Stephen Fredman is Professor of English and Department Chair at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of three books of criticism; Poet’s Prose: The Crisis in American Verse (1983), The Grounding of American Poetry: Charles Olson and the Emersonian Tradition (1993), and A Menorah for Athena: Charles Reznikoff and the Jewish Dilemmas of Objectivist Poetry (2001). He has translated three books from Spanish and is also the author of Seaslug, a book of poetry.

This book offers a fresh and comprehensive reading of modern American poetry in several important ways. It takes in the whole of the twentieth century instead of dividing into decades like the twenties and thirties or into periods labelled Modernism and Postmodernism. Moreover, instead of focusing on individual poets, the successive chapters relate an often overlapping range of poets to the crucial and defining cultural issues within which the poetry took form and direction and to which the poetry spoke. Stephen Fredman has assembled an extraordinary group of critics to write the chapters. There is nothing else like this rich and trenchant book in the field of modern poetry. Albert Gelpi, Stanford University If I had to recommend a single book on the culture of twentieth-American poetry to students or colleagues, I would choose Stephen Fredman's Concise Companion. Fredman wisely decided to treat the entire century as a whole rather than adopting the usual Modernist/Postmodernist division or treating decades and poets separately. From the opening "Wars I Have Seen" to the final treatment of philosophy and theory in U.S. poetry, Fredman's contributors carefully examine the intersecting worlds of our poetry-- the New York art world, the impact of various diasporas, and the curious intersections with politics, gender, and religion. Yet the poetry itself always comes first, and no reader can fail to profit from these clearly written, concise, and truly expert chapters. Marjorie Perloff, Stanford University

• Notes on Contributors viiiAcknowledgments xiChronology xiiIntroduction 1Stephen Fredman1 Wars I Have Seen 11Peter NichollsAmerican poets’ response to war, with particular attention to Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Duncan, George Oppen, Susan Howe, and Lyn Hejinian.2 Pleasure at Home: How Twentieth-century American Poets Read the British 33David HerdHow US poets responded and reacted to British poetry, in particular, Romanticism, focusing on Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, Cleanth Brooks, Charles Olson, Frank O’Hara, and Adrienne Rich.3 American Poet-teachers and the Academy 55Alan GoldingDiscusses the relationship between poets and the academy, with attention to Ezra Pound, the Fugitives,Charles Olson, the anthology wars, creative writing programs, African-American poetry, Charles Bernstein,and Language poetry.4 Feminism and the Female Poet 75Lynn Keller and Cristanne MillerTwentieth-century poetry developed in the context of evolving feminist thought and activism, as demonstrated in the work of Marianne Moore, Gertrude Stein, H. D., Muriel Rukeyser, Gwendolyn Brooks, Sylvia Plath, Adrienne Rich, Sonia Sanchez, and Harryette Mullen.5 Queer Cities 95Maria DamonThe relationship between gay urban sensibility and poetic form, with discussions of Gertrude Stein, DjunaBarnes, Hart Crane, Frank O’Hara, Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, and Allen Ginsberg.6 Twentieth-century Poetry and the New York Art World 113Brian M. ReedPoetic responses to New York’s avant-garde tradition in the visual arts, with attention to Mina Loy, WilliamCarlos Williams, Frank O’Hara, John Cage, John Ashbery, Jackson Mac Low, and Susan Howe.7 The Blue Century: Brief Notes on Twentieth-century African-American Poetry 135Rowan Ricardo PhillipsDiscusses the effect that the blues and jazz have had on twentieth-century African-American poets, including Paul Dunbar, Langston Hughes, Sterling Brown, Robert Hayden, Gayl Jones, Yusef Komunyakaa, and Michael Harper.8 Home and Away: US Poetries of Immigration and Migrancy 151A. Robert LeeThe ongoing arrival of populations from beyond US borders and internal migration, as reflected inpoetry – WASP to African American, Jewish to Latino/a, Euro-American to Native American.9 Modern Poetry and Anticommunism 173Alan FilreisA survey of the complex association of modern poetry and American communism (and anticommunism),including discussions of Muriel Rukeyser, William Carlos Williams, Genevieve Taggard, Wallace Stevens, and Kenneth Fearing.10 Mysticism: Neo-paganism, Buddhism, and Christianity 191Stephen FredmanWhy mysticism appeals to American poets and how it affects their poetry, focusing upon Ezra Pound, H. D., T. S. Eliot, Robert Duncan, Charles Olson, John Cage, Gary Snyder, Allen Ginsberg, Denise Levertov, and Fanny Howe.11 Poets and Scientists 212Peter MiddletonShows how poets, including William Carlos Williams, Hart Crane, Wallace Stevens, Robert Creeley, CharlesOlson, Ron Silliman, Myung Mi Kim, and Mei-mei Berssenbrugge have responded to modern technology and the new sciences of physics and genetics.12 Philosophy and Theory in US Modern Poetry 231Michael DavidsonAddresses the role of ideas and theory in modern poetry, with examples drawn from Wallace Stevens,Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Gertrude Stein, the New Critics, and many others.Index 252

Stephen Fredman is Professor of English and Department Chair at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of three books of criticism; Poet’s Prose: The Crisis in American Verse (1983), The Grounding of American Poetry: Charles Olson and the Emersonian Tradition (1993), and A Menorah for Athena: Charles Reznikoff and the Jewish Dilemmas of Objectivist Poetry (2001). He has translated three books from Spanish and is also the author of Seaslug, a book of poetry.

