Dimitri Uzunidis is a Professor of Political Economy and the Honorary President of the Research Network on Innovation in France. He has directed and edited several journals and collections on the study of innovation. As a specialist in change, he provides expertise for various international organizations. Fedoua Kasmi, Doctor of Economics, is currently a researcher at the University of Lorraine and a member of the Research Network on Innovation in France. Her research focuses on the analysis of the territorial innovation trajectories and the determinants of the emergence of innovative eco-milieus. Laurent Adatto is a Doctor of Economics and Management of Technology and Innovation at CNAM and a researcher and editorial manager of the Research Network on Innovation in France. His research interests include organizations� open source and open innovation strategies, standardization processes and the future of the software and ICT sectors.

• Introduction xixDimitri UZUNIDIS and Fedoua KASMIChapter 1. Economy – Innovation Economics and the Dynamics of Interactions 1Sophie BOUTILLIER, Vanessa CASADELLA and Blandine LAPERCHE1.1. Introduction 11.2. The definition of innovation and the primacy of J.A. Schumpeter’s work 21.3. How can we measure innovation, in all its forms? 61.4. From the entrepreneur to the multiple actors of innovation 101.5. Innovation policies and the innovation system 141.6. Conclusion 181.7. References 19Chapter 2. Management – Managing Innovation According to Space, Time and Matter 25Bérangère L. SZOSTAK, Michael E. LAVIOLETTE and Thierry BURGER-HELMCHEN2.1. Introduction 252.2. Managing innovation: a question of space 272.2.1. Delimiting and/or expanding organizational spaces 282.2.2. Developing links within and outside the spaces 302.3. Managing innovation: a matter of time 322.3.1. The innovation process, a long-term process 322.3.2. Managing innovation means managing the time for decisions 342.4. Managing innovation: a question of matter 352.4.1. The appropriation of innovation by consumers 352.4.2. Appropriation of innovation by the members of the organization 372.4.3. Capturing the value of innovation 382.5. Conclusion 392.6. References 40Chapter 3. Agriculture – Agricultural and Food Innovations and Agro-ecological Transition 47Ludovic TEMPLE3.1. Introduction 473.2. Two centuries of agricultural revolution without “innovation” 473.3. The green revolutions driven by linear and technological innovation design 483.4. The notion of innovation in the face of agricultural and food transitions 493.5. Sector specificities of innovation in agriculture and food 503.6. Conclusion 513.7. References 52Chapter 4. Anthropology – Anthropological Aspects of Innovation: Defining Benchmarks 55Dominique DESJEUX4.1. Introduction 554.2. Innovation, a total social phenomenon, between invention, diffusion and reception 564.3. The force of constraints or innovation as a process of insertion in a field of contradictory forces 584.4. Conclusion 594.5. References 60Chapter 5. Business – Business Creation and Innovative Entrepreneurial Ecosystems 61Sophie BOUTILLIER5.1. The company, the territory and the ecosystem 625.2. From the business ecosystem to the entrepreneurial ecosystem: polymorphous innovation dynamics? 635.3. References 66Chapter 6. Capacity – Innovation Capacities and Learning Dynamics 69Vanessa CASADELLA6.1. Introduction 696.2. Learning and innovation capacities 706.3. The diversity of innovation capacities 706.4. Capacities, innovation system and competency building 726.5. Conclusion 736.6. References 73Chapter 7. Capital – Knowledge Capital and Innovation: Production and Use of Knowledge in Companies 75Blandine LAPERCHE7.1. Introduction 757.2. Knowledge capital: toward an understanding of the innovation process 767.3. Knowledge capital, tangible and intangible assets 777.4. Knowledge capital and knowledge management within organizations 777.5. Knowledge capital and open innovation 807.6. Conclusion 827.7. References 82Chapter 8. Cluster – Innovative Cluster: Geographical and “Virtual” Proximity in the Digital Era 85Elisa SALVADOR8.1. Introduction 858.2. Innovative clusters: the matter of geographical and “virtual” proximity 868.3. Innovative clusters and the Internet and information and communication technologies revolution 878.4. Conclusion 888.5. References 89Chapter 9. Collaboration – Collaborative and Open Innovation in Highly Competitive Contexts 91Camille AOUINAÏT9.1. Introduction 919.2. Literature review 939.2.1. History 939.3. Collaborative innovation and innovation ecosystems 949.4. Open innovation versus closed innovation 969.5. Conclusion 989.6. References 98Chapter 10. Creativity – Creativity for Innovation: A Mutually Advantageous Relationship 101Raphaël BARY10.1. Introduction 10110.2. Increasingly “creative” representations of innovation 10110.3. Impacts on creativity of its integration in the field of innovation 10310.4. The same shared complexity 10410.5. References 105Chapter 11. Cycles – The Long Cycles of the Economy and the Question of Innovation 107Dimitri UZUNIDIS11.1. Introduction 10711.2. The conditions for cyclical economic development: the key role of innovation 10811.3. Historical time and periodization of the economy 11011.4. Conclusion 11311.5. References 113Chapter 12. Design – Innovative Design: The Importance of a Methodical Approach 115Joëlle FOREST12.1. Introduction 11512.2. What methods should be used to cultivate disruptive innovation in the 21st century? 11612.3. Conclusion 12112.4. References 122Chapter 13. Diffusion – Diffusion and Adoption Behavior of Innovations 123Marc BAUDRY13.1. Introduction 12313.2. The epidemiological approach 12413.3. The discrete choice approach 12513.4. Public dissemination policies 12613.5. Some extensions of the analysis: multiplicity of innovations and institutional framework 12713.6. Conclusion 12813.7. References 128Chapter 14. Disruption – Disruptive Innovation and the Evolution of Competitive Relationships 131Giovanni ZAZZERINI14.1. Introduction 13114.2. The disruptive innovation model 13214.3. The innovator’s dilemma 13414.4. References 135Chapter 15. Ecosystem – Innovation Ecosystem: Generativity, Resilience and Power of Attraction 137Patrick COHENDET15.1. Introduction 13715.2. Theoretical approaches of an innovation ecosystem 13815.3. Main features of innovation ecosystems 13915.4. Conclusion 14015.5. References 141Chapter 16. Entrepreneur – The Innovative Entrepreneur as an Actor of Economic Change 143Sophie BOUTILLIER16.1. Introduction 14316.2. The entrepreneur as an actor of change 14416.3. The evolution of the function of the innovative entrepreneur 14616.4. References 148Chapter 17. Financing – Financing R&D and Innovation 151Béatrice DUMONT17.1. Introduction 15117.2. Information asymmetries and sources of funding 15217.3. Reasons for funding reluctance 15317.4. Public intervention in finance innovation 15417.5. Venture capital 15517.6. Conclusion 15617.7. References 156Chapter 18. Frugality – Frugal Innovation as Inclusive Innovation 159Christian LE BAS and Sana KHAN18.1. Introduction 15918.2. Frugal innovation as a new technological paradigm 15918.3. Case studies 16018.4. Frugal innovation and similar approaches 16118.5. Frugal innovation as an environmental innovation 16218.6. Frugal innovation and sustainability 16318.7. Drivers of frugal innovation: demand-pull and competition effects 16418.8. Conclusion 16418.9. References 165Chapter 19. Future – The Future of Innovative Technologies: Between Imagination and Technological Ideology 167Thomas MICHAUD19.1. Introduction 16719.2. A paradigmatic convergence 16819.3. Technological revolution: the imagined future 16919.4. Conclusion 17119.5. References 172Chapter 20. Hybridization – Hybridization of Tech-Push and Market-Pull Approaches in Innovation Processes 173Florin PAUN20.1. Introduction 17320.2. Definitions of Tech-Push and Market-Pull in the implementation of innovation processes 17420.3. The nine demand readiness level (DRL) stages 17520.4. Hybridization and agility of innovation processes 17620.5. DRL-TRL and its applications to the hybridization dynamics of the Tech Push and Market Pull approaches 17820.6. Impacts of DRL-TRL 17920.7. Conclusion 18020.8. References 180Chapter 21. Incentives – Incentives for Innovation: Diversity and Public–Private Combinations 183Babacar NDIAYE21.1. Introduction 18321.2. The incentive for innovation and its forms 18421.3. Diversity of applications of incentive forms 18521.4. Conclusion 18621.5. References 187Chapter 22. Indicators – The Complexity of Innovation Indicators 189Slim THABET22.1. Introduction 18922.2. Presentation of innovation indicators: input and output approach 19022.3. Main limitations of innovation indicators 19222.4. Conclusion 19322.5. References 194Chapter 23. Information – Information for Innovation: Strategic, Competitive and Technological Intelligence 195Stéphane GORIA23.1. Introduction 19523.2. The monitoring concept 19523.3. “Traditional” monitoring and innovation 19623.4. The search for information and innovation 19723.5. Creative monitoring 19823.6. Strategic innovation monitoring 19923.7. Conclusion 20023.8. References 200Chapter 24. Invention – Shared Inventions and Competitive Innovations 201Michel VIGEZZI24.1. Introduction 20124.2. From invention sharing to shared invention 20224.3. From innovation to competitive innovation 20424.4. From societal dynamics to the links between shared inventions and competitive nnovations 20524.5. References 207Chapter 25. Knowledge – Knowledge Management in Learning Innovative Organizations 209Marcos LIMA25.1. Introduction 20925.2. Knowledge and management 21025.3. History of KM frameworks 21125.4. Key KM concepts 21225.4.1. Learning organizations 21225.4.2. Knowledge management strategies 21325.4.3. Knowledge management tools 21425.5. Conclusion: perspectives for KM 21425.6. References 215Chapter 26. Location – Local Innovation Issues and Priorities for Public Intervention 217Cheikh Abdou Lahad THIAW26.1. Introduction 21726.2. Innovation policies adapted to territories 218xii Innovation Economics, Engineering and Management Handbook 126.3. The territorialized priority of innovation 22126.4. Conclusion 22126.5. References 222Chapter 27. Market – Market Innovation: Opening and Controlling New Markets 225Béatrice SIADOU-MARTIN27.1. Introduction 22527.2. Factors that foster business innovation 22627.3. The multifaceted nature of business innovation 22827.4. Conclusion 23027.5. References 230Chapter 28. Model – Business Models for Innovation Strategies 233Marcos LIMA28.1. Introduction 23328.2. A brief history of the evolution of business models 23428.3. Types of business model innovation 23628.4. Business model design versus business model reconfiguration 23728.5. Business model inertia 23828.6. BMI and competitive advantage 23928.7. Conclusion: perspectives in BMI research 24028.8. References 240Chapter 29. Network – Networks and Development of Innovation Processes 243Delphine GALLAUD29.1. Introduction 24329.2. Knowledge, learning and innovation network 24429.3. Local innovation networks 24629.4. Conclusion 24729.5. References 249Chapter 30. Organization – Modern Innovative Organizational Structures 251Angelo BONOMI30.1. Introduction 25130.2. Organizational structures for innovation 25230.2.1. Industrially financed R&D project system 25230.2.2. Start-up-venture capital system 25330.2.3. Industrial platform system 25430.2.4. Comparison of the various organizational structures 25530.3. Perspectives 25630.4. References 256Chapter 31. Paradigm – The Techno-scientific Paradigm: The Ethical Control of the Technological Progress 259Thomas MICHAUD31.1. Introduction 25931.2. The controversial techno-scientific gigantism 26031.3. Technocracy and technicism 26131.4. Technosciences and innovation in debate 26231.5. Conclusion 26331.6. References 264Chapter 32. Pattern – Linear, Interactive and Hybrid Patterns of Innovation 265Blandine LAPERCHE32.1. Introduction 26532.2. The linear model of innovation 26632.3. Towards interactive models 26832.4. Hybridization of linear and interactive models of innovation 27032.5. Conclusion 27232.6. References 273Chapter 33. Persistence – The Economic Analysis of Persistent Innovation 275Christian LE BAS33.1. Introduction 27533.2. Persistent innovation: definition 27533.3. Why is the notion of innovation persistence debatable? 27733.4. Measurement of the phenomenon 27733.5. Explanatory frameworks 27833.6. Innovation persistence and the significance of economic evolution: path and past dependence 27933.7. Conclusion 27933.8. References 280Chapter 34. Policy – Reinventing Innovation: From Criticisms of the Traditional Paradigm to Policy Transformation 281Pierre-Benoit JOLY34.1. Introduction 28134.2. Criticisms of the central innovation paradigm 28234.3. Transformations of innovation policies: directionality and social innovation 28334.4. Conclusion 28534.5. References 286Chapter 35. Property – Intellectual Property and Innovation 287Béatrice DUMONT35.1. Introduction 28735.2. IPRs: some imperfect but unmatched mechanisms 28835.3. The multidimensional impact of protection on innovation 28935.4. The new roles of IPRs 29035.5. Conclusion 29135.6. References 292Chapter 36. Proximity – Impacts of Geographic, Organizational and Cognitive Proximities on Innovation 293Damien TALBOT36.1. Introduction 29336.2. A geographical proximity that plays favorably on innovation, without being indispensable 29436.3. Other proximities have both positive and negative effects on innovation 29536.4. Conclusion 29736.5. References 298Chapter 37. Responsibility – Responsible Innovation in Corporate Strategy and Public Policy 299Leïla TEMRI37.1. Introduction 29937.2. Responsible research and innovation policy 29937.2.1. The responsibility of researchers and innovators in science and technology 30037.2.2. Technological assessment: from autonomous technology to the social construction of techniques 30037.2.3. Responsible research and innovation in policy 30137.3. Responsible innovation in companies 30237.4. Conclusion 30437.5. References 304Chapter 38. Revolution – Innovations and Industrial Revolution 307Cédric PERRIN38.1. Introduction 30738.2. From the technical revolution to the industrial revolution: what is the history? 