T. James, Sivasri Babu, Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam and Andrews Nirmala Grace14 Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 569Ujjwal Mahajan, Kamal Prajapat, Mahesh Dhonde and Kirti Sahu15 Mathematical Modeling and Simulations of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 629Doaa M. Atia and Ninet M. Ahmed16 Machine Learning Approaches on the Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells 669Mahmoud Ashraf and Sameh O. AbdellatifPart III: Organic Solar Cells 70917 Introduction to Organic Solar Cells: Prospects and Challenges 711Ana Paula de Oliveira Lopes Inacio, Eliezer Quadro Oreste, Ananda Fagundes Guarda and Daiane Dias18 Organic-Inorganic Solar Cells 751Manojna R. Nayak, Vishwa B. Nadoni, Barnabas Kodasi, Praveen K. Bayannavar, D. Jagadeesh Prasad and Ravindra R. Kamble19 Nanomaterials in Organic Solar Cells 789Deepthi Jayan K.20 Active Materials for Hole Transport Layers in Organic Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations, and Performance Optimization 863Waqar Ali Zahid, Muhammad Fiaz Ahmad, Waqas Akram and Javed Iqbal21 Active Materials for Electron Transport Layers in Organic Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterizations and Performance Optimization 901Guo Chen, Shaobo Ding and Peng Li22 Characterization Methods for Organic Solar Cells 941Mutahire Tok, Merve Yurdakul and Çisem Kýrbýyýk Kurukavak23 Photoexcited Carrier Dynamics in Organic Solar Cells 981Nazia Iram and Javed Ahmad24 Band Gap Tuning in Organic Solar Cells 1015P. Ram Kumar and S. Alwin25 Stability of Organic Solar Cells 1055Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Sathish Marimuthu, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam and Andrews Nirmala Grace26 Computational Study of Non‑Fullerene Organic Small Molecule Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells 1089Waqas Akram, Amber Walayat and Javed Iqbal27 Computational Study of Donor Materials for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells 1139Vidya G., Shashank A. Tidke, Kelvin Nosakhare Eguavoen and Praveen C. Ramamurthy28 Organic Flexible Solar Cells 1175Manal A. Awad, Khalid M. Ortashi, Awatif A. Hendi and Nada E. Eisa29 Machine Learning Approaches in Designing Organic Solar Cells 1223Sathish Marimuthu, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan and Andrews Nirmala Grace30 Indoor and Outdoor Applications of the Organic Solar Cells 1261Muhammad Muzammal, Hamza Gulzarab, Umme Rubab, Iram Saba, Muhammad Zubair, Syed Salman Shafqat, Ghulam Mustafa and Muhammad Nadeem ZafarPart IV: Perovskite Solar Cells 130331 Introduction to Perovskite Solar Cells: Prospects and Challenges 1305Abhishek Raj, Manish Kumar, Meena Devi, Manish Kumar and Avneesh Anshul32 A Comparison Between Regular (n-i-p) and Inverted (p-i-n) Perovskite Solar Cells: Structural, Advantage-Disadvantage and Perspective 1349Eyyup Yalcin33 Hybrid Organo-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 1391Ruiqi Wang, Zexin Tang, Jieyang Xu, Jintao Zhu, Chunlan Zhou, Hainam Do and Bencan Tang34 Nanomaterials in Perovskite Solar Cells 1449T. Sangavi, S. Vasanth, C. Viswanathan and N. Ponpandian35 Active Materials for Hole Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 1489Zahraa S. Ismail, Eman F. Sawires, Fathy Z. Amer and Sameh O. Abdellatif36 Active Materials for Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 1535Zahraa S. Ismail, Eman F. Sawires, Fathy Z. Amer and Sameh O. Abdellatif37 Control of Perovskite Film Morphology for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells 1587Nalini V, Aneela Perumalla, Sumangala T.P., Sreeram K. Kalpathy and Tiju Thomas38 Lead-Free and Tin Lead Perovskite Solar Cells 1639Sidra Khatoon, Satish Kumar Yadav, Anshuman Shukla, Amit Misra, Jyotsna Singh and Rajendra Bahadur Singh39 Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells: Fundamental, Advances, and Challenges 1681\Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan, Jaimson T. James and Andrews Nirmala Grace40 Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Fundamental, Advances, and Challenges 1719Mrinal Kanti Sikdar, Sagar Bhattarai and Binaya Kumar Sahu41 Characterization Methods and Charge Carrier Dynamics of Perovskite Solar Cells 1753Suruthi Priya Nagalingam, Jaimson T. James, Bharath Gunaseelan, Sathish Marimuthu, Shriswaroop Sathyanarayanan and Andrews Nirmala Grace42 Stability and Bandgap Tuning in Perovskite Solar Cells 1789Pardhasaradhi Nandigana, Sarojini N., Subash B. and Subhendu K. Panda43 Origin of J-V Hysteresis and Methods of Hysteresis Reduction in Perovskite Solar Cells 1825Calink Indiara do Livramento dos Santos, Maria Zilda Oliveira and Giovanna Machado44 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells 1877Z. Younsi, Q. Aouni, H. Bencherif, S. Rabhi, P. Sasikumar, M. Kashif and M. khaouani45 Modelling and Simulations of Perovskite Solar Cells 1917Nicholas Rono, Chinedu C. Ahia, Edson L. Meyer, George G. Njema and Joshua K. Kibet46 Machine Learning Approaches in Perovskite Materials 1961Z. Younsi, H. Bencherif, F. Meddour, P. Sasikumar, S. Rabhi and M. Khaouani47 Indoor and Outdoor Applications of Perovskite Solar Cells 2001Magdalin Asir Gnanaraj, Peter Daniel Nixon, Elangovan Jayaseelan, Jeba Beula R., Abiram Angamuthu and Nallamuthu AnanthiPart V: Sustainability, Environmental and Commercial Aspects of Solar Cells 205148 Sustainability, Potential Hazards, and Commercial Viability of Solar Cell Technologies 2053Satish Kumar Yadav, Sidra Khatoon, Aradhana Shukla, Amit Misra, Jyotsna Singh and Rajendra Bahadur Singh49 3D Printing for Solar Cells 2095Mouhcine Bakhaddache, Ismail Ezzaraa, Youssef Oubarri, Mohamed Abouelmajd, Mostapha Oulcaid, Ahmed Bahlaoui, Ismail Arroub, Jamaa Bengourram, Manuel Lagache and Soufiane Belhouideg50 Future of Solar Cells in Energy Systems and Challenges in Large Scale Energy Production 2133Peeyush Phogat, Bhawana Chand, Shreya, Ranjana Jha and Sukhvir SinghAcknowledgement 2163References 2163Index 2173