Institutional Standards Factory

Henri Hudrisier is an associate professor (HDR), a member of the ITEN UNESCO-FMSH Chair and an associate researcher at the Paragraphe laboratory (Paris 8 University). He has 45 years of experience with AFNOR, CEN and ISO, and currently serves as an expert with ISO/IEC JTC1/SC36 (e-learning) and AFNOR/VTDI (smart cities)

• Foreword ixLaurent ROMARYPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xviiAbbreviations and Acronyms xxiIntroduction xxxiChapter 1. The Forerunners of Standardization 11.1. Standardization in Antiquity: writing, knowledge and metrology 21.2. The stages of the standardization of text before printing 91.3. The pecia: de jure standardization of a manuscript 121.4. Printing and engraving: tools of standardization 131.4.1. The Grecs du Roy and the standardization of the typographic point 151.4.2. A revolution in perspective: standardizing a point of view 171.4.3. Engraving and the standardization of technical presentations 191.5. Metrological uniqueness, the engine of metrological prosperity 211.6. Measuring the Earth: metrology's scientific quest 241.7. Turgot, standardizer of metallurgy and metrology 26Chapter 2. The 19th Century: The Establishment of Institutions 292.1. The French Revolution: metric system and telegraph 312.1.1. The decimal metric system at the heart of the Revolution 322.1.2. The Republican Calendar and decimality under the Terror 352.1.3. The metric system before the standardized body in Sèvres 392.1.4. Chappe's technological and institutional innovations 402.2. Disparities in European technologies and standardization 422.2.1. Technological advances in Britain 432.2.2. Monge: descriptive geometry and industrial design 452.2.3. The new media: photography, cinema. 462.3. The post-1850 move toward international technical regulation 472.4. The exemplary case of Standard Oil 472.5. The Great Exhibitions – incubators for the ITU, BIPM and IEC 482.6. The invention and founding of standardization organizations 502.6.1. The 19th century: an era of networks 532.6.2. Undersea cables: an absolute need for standardization 562.6.3. The need for uniformity across electric telegraphy 572.6.4. The Germanic origins of a telegraphic union 602.7. 1865, the founding of the ITU following the Paris Convention 632.7.1. The delayed inclusion of the telephone by the ITU 652.7.2. The ITU and radiotelegraphy 662.7.3. The ITU, procedural standards and not technical standards 672.8. Paris 1875: the Metre Convention and the creation of the BIPM at Sèvres 702.9. The founding of the IEC 76Chapter 3. The IEC, Inventor of Standards 773.1. Metrological consensus at the Congress of Electricians in 1881 803.2. The impossibility of giving the BIPM the electrical units 853.3. The stages in the founding of the IEC: 1881, 1904, 1906, 1908 853.3.1. The key personalities involved in founding the IEC 863.3.2. The final steps in the creation of the IEC 903.4. New York, 1926: decentralization of the IEC and creation of the ISA 923.4.1. The IEC's first technical committees 953.4.2. Eugen Wüster's contributions and nomenclature 963.4.3. The creation of mixed committees within the IEC 993.4.4. The increase in the number of TCs and the requirement for SCs 1003.5. IEC diplomacy in the decade from 1940 to 1950 100Contents viiChapter 4. From the ISA to the ISO 1034.1. Generalist national standardization bodies 1044.1.1. Preference for NBs to be independent of States 1074.1.2. The founding of the ISA and its contributions: 1927–1939 1084.2. Standardization before and after the Second World War 1124.2.1. 1945, founding of the ISO by the Allies, continuing the work with the ISA 1134.2.2. The ISO and social and technical changes 1164.2.3. DEVCO, CASCO and COPOLCO 1184.3. The ISO and IEC: a shared model of governance and unique methodology 1204.3.1. The Technical Management Board, a convergence regulator 1224.3.2. Integration of TCs and SCs: the example of ISO/TC 37 1234.3.3. The steps involved in manufacturing standards 126Chapter 5. JTC 1: Convergence Catalyst 1295.1. 1960–1987: the predecessors and establishment of JTC 1 1315.1.1. Technical committees that led to JTC 1 1365.1.2. The first round of SC creation began with JTC 1/SC 2 1405.2. The first round of SCs created in JTC 1: 1964–1991 1475.3. JTC 1/SC 29: JPEG and MPEG 1545.4. The second round of SCs created in JTC 1: 1996–2002 1585.5. JTC 1/SC 36: information technology for learning, education and training 1615.6. The third round of SCs created within JTC 1: 2009–2013 1685.7. The fourth round of SCs created within JTC 1: 2017–2025 1715.8. Working groups attached directly to JTC 1 174Chapter 6. Consortium Standards and Standardization. 1776.1. Unicode: standardization of writing systems from around the world 1806.2. Partnerships and organization of projects within Unicode 1816.2.1. Members and their role 1826.2.2. The technical organization of work 1836.2.3. Deontology 1846.3. The Internet: an ideal digital commons at our fingertips 1856.3.1. The founding of the IETF, IESG, and ISOC 1886.3.2. The W3C and its multiplier effect on the Internet 1896.3.3. Bringing together the W3C, the Internet and data theft by design 1906.4. Academic consortium standards 1936.5. TEI and MEI: Text Encoding Initiative and Music Encoding Initiative 1956.6. Standardizers and GAFAM+ 1996.7. End of 2025: creation of ISO/IEC JTC 4 dedicated to smart cities 2026.7.1. History and objective in an emerging field of standardization: smart and sustainable cities and communities 204Conclusion. 207References 227Index 241