30738.3. The discontinuous diffusion of innovations in the face of the techniques in use 30938.4. When the context stimulates innovation 31138.5. Conclusion 31138.6. References 312Chapter 39. Services – Defining Service Innovation 313Céline MERLIN-BROGNIART39.1. Introduction 31339.2. From the specificities of services to the definitions of service innovation 31439.3. Typologies and theoretical variations of service innovation 31539.4. Conclusion 31739.5. References 318Chapter 40. Social – Social Economy and Social Innovation 319Paul MULLER40.1. Introduction 31940.2. Research on social innovation in economics and management 32040.3. Defining social innovation 32040.4. The production of social innovations: “top-down” and “bottom-up” logics 32140.5. The roles of social economy in the production of social innovations 32240.6. Conclusion and issues 32340.7. References 324Chapter 41. Space – Innovation in Urban or Rural Spaces 327Delphine GALLAUD41.1. Introduction 32741.2. A concentration of innovation in urban spaces? 32841.3. An underestimation of the innovation of firms located in peripheral areas? 32941.4. Conclusion 33141.5. References 332Chapter 42. Standardization – Standardization and Innovation Management 335Laure MOREL42.1. Introduction 33542.2. Prerequisite for standards applied to innovation 33642.2.1. What exactly is innovation? 33742.2.2. Why do you want to manage the innovation process? 33742.2.3. How can we manage innovation? 33842.3. Standards applied to innovation: promoting agility 33942.3.1. Why then have a standard on innovation management? 34042.4. Conclusion 34242.5. References 342Chapter 43. Synchronization – Synchronization and Coordination of Innovation 343Sana ELOUAER-MRIZAK43.1. Introduction 34343.2. Innovation networks and synchronization 34443.3. Coordination and proximity 34743.4. Coordination at the heart of innovative performance 34843.5. References 349Chapter 44. System – National Innovation System: The Primacy of Interactions Between Economic Actors 351Vanessa CASADELLA44.1. Introduction 35144.2. The NIS and nature of multi-actor interactions 35244.3. The NIS and economic development 35444.4. Conclusion 35544.5. References 355Chapter 45. Tax – Taxation and Innovation: Incentives, Attractiveness and Innovation Policies 357Olivier ESNEU45.1. Introduction 35745.2. Taxation and incentives 35745.3. Taxation and attractiveness 35945.4. Taxation and innovation policy 35945.5. Conclusion 36145.6. References 361Chapter 46. Technology – Theoretical Model of Technology for Innovation 363Angelo BONOMI46.1. Introduction 36346.2. Model of technology 36346.3. Technological processes 36446.3.1. Externality effect 36446.3.2. Intranality effect 36546.3.3. Ramification of technologies 36546.3.4. Velocity of innovation 36646.3.5. The Red Queen regime 36646.3.6. Technology transfer and know-how 36746.4. The process of technology innovation 36746.5. Application of the theoretical model 36946.6. References 369Chapter 47. Timing – Timing of Innovation: The Central Position of the Innovative Enterprise 371Babacar NDIAYE47.1. Introduction 37147.2. Foundations of the timing of innovation 37247.3. Key elements of innovation dating 37247.4. The enrichment of the chronological study 37347.5. Conclusion 37547.6. References 375Chapter 48. Trajectory – Innovation Trajectories and Dynamic Capabilities 377Blandine LAPERCHE48.1. Introduction 37748.2. Paradigms and technological trajectories: theoretical and empirical approaches 37848.3. The company’s trajectory or the evolution path 37948.4. Trajectory formation: dynamic capabilities and knowledge capital 38048.5. The collective dimension of trajectories and its consequences 38048.6. Conclusion 38148.7. References 382Chapter 49. User – User Innovation: Interactions Between Users and Firms in Innovation Processes 383Francesco SCHIAVONE49.1. Introduction 38349.2. Motivations for user innovation 38449.3. The role of users in innovation processes 38549.4. The symbiosis between user innovation and manufacturer innovation 38549.5. Conclusion 38749.6. References 387Chapter 50. Value – The Value of Innovations: Specificity and Evaluation Methods of Innovation 389Marc BAUDRY50.1. Introduction 38950.2. Where does the value of innovations come from? 39050.3. Methods for assessing the private value of innovations 39150.4. The social value of innovations 39350.5. Conclusion 39450.6. References 395Chapter 51. Work – Innovative Behavior at Work 397Audrey BECUWE51.1. Introduction 39751.2. Organizational innovation and work behavior 39751.3. Theoretical perspectives on work behavior 40051.4. Conclusion 40151.5. References 402Chapter 52. X-Innovation – The Polymorphism of Innovation 403Blandine LAPERCHE52.1. Introduction 40352.2. Terms 40452.3. References 410List of Authors 411Index 415Summary of Volume 2 421

Dimitri Uzunidis is a Professor of Political Economy and the Honorary President of the Research Network on Innovation in France. He has directed and edited several journals and collections on the study of innovation. As a specialist in change, he provides expertise for various international organizations. Fedoua Kasmi, Doctor of Economics, is currently a researcher at the University of Lorraine and a member of the Research Network on Innovation in France. Her research focuses on the analysis of the territorial innovation trajectories and the determinants of the emergence of innovative eco-milieus. Laurent Adatto is a Doctor of Economics and Management of Technology and Innovation at CNAM and a researcher and editorial manager of the Research Network on Innovation in France. His research interests include organizations� open source and open innovation strategies, standardization processes and the future of the software and ICT sectors.