This book offers a fresh and comprehensive reading of modern American poetry in several important ways. It takes in the whole of the twentieth century instead of dividing into decades like the twenties and thirties or into periods labelled Modernism and Postmodernism. Moreover, instead of focusing on individual poets, the successive chapters relate an often overlapping range of poets to the crucial and defining cultural issues within which the poetry took form and direction and to which the poetry spoke. Stephen Fredman has assembled an extraordinary group of critics to write the chapters. There is nothing else like this rich and trenchant book in the field of modern poetry. Albert Gelpi, Stanford University If I had to recommend a single book on the culture of twentieth-American poetry to students or colleagues, I would choose Stephen Fredman's Concise Companion. Fredman wisely decided to treat the entire century as a whole rather than adopting the usual Modernist/Postmodernist division or treating decades and poets separately. From the opening "Wars I Have Seen" to the final treatment of philosophy and theory in U.S. poetry, Fredman's contributors carefully examine the intersecting worlds of our poetry-- the New York art world, the impact of various diasporas, and the curious intersections with politics, gender, and religion. Yet the poetry itself always comes first, and no reader can fail to profit from these clearly written, concise, and truly expert chapters. Marjorie Perloff, Stanford University

• Notes on Contributors viiiAcknowledgments xiChronology xiiIntroduction 1Stephen Fredman1 Wars I Have Seen 11Peter NichollsAmerican poets’ response to war, with particular attention to Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Duncan, George Oppen, Susan Howe, and Lyn Hejinian.2 Pleasure at Home: How Twentieth-century American Poets Read the British 33David HerdHow US poets responded and reacted to British poetry, in particular, Romanticism, focusing on Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, Cleanth Brooks, Charles Olson, Frank O’Hara, and Adrienne Rich.3 American Poet-teachers and the Academy 55Alan GoldingDiscusses the relationship between poets and the academy, with attention to Ezra Pound, the Fugitives,Charles Olson, the anthology wars, creative writing programs, African-American poetry, Charles Bernstein,and Language poetry.4 Feminism and the Female Poet 75Lynn Keller and Cristanne MillerTwentieth-century poetry developed in the context of evolving feminist thought and activism, as demonstrated in the work of Marianne Moore, Gertrude Stein, H. D., Muriel Rukeyser, Gwendolyn Brooks, Sylvia Plath, Adrienne Rich, Sonia Sanchez, and Harryette Mullen.5 Queer Cities 95Maria DamonThe relationship between gay urban sensibility and poetic form, with discussions of Gertrude Stein, DjunaBarnes, Hart Crane, Frank O’Hara, Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, and Allen Ginsberg.6 Twentieth-century Poetry and the New York Art World 113Brian M. ReedPoetic responses to New York’s avant-garde tradition in the visual arts, with attention to Mina Loy, WilliamCarlos Williams, Frank O’Hara, John Cage, John Ashbery, Jackson Mac Low, and Susan Howe.7 The Blue Century: Brief Notes on Twentieth-century African-American Poetry 135Rowan Ricardo PhillipsDiscusses the effect that the blues and jazz have had on twentieth-century African-American poets, including Paul Dunbar, Langston Hughes, Sterling Brown, Robert Hayden, Gayl Jones, Yusef Komunyakaa, and Michael Harper.8 Home and Away: US Poetries of Immigration and Migrancy 151A. Robert LeeThe ongoing arrival of populations from beyond US borders and internal migration, as reflected inpoetry – WASP to African American, Jewish to Latino/a, Euro-American to Native American.9 Modern Poetry and Anticommunism 173Alan FilreisA survey of the complex association of modern poetry and American communism (and anticommunism),including discussions of Muriel Rukeyser, William Carlos Williams, Genevieve Taggard, Wallace Stevens, and Kenneth Fearing.10 Mysticism: Neo-paganism, Buddhism, and Christianity 191Stephen FredmanWhy mysticism appeals to American poets and how it affects their poetry, focusing upon Ezra Pound, H. D., T. S. Eliot, Robert Duncan, Charles Olson, John Cage, Gary Snyder, Allen Ginsberg, Denise Levertov, and Fanny Howe.11 Poets and Scientists 212Peter MiddletonShows how poets, including William Carlos Williams, Hart Crane, Wallace Stevens, Robert Creeley, CharlesOlson, Ron Silliman, Myung Mi Kim, and Mei-mei Berssenbrugge have responded to modern technology and the new sciences of physics and genetics.12 Philosophy and Theory in US Modern Poetry 231Michael DavidsonAddresses the role of ideas and theory in modern poetry, with examples drawn from Wallace Stevens,Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Gertrude Stein, the New Critics, and many others.Index 252

Stephen Fredman is Professor of English and Department Chair at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of three books of criticism; Poet’s Prose: The Crisis in American Verse (1983), The Grounding of American Poetry: Charles Olson and the Emersonian Tradition (1993), and A Menorah for Athena: Charles Reznikoff and the Jewish Dilemmas of Objectivist Poetry (2001). He has translated three books from Spanish and is also the author of Seaslug, a book of poetry.

