Alice Harris works on syntax, morphology, and historical linguistics cross-linguistically and especially in languages spoken in the Caucasus. She received the Bloomfield Book Award in 1998, was designated Collitz Professor for 2011, was named a Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America in 2012, and was elected President of the Society for 2016.

• Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviation and Conventions 1. Introduction1.1. What is multiple exponence?1.2. Why is multiple exponence of interest to linguists?1.3. Why this book?1.4. The approach taken here1.5. How can we distinguish reanalyzed successive markers from ME?1.6. Conclusion 2. Multiple Exponence in Linguistic Theory: A History of the Inquiry2.1. Introduction2.2. Multiple Exponence and the Elsewhere Condition2.3. Multiple Exponence and the Split Morphology Hypothesis2.4. Multiple Exponence in Distributed Morphology and Articulated Morphology2.5. Multiple Functional heads2.6. Multiple Exponence in Minimalist Morphology2.7. Paradigm Function Morphology2.8. Multiple Exponence in Word and Paradigm Morphology2.9. Optimality Theory and Multiple Exponence2.10. Breton Again2.11. Summary 3. Frequently Found Types of Multiple Exponence3.1. Description of the Database and Method3.2. Exceptional vs. Systematic ME3.3. General Characteristics of Four Frequent Types3.4. Type 1: Dependent ME3.5. Type 2: Alternating ME3.6. Type 3: Supporting ME3.7. Type 4: Subset/Overlapping ME3.8. ME Involving a Non-Affixal Exponent3.9. ME in Compounds3.10. ME in Reduplication3.11. Discussion3.12. Summary 4. Psycholinguistic Approaches4.1. Processing Multiple Exponence4.2. Acquisition of Multiple Exponence4.3. The Psychological Reality of Stem Alternation + Affix4.4. Conclusion 5. Origins of Type 1 (Periodic) Multiple Exponence5.1. Introduction5.2. Grammaticalization of Auxiliaries and Determiners5.3. Auxiliaries that Grammaticalize, Creating Type 1 ME5.4. Grammaticalization of Demonstratives and Articles5.5. The Role of Compounding in the Origin of ME5.6. ME and the Nature of Grammaticalization: Trapped Morphemes5.7. Additional Discussion and Conclusion: Correlations of Grammaticalization with Type 1 ME 6. Origins of Types 2-4: Alternating, Reinforcement, and Accidental Multiple Exponence6.1. Introduction6.2. Literature on the Origins of ME6.3. "Externalization" of Inflection6.4. Processes that Lead to Reinforcement, Type 3 ME: Extension and Borrowing6.5. Origins of Type 4, Accidental ME6.6. The Origins of ME Are Not Limited to These Pathways6.7. Loss of ME6.8. Conclusions 7. Analysis of Multiple Exponence7.1. Introduction7.2. Possible Analyses from a Theory-Neutral Point of View7.3. ME and the Elsewhere Principle: The Problem of Selective Blocking7.4. Morpheme-Based Morphology and ME7.5. Inflection of Derived Words7.6. Realizational Optimality Theory7.7. Conclusion 8. Explanation8.1. Introduction8.2. Affix Adjacency and Affix Identity8.3. Factors Contributing to Reinforcement of Previously Affixed Forms8.4. ME and the Order of Affixes8.5. Why is ME Rare?8.6. Why Do Languages Not Uniformly Eliminate ME? Why is One Exponent Not Sufficient? Appendix A Appendix B References

Alice Harris works on syntax, morphology, and historical linguistics cross-linguistically and especially in languages spoken in the Caucasus. She received the Bloomfield Book Award in 1998, was designated Collitz Professor for 2011, was named a Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America in 2012, and was elected President of the Society for 2016.

• Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviation and Conventions 1. Introduction1.1. What is multiple exponence?1.2. Why is multiple exponence of interest to linguists?1.3. Why this book?1.4. The approach taken here1.5. How can we distinguish reanalyzed successive markers from ME?1.6. Conclusion 2. Multiple Exponence in Linguistic Theory: A History of the Inquiry2.1. Introduction2.2. Multiple Exponence and the Elsewhere Condition2.3. Multiple Exponence and the Split Morphology Hypothesis2.4. Multiple Exponence in Distributed Morphology and Articulated Morphology2.5. Multiple Functional heads2.6. Multiple Exponence in Minimalist Morphology2.7. Paradigm Function Morphology2.8. Multiple Exponence in Word and Paradigm Morphology2.9. Optimality Theory and Multiple Exponence2.10. Breton Again2.11. Summary 3. Frequently Found Types of Multiple Exponence3.1. Description of the Database and Method3.2. Exceptional vs. Systematic ME3.3. General Characteristics of Four Frequent Types3.4. Type 1: Dependent ME3.5. Type 2: Alternating ME3.6. Type 3: Supporting ME3.7. Type 4: Subset/Overlapping ME3.8. ME Involving a Non-Affixal Exponent3.9. ME in Compounds3.10. ME in Reduplication3.11. Discussion3.12. Summary 4. Psycholinguistic Approaches4.1. Processing Multiple Exponence4.2. Acquisition of Multiple Exponence4.3. The Psychological Reality of Stem Alternation + Affix4.4. Conclusion 5. Origins of Type 1 (Periodic) Multiple Exponence5.1. Introduction5.2. Grammaticalization of Auxiliaries and Determiners5.3. Auxiliaries that Grammaticalize, Creating Type 1 ME5.4. Grammaticalization of Demonstratives and Articles5.5. The Role of Compounding in the Origin of ME5.6. ME and the Nature of Grammaticalization: Trapped Morphemes5.7. Additional Discussion and Conclusion: Correlations of Grammaticalization with Type 1 ME 6. Origins of Types 2-4: Alternating, Reinforcement, and Accidental Multiple Exponence6.1. Introduction6.2. Literature on the Origins of ME6.3. "Externalization" of Inflection6.4. Processes that Lead to Reinforcement, Type 3 ME: Extension and Borrowing6.5. Origins of Type 4, Accidental ME6.6. The Origins of ME Are Not Limited to These Pathways6.7. Loss of ME6.8. Conclusions 7. Analysis of Multiple Exponence7.1. Introduction7.2. Possible Analyses from a Theory-Neutral Point of View7.3. ME and the Elsewhere Principle: The Problem of Selective Blocking7.4. Morpheme-Based Morphology and ME7.5. Inflection of Derived Words7.6. Realizational Optimality Theory7.7. Conclusion 8. Explanation8.1. Introduction8.2. Affix Adjacency and Affix Identity8.3. Factors Contributing to Reinforcement of Previously Affixed Forms8.4. ME and the Order of Affixes8.5. Why is ME Rare?8.6. Why Do Languages Not Uniformly Eliminate ME? Why is One Exponent Not Sufficient? Appendix A Appendix B References

Alice Harris works on syntax, morphology, and historical linguistics cross-linguistically and especially in languages spoken in the Caucasus. She received the Bloomfield Book Award in 1998, was designated Collitz Professor for 2011, was named a Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America in 2012, and was elected President of the Society for 2016.

• Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviation and Conventions 1. Introduction1.1. What is multiple exponence?1.2. Why is multiple exponence of interest to linguists?1.3. Why this book?1.4. The approach taken here1.5. How can we distinguish reanalyzed successive markers from ME?1.6. Conclusion 2. Multiple Exponence in Linguistic Theory: A History of the Inquiry2.1. Introduction2.2. Multiple Exponence and the Elsewhere Condition2.3. Multiple Exponence and the Split Morphology Hypothesis2.4. Multiple Exponence in Distributed Morphology and Articulated Morphology2.5. Multiple Functional heads2.6. Multiple Exponence in Minimalist Morphology2.7. Paradigm Function Morphology2.8. Multiple Exponence in Word and Paradigm Morphology2.9. Optimality Theory and Multiple Exponence2.10. Breton Again2.11. Summary 3. Frequently Found Types of Multiple Exponence3.1. Description of the Database and Method3.2. Exceptional vs. Systematic ME3.3. General Characteristics of Four Frequent Types3.4. Type 1: Dependent ME3.5. Type 2: Alternating ME3.6. Type 3: Supporting ME3.7. Type 4: Subset/Overlapping ME3.8. ME Involving a Non-Affixal Exponent3.9. ME in Compounds3.10. ME in Reduplication3.11. Discussion3.12. Summary 4. Psycholinguistic Approaches4.1. Processing Multiple Exponence4.2. Acquisition of Multiple Exponence4.3. The Psychological Reality of Stem Alternation + Affix4.4. Conclusion 5. Origins of Type 1 (Periodic) Multiple Exponence5.1. Introduction5.2. Grammaticalization of Auxiliaries and Determiners5.3. Auxiliaries that Grammaticalize, Creating Type 1 ME5.4. Grammaticalization of Demonstratives and Articles5.5. The Role of Compounding in the Origin of ME5.6. ME and the Nature of Grammaticalization: Trapped Morphemes5.7. Additional Discussion and Conclusion: Correlations of Grammaticalization with Type 1 ME 6. Origins of Types 2-4: Alternating, Reinforcement, and Accidental Multiple Exponence6.1. Introduction6.2. Literature on the Origins of ME6.3. "Externalization" of Inflection6.4. Processes that Lead to Reinforcement, Type 3 ME: Extension and Borrowing6.5. Origins of Type 4, Accidental ME6.6. The Origins of ME Are Not Limited to These Pathways6.7. Loss of ME6.8. Conclusions 7. Analysis of Multiple Exponence7.1. Introduction7.2. Possible Analyses from a Theory-Neutral Point of View7.3. ME and the Elsewhere Principle: The Problem of Selective Blocking7.4. Morpheme-Based Morphology and ME7.5. Inflection of Derived Words7.6. Realizational Optimality Theory7.7. Conclusion 8. Explanation8.1. Introduction8.2. Affix Adjacency and Affix Identity8.3. Factors Contributing to Reinforcement of Previously Affixed Forms8.4. ME and the Order of Affixes8.5. Why is ME Rare?8.6. Why Do Languages Not Uniformly Eliminate ME? Why is One Exponent Not Sufficient? Appendix A Appendix B References