• Introduction xixDimitri UZUNIDIS and Fedoua KASMIChapter 1. Economy – Innovation Economics and the Dynamics of Interactions 1Sophie BOUTILLIER, Vanessa CASADELLA and Blandine LAPERCHE1.1. Introduction 11.2. The definition of innovation and the primacy of J.A. Schumpeter’s work 21.3. How can we measure innovation, in all its forms? 61.4. From the entrepreneur to the multiple actors of innovation 101.5. Innovation policies and the innovation system 141.6. Conclusion 181.7. References 19Chapter 2. Management – Managing Innovation According to Space, Time and Matter 25Bérangère L. SZOSTAK, Michael E. LAVIOLETTE and Thierry BURGER-HELMCHEN2.1. Introduction 252.2. Managing innovation: a question of space 272.2.1. Delimiting and/or expanding organizational spaces 282.2.2. Developing links within and outside the spaces 302.3. Managing innovation: a matter of time 322.3.1. The innovation process, a long-term process 322.3.2. Managing innovation means managing the time for decisions 342.4. Managing innovation: a question of matter 352.4.1. The appropriation of innovation by consumers 352.4.2. Appropriation of innovation by the members of the organization 372.4.3. Capturing the value of innovation 382.5. Conclusion 392.6. References 40Chapter 3. Agriculture – Agricultural and Food Innovations and Agro-ecological Transition 47Ludovic TEMPLE3.1. Introduction 473.2. Two centuries of agricultural revolution without “innovation” 473.3. The green revolutions driven by linear and technological innovation design 483.4. The notion of innovation in the face of agricultural and food transitions 493.5. Sector specificities of innovation in agriculture and food 503.6. Conclusion 513.7. References 52Chapter 4. Anthropology – Anthropological Aspects of Innovation: Defining Benchmarks 55Dominique DESJEUX4.1. Introduction 554.2. Innovation, a total social phenomenon, between invention, diffusion and reception 564.3. The force of constraints or innovation as a process of insertion in a field of contradictory forces 584.4. Conclusion 594.5. References 60Chapter 5. Business – Business Creation and Innovative Entrepreneurial Ecosystems 61Sophie BOUTILLIER5.1. The company, the territory and the ecosystem 625.2. From the business ecosystem to the entrepreneurial ecosystem: polymorphous innovation dynamics? 635.3. References 66Chapter 6. Capacity – Innovation Capacities and Learning Dynamics 69Vanessa CASADELLA6.1. Introduction 696.2. Learning and innovation capacities 706.3. The diversity of innovation capacities 706.4. Capacities, innovation system and competency building 726.5. Conclusion 736.6. References 73Chapter 7. Capital – Knowledge Capital and Innovation: Production and Use of Knowledge in Companies 75Blandine LAPERCHE7.1. Introduction 757.2. Knowledge capital: toward an understanding of the innovation process 767.3. Knowledge capital, tangible and intangible assets 777.4. Knowledge capital and knowledge management within organizations 777.5. Knowledge capital and open innovation 807.6. Conclusion 827.7. References 82Chapter 8. Cluster – Innovative Cluster: Geographical and “Virtual” Proximity in the Digital Era 85Elisa SALVADOR8.1. Introduction 858.2. Innovative clusters: the matter of geographical and “virtual” proximity 868.3. Innovative clusters and the Internet and information and communication technologies revolution 878.4. Conclusion 888.5. References 89Chapter 9. Collaboration – Collaborative and Open Innovation in Highly Competitive Contexts 91Camille AOUINAÏT9.1. Introduction 919.2. Literature review 939.2.1. History 939.3. Collaborative innovation and innovation ecosystems 949.4. Open innovation versus closed innovation 969.5. Conclusion 989.6. References 98Chapter 10. Creativity – Creativity for Innovation: A Mutually Advantageous Relationship 101Raphaël BARY10.1. Introduction 10110.2. Increasingly “creative” representations of innovation 10110.3. Impacts on creativity of its integration in the field of innovation 10310.4. The same shared complexity 10410.5. References 105Chapter 11. Cycles – The Long Cycles of the Economy and the Question of Innovation 107Dimitri UZUNIDIS11.1. Introduction 10711.2. The conditions for cyclical economic development: the key role of innovation 10811.3. Historical time and periodization of the economy 11011.4. Conclusion 11311.5. References 113Chapter 12. Design – Innovative Design: The Importance of a Methodical Approach 115Joëlle FOREST12.1. Introduction 11512.2. What methods should be used to cultivate disruptive innovation in the 21st century? 11612.3. Conclusion 12112.4. References 122Chapter 13. Diffusion – Diffusion and Adoption Behavior of Innovations 123Marc BAUDRY13.1. Introduction 12313.2. The epidemiological approach 12413.3. The discrete choice approach 12513.4. Public dissemination policies 12613.5. Some extensions of the analysis: multiplicity of innovations and institutional framework 12713.6. Conclusion 12813.7. References 128Chapter 14. Disruption – Disruptive Innovation and the Evolution of Competitive Relationships 131Giovanni ZAZZERINI14.1. Introduction 13114.2. The disruptive innovation model 13214.3. The innovator’s dilemma 13414.4. References 135Chapter 15. Ecosystem – Innovation Ecosystem: Generativity, Resilience and Power of Attraction 137Patrick COHENDET15.1. Introduction 13715.2. Theoretical approaches of an innovation ecosystem 13815.3. Main features of innovation ecosystems 13915.4. Conclusion 14015.5. References 141Chapter 16. Entrepreneur – The Innovative Entrepreneur as an Actor of Economic Change 143Sophie BOUTILLIER16.1. Introduction 14316.2. The entrepreneur as an actor of change 14416.3. The evolution of the function of the innovative entrepreneur 14616.4. References 148Chapter 17. Financing – Financing R&D and Innovation 151Béatrice DUMONT17.1. Introduction 15117.2. Information asymmetries and sources of funding 15217.3. Reasons for funding reluctance 15317.4. Public intervention in finance innovation 15417.5. Venture capital 15517.6. Conclusion 15617.7. References 156Chapter 18. Frugality – Frugal Innovation as Inclusive Innovation 159Christian LE BAS and Sana KHAN18.1. Introduction 15918.2. Frugal innovation as a new technological paradigm 15918.3. Case studies 16018.4. Frugal innovation and similar approaches 16118.5. Frugal innovation as an environmental innovation 16218.6. Frugal innovation and sustainability 16318.7. Drivers of frugal innovation: demand-pull and competition effects 16418.8. Conclusion 16418.9. References 165Chapter 19. Future – The Future of Innovative Technologies: Between Imagination and Technological Ideology 167Thomas MICHAUD19.1. Introduction 16719.2. A paradigmatic convergence 16819.3. Technological revolution: the imagined future 16919.4. Conclusion 17119.5. References 172Chapter 20. Hybridization – Hybridization of Tech-Push and Market-Pull Approaches in Innovation Processes 173Florin PAUN20.1. Introduction 17320.2. Definitions of Tech-Push and Market-Pull in the implementation of innovation processes 17420.3. The nine demand readiness level (DRL) stages 17520.4. Hybridization and agility of innovation processes 17620.5. DRL-TRL and its applications to the hybridization dynamics of the Tech Push and Market Pull approaches 17820.6. Impacts of DRL-TRL 17920.7. Conclusion 18020.8. References 180Chapter 21. Incentives – Incentives for Innovation: Diversity and Public–Private Combinations 183Babacar NDIAYE21.1. Introduction 18321.2. The incentive