This book offers a fresh and comprehensive reading of modern American poetry in several important ways. It takes in the whole of the twentieth century instead of dividing into decades like the twenties and thirties or into periods labelled Modernism and Postmodernism. Moreover, instead of focusing on individual poets, the successive chapters relate an often overlapping range of poets to the crucial and defining cultural issues within which the poetry took form and direction and to which the poetry spoke. Stephen Fredman has assembled an extraordinary group of critics to write the chapters. There is nothing else like this rich and trenchant book in the field of modern poetry. Albert Gelpi, Stanford University If I had to recommend a single book on the culture of twentieth-American poetry to students or colleagues, I would choose Stephen Fredman's Concise Companion. Fredman wisely decided to treat the entire century as a whole rather than adopting the usual Modernist/Postmodernist division or treating decades and poets separately. From the opening "Wars I Have Seen" to the final treatment of philosophy and theory in U.S. poetry, Fredman's contributors carefully examine the intersecting worlds of our poetry-- the New York art world, the impact of various diasporas, and the curious intersections with politics, gender, and religion. Yet the poetry itself always comes first, and no reader can fail to profit from these clearly written, concise, and truly expert chapters. Marjorie Perloff, Stanford University

• Notes on Contributors viiiAcknowledgments xiChronology xiiIntroduction 1Stephen Fredman1 Wars I Have Seen 11Peter NichollsAmerican poets’ response to war, with particular attention to Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Duncan, George Oppen, Susan Howe, and Lyn Hejinian.2 Pleasure at Home: How Twentieth-century American Poets Read the British 33David HerdHow US poets responded and reacted to British poetry, in particular, Romanticism, focusing on Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, Cleanth Brooks, Charles Olson, Frank O’Hara, and Adrienne Rich.3 American Poet-teachers and the Academy 55Alan GoldingDiscusses the relationship between poets and the academy, with attention to Ezra Pound, the Fugitives,Charles Olson, the anthology wars, creative writing programs, African-American poetry, Charles Bernstein,and Language poetry.4 Feminism and the Female Poet 75Lynn Keller and Cristanne MillerTwentieth-century poetry developed in the context of evolving feminist thought and activism, as demonstrated in the work of Marianne Moore, Gertrude Stein, H. D., Muriel Rukeyser, Gwendolyn Brooks, Sylvia Plath, Adrienne Rich, Sonia Sanchez, and Harryette Mullen.5 Queer Cities 95Maria DamonThe relationship between gay urban sensibility and poetic form, with discussions of Gertrude Stein, DjunaBarnes, Hart Crane, Frank O’Hara, Robert Duncan, Jack Spicer, and Allen Ginsberg.6 Twentieth-century Poetry and the New York Art World 113Brian M. ReedPoetic responses to New York’s avant-garde tradition in the visual arts, with attention to Mina Loy, WilliamCarlos Williams, Frank O’Hara, John Cage, John Ashbery, Jackson Mac Low, and Susan Howe.7 The Blue Century: Brief Notes on Twentieth-century African-American Poetry 135Rowan Ricardo PhillipsDiscusses the effect that the blues and jazz have had on twentieth-century African-American poets, including Paul Dunbar, Langston Hughes, Sterling Brown, Robert Hayden, Gayl Jones, Yusef Komunyakaa, and Michael Harper.8 Home and Away: US Poetries of Immigration and Migrancy 151A. Robert LeeThe ongoing arrival of populations from beyond US borders and internal migration, as reflected inpoetry – WASP to African American, Jewish to Latino/a, Euro-American to Native American.9 Modern Poetry and Anticommunism 173Alan FilreisA survey of the complex association of modern poetry and American communism (and anticommunism),including discussions of Muriel Rukeyser, William Carlos Williams, Genevieve Taggard, Wallace Stevens, and Kenneth Fearing.10 Mysticism: Neo-paganism, Buddhism, and Christianity 191Stephen FredmanWhy mysticism appeals to American poets and how it affects their poetry, focusing upon Ezra Pound, H. D., T. S. Eliot, Robert Duncan, Charles Olson, John Cage, Gary Snyder, Allen Ginsberg, Denise Levertov, and Fanny Howe.11 Poets and Scientists 212Peter MiddletonShows how poets, including William Carlos Williams, Hart Crane, Wallace Stevens, Robert Creeley, CharlesOlson, Ron Silliman, Myung Mi Kim, and Mei-mei Berssenbrugge have responded to modern technology and the new sciences of physics and genetics.12 Philosophy and Theory in US Modern Poetry 231Michael DavidsonAddresses the role of ideas and theory in modern poetry, with examples drawn from Wallace Stevens,Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Gertrude Stein, the New Critics, and many others.Index 252