Early American Writings

"A pathbreaking anthology that constitutes the essential multi-ethnic teaching tool in early American studies. All serious students of American civilization are indebted to the editors for mapping this terrain so thoroughly."--Philip E. Gura, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"An exceptionally rich and fascinating anthology combining the familiar and the fairly obscure to give students a truly well-rounded perspective. Intelligent, balanced editing throughout."--Dan O'Bryan, Sierra Nevada College"A much needed anthology. I especially appreciate the range of texts and how students reading them will experience early American culture."--Ronald L. Pitcock, Texas Christian University

• Preface Acknowledgments 1. THE STORIES OF THE PEOPLE: CREATION, EMERGENCE, TRANSFORMATION Penobscot Corn Mother Algonquian A Story about Great Rabbit Iroquois The Creation of the World Iroquois, or the Confederacy of the Five Nations Seneca The Origin of Stories Creek Origins of the People Salish The Beginning Gros Ventres The Creation of the World Acoma Emergence into the Upper World 2. EUROPEANS' NEW WORLD: THE FIRST CENTURY Southern Experiences Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) from The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492-1493 Letter of Columbus, Describing the Results of His First Voyage Amerigo Vespucci (1452?-1512) Letter to Piero Soderini, Gonfaloniere of the Republic of Florence, 1504 Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566) from A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies Prologue / [Preface] / from New Spain Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490?-1577?) from The Relation of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca from Chapter 7: The Character of the Country / from Chapter 8: We Go from Aute / from Chapter 10: The Assault from the Indians / from Chapter 11: Of What Befel Lope de Oviedo with the Indians / from Chapter 21: Our Cure of Some of the Afflicted / from Chapter 24: Customs of the Indians of That Country / from Chapter 27: We Moved Away and Were Well Received / from Chapter 32: The Indians Give Us the Hearts of Deer /from Chapter 33: We See Traces of Christians / from Chapter 34: Of Sending for the Christians Pedro de Castañeda (1510-1570?) from Castañeda's Narrative from Part I from Preface / Chapter 2 / Chapter 3 / from Chapter 9 from Part II Chapter 3 Jean de Léry (1534-1613) from History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America from Preface / Chapter 16 René Goulaine de Laudonnière (1529-1574) from A Notable Historie Containing Foure Voyages Made by Certaine French Captaines unto Florida from Preface/ from The Historie of the First Voyage Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca (1539-1616) from The Florida of the Inca Book I Chapter 3 / Chapter 4 Book II Chapter 1 / Chapter 2 / Chapter 3 / Chapter 4 from Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru, Part I Book I Chapter 6 / Chapter 15 / Chapter 16 / Chapter 17 / Chapter 18 / from Chapter 19 Northern Experiences Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) from The First Relation Samuel de Champlain (1570?-1635) from Voyages and Discoveries in New France To the King / Preface / [Of the Hurons] Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636-1710?) from The Relation of my Voyage, being in Bondage in the Lands of the Irokoits, which was the next yeare after my coming into Canada, in the yeare 1651, the 24th day of May 3. THE STORIES OF THE PEOPLE: STRANGERS IN THE LAND Yucatec Maya The First Seating of the Land Owners Aztec/Mexican History of the Miraculous Apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe in 1531 Hopi The Coming of the Spanish and the Pueblo Revolt Joseph Jeremy, Micmac The Floating Island Yuchi Creation of the Whites Handsome Lake, Seneca How America Was Discovered Lenape and Mahican Arrival of the Dutch Flathead Creation of the Red and White Races 4. BRITAIN'S FIRST CENTURY IN AMERICA Southern Experiences Arthur Barlowe (flourished 1584-1585) from The First Voyage Made to the Coasts of America John Smith (1580-1631) from Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia [Powhatan's Speech to Captain Smith] from A Description of New England from The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles from The Third Booke from Chapter 1 / from Chapter 2 / from Chapter 3 / from Chapter 4 Edward Maria Wingfield (1560?-1613?) A Discourse of Virginia Letters from Virginia John Rolfe: Letter to Sir Thomas Dale (1614) Richard Frethorne: Letters to His Parents (1623) William Fitzhugh: Letter to Dr. Ralph Smith (1686) John Clayton: Letter to the Royal Society of London (1688) Richard Ligon (1634-1703) from A True and Exact History of the Island of Barbados Conflict in the Caribbean and in Virginia Anonymous: Great News from the Barbadoes (1676) Nathaniel Bacon: Manifesto Concerning the Present Troubles in Virginia (1676) John Cotton of Queen's Creek: Bacon's Epitaph and Upon the Death of G: Bacon Northern Experiences William Bradford (1590-1657) from Of Plymouth Plantation The First Book from Chapter 1: [Why the Separatists Left England] / from Chapter 2: [Of Their Departure into Holland] / from Chapter 5: [Showing What Means They Used for Preparation to this Weighty Voyage] / from Chapter 9: [Of Their Voyage] / from Chapter 10: [Showing How They Sought out a Place of Habitation] The Second Book from Chapter 28: Anno Dom: 1637 [The Pequot War] / from Chapter 32: Anno Dom: 1642 [Wickedness Breaks Forth] / from Chapter 33: Anno Dom: 1643 [The Life and Death of Elder Brewster] John Winthrop (1588-1649) A Model of Christian Charity from The Journal of John Winthrop Thomas Morton (1579?