for innovation and its forms 18421.3. Diversity of applications of incentive forms 18521.4. Conclusion 18621.5. References 187Chapter 22. Indicators – The Complexity of Innovation Indicators 189Slim THABET22.1. Introduction 18922.2. Presentation of innovation indicators: input and output approach 19022.3. Main limitations of innovation indicators 19222.4. Conclusion 19322.5. References 194Chapter 23. Information – Information for Innovation: Strategic, Competitive and Technological Intelligence 195Stéphane GORIA23.1. Introduction 19523.2. The monitoring concept 19523.3. “Traditional” monitoring and innovation 19623.4. The search for information and innovation 19723.5. Creative monitoring 19823.6. Strategic innovation monitoring 19923.7. Conclusion 20023.8. References 200Chapter 24. Invention – Shared Inventions and Competitive Innovations 201Michel VIGEZZI24.1. Introduction 20124.2. From invention sharing to shared invention 20224.3. From innovation to competitive innovation 20424.4. From societal dynamics to the links between shared inventions and competitive nnovations 20524.5. References 207Chapter 25. Knowledge – Knowledge Management in Learning Innovative Organizations 209Marcos LIMA25.1. Introduction 20925.2. Knowledge and management 21025.3. History of KM frameworks 21125.4. Key KM concepts 21225.4.1. Learning organizations 21225.4.2. Knowledge management strategies 21325.4.3. Knowledge management tools 21425.5. Conclusion: perspectives for KM 21425.6. References 215Chapter 26. Location – Local Innovation Issues and Priorities for Public Intervention 217Cheikh Abdou Lahad THIAW26.1. Introduction 21726.2. Innovation policies adapted to territories 218xii Innovation Economics, Engineering and Management Handbook 126.3. The territorialized priority of innovation 22126.4. Conclusion 22126.5. References 222Chapter 27. Market – Market Innovation: Opening and Controlling New Markets 225Béatrice SIADOU-MARTIN27.1. Introduction 22527.2. Factors that foster business innovation 22627.3. The multifaceted nature of business innovation 22827.4. Conclusion 23027.5. References 230Chapter 28. Model – Business Models for Innovation Strategies 233Marcos LIMA28.1. Introduction 23328.2. A brief history of the evolution of business models 23428.3. Types of business model innovation 23628.4. Business model design versus business model reconfiguration 23728.5. Business model inertia 23828.6. BMI and competitive advantage 23928.7. Conclusion: perspectives in BMI research 24028.8. References 240Chapter 29. Network – Networks and Development of Innovation Processes 243Delphine GALLAUD29.1. Introduction 24329.2. Knowledge, learning and innovation network 24429.3. Local innovation networks 24629.4. Conclusion 24729.5. References 249Chapter 30. Organization – Modern Innovative Organizational Structures 251Angelo BONOMI30.1. Introduction 25130.2. Organizational structures for innovation 25230.2.1. Industrially financed R&D project system 25230.2.2. Start-up-venture capital system 25330.2.3. Industrial platform system 25430.2.4. Comparison of the various organizational structures 25530.3. Perspectives 25630.4. References 256Chapter 31. Paradigm – The Techno-scientific Paradigm: The Ethical Control of the Technological Progress 259Thomas MICHAUD31.1. Introduction 25931.2. The controversial techno-scientific gigantism 26031.3. Technocracy and technicism 26131.4. Technosciences and innovation in debate 26231.5. Conclusion 26331.6. References 264Chapter 32. Pattern – Linear, Interactive and Hybrid Patterns of Innovation 265Blandine LAPERCHE32.1. Introduction 26532.2. The linear model of innovation 26632.3. Towards interactive models 26832.4. Hybridization of linear and interactive models of innovation 27032.5. Conclusion 27232.6. References 273Chapter 33. Persistence – The Economic Analysis of Persistent Innovation 275Christian LE BAS33.1. Introduction 27533.2. Persistent innovation: definition 27533.3. Why is the notion of innovation persistence debatable? 27733.4. Measurement of the phenomenon 27733.5. Explanatory frameworks 27833.6. Innovation persistence and the significance of economic evolution: path and past dependence 27933.7. Conclusion 27933.8. References 280Chapter 34. Policy – Reinventing Innovation: From Criticisms of the Traditional Paradigm to Policy Transformation 281Pierre-Benoit JOLY34.1. Introduction 28134.2. Criticisms of the central innovation paradigm 28234.3. Transformations of innovation policies: directionality and social innovation 28334.4. Conclusion 28534.5. References 286Chapter 35. Property – Intellectual Property and Innovation 287Béatrice DUMONT35.1. Introduction 28735.2. IPRs: some imperfect but unmatched mechanisms 28835.3. The multidimensional impact of protection on innovation 28935.4. The new roles of IPRs 29035.5. Conclusion 29135.6. References 292Chapter 36. Proximity – Impacts of Geographic, Organizational and Cognitive Proximities on Innovation 293Damien TALBOT36.1. Introduction 29336.2. A geographical proximity that plays favorably on innovation, without being indispensable 29436.3. Other proximities have both positive and negative effects on innovation 29536.4. Conclusion 29736.5. References 298Chapter 37. Responsibility – Responsible Innovation in Corporate Strategy and Public Policy 299Leïla TEMRI37.1. Introduction 29937.2. Responsible research and innovation policy 29937.2.1. The responsibility of researchers and innovators in science and technology 30037.2.2. Technological assessment: from autonomous technology to the social construction of techniques 30037.2.3. Responsible research and innovation in policy 30137.3. Responsible innovation in companies 30237.4. Conclusion 30437.5. References 304Chapter 38. Revolution – Innovations and Industrial Revolution 307Cédric PERRIN38.1. Introduction 30738.2. From the technical revolution to the industrial revolution: what is the history? 30738.3. The discontinuous diffusion of innovations in the face of the techniques in use 30938.4. When the context stimulates innovation 31138.5. Conclusion 31138.6. References 312Chapter 39. Services – Defining Service Innovation 313Céline MERLIN-BROGNIART39.1. Introduction 31339.2. From the specificities of services to the definitions of service innovation 31439.3. Typologies and theoretical variations of service innovation 31539.4. Conclusion 31739.5. References 318Chapter 40. Social – Social Economy and Social Innovation 319Paul MULLER40.1. Introduction 31940.2. Research on social innovation in economics and management 32040.3. Defining social innovation 32040.4. The production of social innovations: “top-down” and “bottom-up” logics 32140.5. The roles of social economy in the production of social innovations 32240.6. Conclusion and issues 32340.7. References 324Chapter 41. Space – Innovation in Urban or Rural Spaces 327Delphine GALLAUD41.1. Introduction 32741.2. A concentration of innovation in urban spaces? 32841.3. An underestimation of the innovation of firms located in peripheral areas? 32941.4. Conclusion 33141.5. References 332Chapter 42. Standardization – Standardization and Innovation Management 335Laure MOREL42.1. Introduction 33542.2. Prerequisite for standards applied to innovation 33642.2.1. What exactly is innovation? 33742.2.2. Why do you want to manage the innovation process? 33742.2.3. How can we manage innovation? 33842.3. Standards applied to innovation: promoting agility 33942.3.1. Why then have a standard on innovation management? 