Development and the Sustainable City

Nadège Gunia is Senior Lecturer in Management at the Université Paul Sabatier, France. Her research focuses on cities at all scales and on global cost analysis.Jean-Pierre Mignot is a researcher in Economic Sciences at the Université Paul Sabatier, France. His research focuses on sustainable development and its application to cities.Marc-André Mequignon is a qualified architect and teacher-researcher at the Université Paul Sabatier, France. His research focuses on sustainable development and its applications in buildings and cities.Isabelle Bouchardy is Senior Lecturer in Management at the Université Paul Sabatier, France. She specializes in public strategic management, service performance measurement tools and organizational change representation among other topics.Yann Ferguson is a sociologist of cities and work at INRIA, France, a research associate at Jean Jaurès University and Scientific Director of the LaborIA research program. His research focuses on the instrumentation of human decisions in complex environments.

• Introduction ixJean-Pierre MIGNOTChapter 1 From Development to Sustainable Development: Stakes and Issues Around the Sustainable City 1Jean-Pierre MIGNOT1.1 Introduction 11.2 Development: a concept, a history and its limits 31.2.1 The question of economic development 41.2.2 A brief history of a concept 51.2.3 Return to a definition and its consequences 81.2.4 Development and growth: a functional approach 121.2.5 Development, productivism and consumer society 131.2.6 The environmental consequences of development 171.3 Economic development and collateral damage 211.3.1 Production, consumption and fossil fuels 221.3.2 From economic development to endangering the planet 281.4 The neoliberal city and the environment 381.4.1 A redefinition of the neoliberal city 391.4.2 From the Fordist city to the neoliberal city 411.4.3 Population growth, economic development and urbanization 441.4.4 Urbanization and environment 461.5 From sustainable development to sustainable cities: issues and limits 541.5.1 Origins, foundations and evolution of the concept of sustainable development 551.5.2 A critical approach to the concept of sustainable development 691.5.3 The sustainable city and its limits 831.6 To not conclude 941.7 References 96Chapter 2 The City, Decision-Making Tools and Performance 103Marc-André MEQUIGNON and Jean-Pierre MIGNOT2.1 Introduction 1032.2 The city approached as a system 1042.2.1 The city, a complex system 1042.2.2 The city, a complexity in motion 1052.2.3 The city: the constraints of sustainability 1062.2.4 Difficulties and priorities for the future 1092.3 The city of the future 1112.3.1 Avenues for improvement 1112.3.2 Interdisciplinarity, a necessity 1132.3.3 Technological change and the city 1242.4 Proposal for an approach to improving decision support tools 1282.4.1 A multidisciplinary approach to the design of decision support tools 1282.4.2 Decision support tools and their place in the project process 1292.4.3 Multidisciplinary approach to tool design 1302.5 The city and LCA 1322.5.1 Maturities of the different aspects of LCA 1322.5.2 LCA, an unsuitable tool for the city 1352.6 Agenda 21, a dedicated tool 1422.6.1 Probable causes of a standstill 1422.6.2 Ways to avoid becoming bogged down again 1432.7 Conclusion 1432.8 References 145Chapter 3 Rural Eco-territoriality or the Subtle Alchemy Between Locality and Globality 149Isabelle BOUCHARDY3.1 Introduction 1493.2 Rural territory: what does it mean? 1503.2.1 The state of affairs 1503.2.2 Specificities of identity 1553.3 “Glocalization” of the territory 1583.3.1 Globality 1603.3.2 Locality 1623.4 Sustainable rurality 1653.4.1 Radical or incremental change? 1653.4.2 Strategic areas of action 1683.5 Prequel 1923.5.1 A neglected model 1943.5.2 Moderation versus austerity 1983.6 References 202Chapter 4 The Sustainable City, Between Political Project and Theoretical Cooling 209Yann FERGUSON4.1 Introduction 2094.2 The plan: a positivist paradigm of the modern city 2124.2.1 Progress as a regulatory ideal 2134.2.2 Science as a resolutive modality 2184.2.3 The state’s omniscience and omnipotence 2224.3 The urban project, operational paradigm of the sustainable city 2274.3.1 Uncertainty as regulatory disillusionment 2284.3.2 Partnership as a resolutive modality 2324.3.3 The territory as a legitimate actor 2374.4 The political nature of creating the sustainable city 2424.4.1 The instrumentation of public action: from the “what” to the “how” 2424.4.2 A semi-elitist and unitary democracy 2504.4.3 The sustainable city: a standardized and denatured politics? 2554.5 Conclusion 2614.6 References 262List of Authors 275Index 277