34042.4. Conclusion 34242.5. References 342Chapter 43. Synchronization – Synchronization and Coordination of Innovation 343Sana ELOUAER-MRIZAK43.1. Introduction 34343.2. Innovation networks and synchronization 34443.3. Coordination and proximity 34743.4. Coordination at the heart of innovative performance 34843.5. References 349Chapter 44. System – National Innovation System: The Primacy of Interactions Between Economic Actors 351Vanessa CASADELLA44.1. Introduction 35144.2. The NIS and nature of multi-actor interactions 35244.3. The NIS and economic development 35444.4. Conclusion 35544.5. References 355Chapter 45. Tax – Taxation and Innovation: Incentives, Attractiveness and Innovation Policies 357Olivier ESNEU45.1. Introduction 35745.2. Taxation and incentives 35745.3. Taxation and attractiveness 35945.4. Taxation and innovation policy 35945.5. Conclusion 36145.6. References 361Chapter 46. Technology – Theoretical Model of Technology for Innovation 363Angelo BONOMI46.1. Introduction 36346.2. Model of technology 36346.3. Technological processes 36446.3.1. Externality effect 36446.3.2. Intranality effect 36546.3.3. Ramification of technologies 36546.3.4. Velocity of innovation 36646.3.5. The Red Queen regime 36646.3.6. Technology transfer and know-how 36746.4. The process of technology innovation 36746.5. Application of the theoretical model 36946.6. References 369Chapter 47. Timing – Timing of Innovation: The Central Position of the Innovative Enterprise 371Babacar NDIAYE47.1. Introduction 37147.2. Foundations of the timing of innovation 37247.3. Key elements of innovation dating 37247.4. The enrichment of the chronological study 37347.5. Conclusion 37547.6. References 375Chapter 48. Trajectory – Innovation Trajectories and Dynamic Capabilities 377Blandine LAPERCHE48.1. Introduction 37748.2. Paradigms and technological trajectories: theoretical and empirical approaches 37848.3. The company’s trajectory or the evolution path 37948.4. Trajectory formation: dynamic capabilities and knowledge capital 38048.5. The collective dimension of trajectories and its consequences 38048.6. Conclusion 38148.7. References 382Chapter 49. User – User Innovation: Interactions Between Users and Firms in Innovation Processes 383Francesco SCHIAVONE49.1. Introduction 38349.2. Motivations for user innovation 38449.3. The role of users in innovation processes 38549.4. The symbiosis between user innovation and manufacturer innovation 38549.5. Conclusion 38749.6. References 387Chapter 50. Value – The Value of Innovations: Specificity and Evaluation Methods of Innovation 389Marc BAUDRY50.1. Introduction 38950.2. Where does the value of innovations come from? 39050.3. Methods for assessing the private value of innovations 39150.4. The social value of innovations 39350.5. Conclusion 39450.6. References 395Chapter 51. Work – Innovative Behavior at Work 397Audrey BECUWE51.1. Introduction 39751.2. Organizational innovation and work behavior 39751.3. Theoretical perspectives on work behavior 40051.4. Conclusion 40151.5. References 402Chapter 52. X-Innovation – The Polymorphism of Innovation 403Blandine LAPERCHE52.1. Introduction 40352.2. Terms 40452.3. References 410List of Authors 411Index 415Summary of Volume 2 421

Dimitri Uzunidis is a Professor of Political Economy and the Honorary President of the Research Network on Innovation in France. He has directed and edited several journals and collections on the study of innovation. As a specialist in change, he provides expertise for various international organizations. Fedoua Kasmi, Doctor of Economics, is currently a researcher at the University of Lorraine and a member of the Research Network on Innovation in France. Her research focuses on the analysis of the territorial innovation trajectories and the determinants of the emergence of innovative eco-milieus. Laurent Adatto is a Doctor of Economics and Management of Technology and Innovation at CNAM and a researcher and editorial manager of the Research Network on Innovation in France. His research interests include organizations� open source and open innovation strategies, standardization processes and the future of the software and ICT sectors.

• Introduction xixDimitri UZUNIDIS and Fedoua KASMIChapter 1. Economy – Innovation Economics and the Dynamics of Interactions 1Sophie BOUTILLIER, Vanessa CASADELLA and Blandine LAPERCHE1.1. Introduction 11.2. The definition of innovation and the primacy of J.A. Schumpeter’s work 21.3. How can we measure innovation, in all its forms? 61.4. From the entrepreneur to the multiple actors of innovation 101.5. Innovation policies and the innovation system 141.6. Conclusion 181.7. References 19Chapter 2. Management – Managing Innovation According to Space, Time and Matter 25Bérangère L. SZOSTAK, Michael E. LAVIOLETTE and Thierry BURGER-HELMCHEN2.1. Introduction 252.2. Managing innovation: a question of space 272.2.1. Delimiting and/or expanding organizational spaces 282.2.2. Developing links within and outside the spaces 302.3. Managing innovation: a matter of time 322.3.1. The innovation process, a long-term process 322.3.2. Managing innovation means managing the time for decisions 342.4. Managing innovation: a question of matter 352.4.1. The appropriation of innovation by consumers 352.4.2. Appropriation of innovation by the members of the organization 372.4.3. Capturing the value of innovation 382.5. Conclusion 392.6. References 40Chapter 3. Agriculture – Agricultural and Food Innovations and Agro-ecological Transition 47Ludovic TEMPLE3.1. Introduction 473.2. Two centuries of agricultural revolution without “innovation” 473.3. The green revolutions driven by linear and technological innovation design 483.4. The notion of innovation in the face of agricultural and food transitions 493.5. Sector specificities of innovation in agriculture and food 503.6. Conclusion 513.7. References 52Chapter 4. Anthropology – Anthropological Aspects of Innovation: Defining Benchmarks 55Dominique DESJEUX4.1. Introduction 554.2. Innovation, a total social phenomenon, between invention, diffusion and reception 564.3. The force of constraints or innovation as a process of insertion in a field of contradictory forces 584.4. Conclusion 594.5. References 60Chapter 5. Business – Business Creation and Innovative Entrepreneurial Ecosystems 61Sophie BOUTILLIER5.1. The company, the territory and the ecosystem 625.2. From the business ecosystem to the entrepreneurial ecosystem: polymorphous innovation dynamics? 635.3. References 66Chapter 6. Capacity – Innovation Capacities and Learning Dynamics 69Vanessa CASADELLA6.1. Introduction 696.2. Learning and innovation capacities 706.3. The diversity of innovation capacities 706.4. Capacities, innovation system and competency building 726.5. Conclusion 736.6. References 73Chapter 7. Capital – Knowledge Capital and Innovation: Production and Use of Knowledge in Companies 75Blandine LAPERCHE7.1. Introduction 757.2. Knowledge capital: toward an understanding of the innovation process 767.3. Knowledge capital, tangible and intangible assets 777.4. Knowledge capital and knowledge management within organizations 777.5. Knowledge capital and open innovation 807.6. Conclusion 827.7. References 82Chapter 8. Cluster – Innovative Cluster: Geographical and “Virtual” Proximity in the Digital Era 85Elisa SALVADOR8.1. Introduction 858.2. Innovative clusters: the matter of geographical and “virtual” proximity 868.3. Innovative clusters and the Internet and information and communication technologies revolution 878.4. Conclusion 888.5. References 89Chapter 9. Collaboration – Collaborative and Open Innovation in Highly Competitive Contexts 91Camille AOUINAÏT9.1. Introduction 919.2. Literature review 939.2.1. History 939.3. Collaborative innovation and innovation ecosystems 949.4. Open innovation versus closed innovation 969.5. Conclusion 989.6. References 98Chapter 10. Creativity – Creativity for Innovation: A Mutually Advantageous Relationship 101Raphaël BARY10.1. Introduction 10110.2. Increasingly “creative” representations of innovation 10110.3. Impacts on creativity of its integration in the field of innovation 10310.4. The same shared complexity 10410.5. References 105Chapter 11. Cycles – The Long Cycles of the Economy and the Question of Innovation 107Dimitri UZUNIDIS11.1. Introduction 10711.2. The conditions for cyclical economic development: the key role of innovation 10811.3. Historical time and periodization of the economy 11011.4. Conclusion 11311.5. References 113Chapter 12. Design – Innovative Design: The Importance of a Methodical Approach 115Joëlle FOREST12.1. Introduction 11512.2. What methods should be used to cultivate disruptive innovation in the 21st century? 11612.3. Conclusion 12112.4. References 122Chapter 13. Diffusion – Diffusion and Adoption Behavior of Innovations 123Marc BAUDRY13.1. Introduction 12313.2. The epidemiological approach 12413.3. The discrete choice approach 12513.4. Public dissemination policies 12613.5. Some extensions of the analysis: multiplicity of innovations and institutional framework 12713.6. Conclusion 12813.7. References 128Chapter 14. Disruption – Disruptive Innovation and the Evolution of Competitive Relationships 131Giovanni ZAZZERINI14.1. Introduction 13114.2. The disruptive innovation model 13214.3. The innovator’s dilemma 13414.4. References 135Chapter 15. Ecosystem – Innovation Ecosystem: Generativity, Resilience and Power of Attraction 137Patrick COHENDET15.1. Introduction 13715.2. Theoretical approaches of an innovation ecosystem 13815.3. Main features of innovation ecosystems 13915.4. Conclusion 14015.5. References 141Chapter 16. Entrepreneur – The Innovative Entrepreneur as an Actor of Economic Change 143Sophie BOUTILLIER16.1. Introduction 14316.2. The entrepreneur as an actor of change 14416.3. The evolution of the function of the innovative entrepreneur 14616.4. References 148Chapter 17. Financing – Financing R&D and Innovation 151Béatrice DUMONT17.1. Introduction 15117.2. Information asymmetries and sources of funding 15217.3. Reasons for funding reluctance 15317.4. Public intervention in finance innovation 15417.5. Venture capital 15517.6. Conclusion 15617.7. References 156Chapter 18. Frugality – Frugal Innovation as Inclusive Innovation 159Christian LE BAS and Sana KHAN18.1. Introduction 15918.2. Frugal innovation as a new technological paradigm 15918.3. Case studies 16018.4. Frugal innovation and similar approaches 16118.5. Frugal innovation as an environmental innovation 16218.6. Frugal innovation and sustainability 16318.7. Drivers of frugal innovation: demand-pull and competition effects 16418.8. Conclusion 16418.9. References 165Chapter 19. Future – The Future of Innovative Technologies: Between Imagination and Technological Ideology 167Thomas MICHAUD19.1. Introduction 16719.2. A paradigmatic convergence 16819.3. Technological revolution: the imagined future 16919.4. Conclusion 17119.5. References 172Chapter 20. Hybridization – Hybridization of Tech-Push and Market-Pull Approaches in Innovation Processes 173Florin PAUN20.1. Introduction 17320.2. Definitions of Tech-Push and Market-Pull in the implementation of innovation processes 17420.3. The nine demand readiness level (DRL) stages 17520.4. Hybridization and agility of innovation processes 17620.5. DRL-TRL and its applications to the hybridization dynamics of the Tech Push and Market Pull approaches 17820.6. Impacts of DRL-TRL 17920.7. Conclusion 18020.8. References 180Chapter 21. Incentives – Incentives for Innovation: Diversity and Public–Private Combinations 183Babacar NDIAYE21.1. Introduction 18321.2. The incentive for innovation and its forms 18421.3. Diversity of applications of incentive forms 18521.4. Conclusion 18621.5. References 187Chapter 22. Indicators – The Complexity of Innovation Indicators 189Slim THABET22.1. Introduction 18922.2. Presentation of innovation indicators: input and output approach 19022.3. Main limitations of innovation indicators 19222.4. Conclusion 19322.5. References 194Chapter 23. Information – Information for Innovation: Strategic, Competitive and Technological Intelligence 195Stéphane GORIA23.1. Introduction 19523.2. The monitoring concept 19523.3. “Traditional” monitoring and innovation 19623.4. The search for information and innovation 19723.5. Creative monitoring 19823.6. Strategic innovation monitoring 19923.7. Conclusion 20023.8. References 200Chapter 24. Invention – Shared Inventions and Competitive Innovations 201Michel VIGEZZI24.1. Introduction 20124.2. From invention sharing to shared invention 20224.3. From innovation to competitive innovation 20424.4. From societal dynamics to the links between shared inventions and competitive nnovations 20524.5. References 207Chapter 25. Knowledge – Knowledge Management in Learning Innovative Organizations 209Marcos LIMA25.1. Introduction 20925.2. Knowledge and management 21025.3. History of KM frameworks 21125.4. Key KM concepts 21225.4.1. Learning organizations 21225.4.2. Knowledge management strategies 21325.4.3. Knowledge management tools 21425.5. Conclusion: perspectives for KM 21425.6. References 215Chapter 26. Location – Local Innovation Issues and Priorities for Public Intervention 217Cheikh Abdou Lahad THIAW26.1. Introduction 21726.2. Innovation policies adapted to territories 218xii Innovation Economics, Engineering and Management Handbook 126.3. The territorialized priority of innovation 22126.4. Conclusion 22126.5. References 222Chapter 27. Market – Market Innovation: Opening and Controlling New Markets 225Béatrice SIADOU-MARTIN27.1. Introduction 22527.2. Factors that foster business innovation 22627.3. The multifaceted nature of business innovation 22827.4. Conclusion 23027.5. References 230Chapter 28. Model – Business Models for Innovation Strategies 233Marcos LIMA28.1. Introduction 23328.2. A brief history of the evolution of business models 23428.3. Types of business model innovation 23628.4. Business model design versus business model reconfiguration 23728.5. Business model inertia 23828.6. BMI and competitive advantage 23928.7. Conclusion: perspectives in BMI research 24028.8. References 240Chapter 29. Network – Networks and Development of Innovation Processes 243Delphine GALLAUD29.1. Introduction 24329.2. Knowledge, learning and innovation network 24429.3. Local innovation networks 24629.4. Conclusion 24729.5. References 249Chapter 30. Organization – Modern Innovative Organizational Structures 251Angelo BONOMI30.1. Introduction 25130.2. Organizational structures for innovation 25230.2.1. Industrially financed R&D project system 25230.2.2. Start-up-venture capital system 25330.2.3. Industrial platform system 25430.2.4. Comparison of the various organizational structures 25530.3. Perspectives 25630.4. References 256Chapter 31. Paradigm – The Techno-scientific Paradigm: The Ethical Control of the Technological Progress 259Thomas MICHAUD31.1. Introduction 25931.2. The controversial techno-scientific gigantism 26031.3. Technocracy and technicism 26131.4. Technosciences and innovation in debate 26231.5. Conclusion 26331.6. References 264Chapter 32. Pattern – Linear, Interactive and Hybrid Patterns of Innovation 265Blandine LAPERCHE32.1. Introduction 26532.2. The linear model of innovation 26632.3. Towards interactive models 26832.4. Hybridization of linear and interactive models of innovation 27032.5. Conclusion 27232.6. References 273Chapter 33. Persistence – The Economic Analysis of Persistent Innovation 275Christian LE BAS33.1. Introduction 27533.2. Persistent innovation: definition 27533.3. Why is the notion of innovation persistence debatable? 27733.4. Measurement of the phenomenon 27733.5. Explanatory frameworks 27833.6. Innovation persistence and the significance of economic evolution: path and past dependence 27933.7. Conclusion 27933.8. References 280Chapter 34. Policy – Reinventing Innovation: From Criticisms of the Traditional Paradigm to Policy Transformation 281Pierre-Benoit JOLY34.1. Introduction 28134.2. Criticisms of the central innovation paradigm 28234.3. Transformations of innovation policies: directionality and social innovation 28334.4. Conclusion 28534.5. References 286Chapter 35. Property – Intellectual Property and Innovation 287Béatrice DUMONT35.1. Introduction 28735.2. IPRs: some imperfect but unmatched mechanisms 28835.3. The multidimensional impact of protection on innovation 28935.4. The new roles of IPRs 29035.5. Conclusion 29135.6. References 292Chapter 36. Proximity – Impacts of Geographic, Organizational and Cognitive Proximities on Innovation 293Damien TALBOT36.1. Introduction 29336.2. A geographical proximity that plays favorably on innovation, without being indispensable 29436.3. Other proximities have both positive and negative effects on innovation 29536.4. Conclusion 29736.5. References 298Chapter 37. Responsibility – Responsible Innovation in Corporate Strategy and Public Policy 299Leïla TEMRI37.1. Introduction 29937.2. Responsible research and innovation policy 29937.2.1. The responsibility of researchers and innovators in science and technology 30037.2.2. Technological assessment: from autonomous technology to the social construction of techniques 30037.2.3. Responsible research and innovation in policy 30137.3. Responsible innovation in companies 30237.4. Conclusion 30437.5. References 304Chapter 38. Revolution – Innovations and Industrial Revolution 307Cédric PERRIN38.1. Introduction 30738.2. From the technical revolution to the industrial revolution: what is the history? 30738.3. The discontinuous diffusion of innovations in the face of the techniques in use 30938.4. When the context stimulates innovation 31138.5. Conclusion 31138.6. References 312Chapter 39. Services – Defining Service Innovation 313Céline MERLIN-BROGNIART39.1. Introduction 31339.2. From the specificities of services to the definitions of service innovation 31439.3. Typologies and theoretical variations of service innovation 31539.4. Conclusion 31739.5. References 318Chapter 40. Social – Social Economy and Social Innovation 319Paul MULLER40.1. Introduction 31940.2. Research on social innovation in economics and management 32040.3. Defining social innovation 32040.4. The production of social innovations: “top-down” and “bottom-up” logics 32140.5. The roles of social economy in the production of social innovations 32240.6. Conclusion and issues 32340.7. References 324Chapter 41. Space – Innovation in Urban or Rural Spaces 327Delphine GALLAUD41.1. Introduction 32741.2. A concentration of innovation in urban spaces? 32841.3. An underestimation of the innovation of firms located in peripheral areas? 32941.4. Conclusion 33141.5. References 332Chapter 42. Standardization – Standardization and Innovation Management 335Laure MOREL42.1. Introduction 33542.2. Prerequisite for standards applied to innovation 33642.2.1. What exactly is innovation? 33742.2.2. Why do you want to manage the innovation process? 33742.2.3. How can we manage innovation? 33842.3. Standards applied to innovation: promoting agility 33942.3.1. Why then have a standard on innovation management? 34042.4. Conclusion 34242.5. References 342Chapter 43. Synchronization – Synchronization and Coordination of Innovation 343Sana ELOUAER-MRIZAK43.1. Introduction 34343.2. Innovation networks and synchronization 34443.3. Coordination and proximity 34743.4. Coordination at the heart of innovative performance 34843.5. References 349Chapter 44. System – National Innovation System: The Primacy of Interactions Between Economic Actors 351Vanessa CASADELLA44.1. Introduction 35144.2. The NIS and nature of multi-actor interactions 35244.3. The NIS and economic development 35444.4. Conclusion 35544.5. References 355Chapter 45. Tax – Taxation and Innovation: Incentives, Attractiveness and Innovation Policies 357Olivier ESNEU45.1. Introduction 35745.2. Taxation and incentives 35745.3. Taxation and attractiveness 35945.4. Taxation and innovation policy 35945.5. Conclusion 36145.6. References 361Chapter 46. Technology – Theoretical Model of Technology for Innovation 363Angelo BONOMI46.1. Introduction 36346.2. Model of technology 36346.3. Technological processes 36446.3.1. Externality effect 36446.3.2. Intranality effect 36546.3.3. Ramification of technologies 36546.3.4. Velocity of innovation 36646.3.5. The Red Queen regime 36646.3.6. Technology transfer and know-how 36746.4. The process of technology innovation 36746.5. Application of the theoretical model 36946.6. References 369Chapter 47. Timing – Timing of Innovation: The Central Position of the Innovative Enterprise 371Babacar NDIAYE47.1. Introduction 37147.2. Foundations of the timing of innovation 37247.3. Key elements of innovation dating 37247.4. The enrichment of the chronological study 37347.5. Conclusion 37547.6. References 375Chapter 48. Trajectory – Innovation Trajectories and Dynamic Capabilities 377Blandine LAPERCHE48.1. Introduction 37748.2. Paradigms and technological trajectories: theoretical and empirical approaches 37848.3. The company’s trajectory or the evolution path 37948.4. Trajectory formation: dynamic capabilities and knowledge capital 38048.5. The collective dimension of trajectories and its consequences 38048.6. Conclusion 38148.7. References 382Chapter 49. User – User Innovation: Interactions Between Users and Firms in Innovation Processes 383Francesco SCHIAVONE49.1. Introduction 38349.2. Motivations for user innovation 38449.3. The role of users in innovation processes 38549.4. The symbiosis between user innovation and manufacturer innovation 38549.5. Conclusion 38749.6. References 387Chapter 50. Value – The Value of Innovations: Specificity and Evaluation Methods of Innovation 389Marc BAUDRY50.1. Introduction 38950.2. Where does the value of innovations come from? 39050.3. Methods for assessing the private value of innovations 39150.4. The social value of innovations 39350.5. Conclusion 39450.6. References 395Chapter 51. Work – Innovative Behavior at Work 397Audrey BECUWE51.1. Introduction 39751.2. Organizational innovation and work behavior 39751.3. Theoretical perspectives on work behavior 40051.4. Conclusion 40151.5. References 402Chapter 52. X-Innovation – The Polymorphism of Innovation 403Blandine LAPERCHE52.1. Introduction 40352.2. Terms 40452.3. References 410List of Authors 411Index 415Summary of Volume 2 421