-1647) from New English Canaan from The Second Book from Chapter 1: The General Survey of the Country from The Third Book [The Incident at Merry Mount] from Chapter 14: of the Revels of New Canaan / from Chapter 15: of a Great Monster Supposed to be at Ma-re Mount; and the Preparation Made to Destroy it / from Chapter 16: How the Nine Worthies Put Mine Host of Ma-re Mount into the Enchanted Castle at Plymouth and Terrified Him with the Monster Briareus Roger Williams (1603-1683) from A Key into the Language of America from Chapter 21: of Religion, the Soul, etc. from The Bloody Tenet of Persecution, for Cause of Conscience, in a Conference between Truth and Peace A Letter to the Town of Providence John Eliot (1604-1690) from Indian Dialogues, for Their Instruction in that great Service of Christ Dialogue I: [A Dialogue between Pium bukhou and His Unconverted Relatives] Letter to the Honorable Council Sitting at Boston (1675) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) from The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America from The Four Ages of Man from Several Poems Contemplations / Before the Birth of One of Her Children / In Memory of My Dear Grand-child Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665 Being a Year and Half Old Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666. Copied out of a Loose Paper Letters from New England Emmanuel Altham: Letter to Sir Edward Altham (1623) [John] Pond: Letter to His Parents (1630) Edward Taylor (1642?-1729) from Christographia Meditation 44 / from Sermon III from Gods Determinations The Joy of Church Fellowship Rightly Attended Upon a Spider Catching a Fly Upon a Wasp Child with Cold Huswifery Upon Wedlock, and Death of Children The Ebb and Flow A Funerall Poem upon the Death of My Ever Endeared, and Tender Wife Mrs. Elizabeth Taylor, Who Fell Asleep in Christ the 7th Day of July at Night about Two Hours after Sun Setting 1689 and in the 39 Yeare of Her Life Mary White Rowlandson (1637?-1711) Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson John Williams (1664-1729) from The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion A Collection of Poems from New England from The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into English Metre Psalme 1 / Psalme 19 / Psalme 23 / Psalme 137 from The New England Primer (1683) Alphabet / The Dutiful Child's Promises / Verses / The Death of John Rogers John Cotton (1584-1652): A Thankful Acknowledgment of God's Providence Nathaniel Ward (1578-1652): [Mercury shew'd Apollo, Bartas Book] Benjamin Woodbridge (1622-1684): Upon the Author; by a known Friend / Upon the TOMB of the most Reverend Mr. John Cotton, Late Teacher of the Church of Boston in New-England John Josselyn (1608?-1700?): Verses Made Sometime since upon the Picture of a Young and Handsome Gypsie, Not Improperly Transferred upon the Indian Squa 5. NEW SPAIN IN NORTH AMERICA Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648?-1695) from Response to the Most Illustrious Poetess Sor Filotea de la Cruz from Romances [Prologue to the Reader] / [In Reply to a Gentleman from Peru, Who Sent Her Clay Vessels While Suggesting She Would Better Be a Man] / [While by Grace I Am Inspired] Gaspar Perez de Villagrá (1555?-1620) from The History of New Mexico Canto 1 / from Canto 29 / from Canto 30 / from Canto 31 / from Canto 32 Pueblo Conflict in New Spain (1680-1692) Antonio de Otermín: Letter on the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Diego de Vargas: from Letter on the Reconquest of New Mexico (1692) Fray Carlos José Delgado (1677-post-1750) Report Made by Rev. Father Fray Carlos Delgado to Our Rev. Father Ximeno....the Year 1750 Eusebio Francisco Kino (1644-1711) from The Celestial Favors of Jesus Book I Chapter 3: My Arrival at These Missions of Sonora, and My First Entry into this Pimeria, with the Father Visitor, Manuel Gonzales / Chapter 4: Expedition to San Ygnacio de Caborica, San Joseph de Los Himiris, and Nuestra Seora de Los Remedios / Chapter 5: First Opposition Experienced in This New Conversion / Chapter 6: Second Opposition and Discord Sown in Pimeria Francisco Palóu (1723-1789) from Life of Junpero Serra from Chapter 22: The Expeditions Arrive at the Port of Monterey--The Mission and Presidio of San Carlos Are Founded / from Chapter 58: The Exemplary Death of the Venerable Father Junípero José Longinos Martnez (?-1803) from The Journal of José Longinos Martínez from Part Two: Journey through Old California, Cape San Lucas to Mission San Miguel / from Part Three: Journey through New California, San Diego to Monterey 6. NEW FRANCE IN NORTH AMERICA Jean de Brébeuf (1593-1649) from Relation of What Occurred in the Country of the Hurons in the Year 1636 [Dedicatory Letter to Paul Le Jeune] from Part 1: Chapter 1 / Chapter 3 Marie Guyart Martin, Marie de l'Incarnation (1599-1672) Letters to Her Son [The Deaths of Daniel, Brébeuf, and Gabriel Lalemant] / [A New Language to Learn] / [The End of the Huron Mission] / [The Coming of Bishop Laval] / [New France a Crown Colony] / [An Answer to Criticism] Marie Madeleine Hachard, Sister Saint Stanislaus (1704-1760) Letters Written at New Orleans to Her Father October 27, 1727 / January 1, 1728 / April 24, 1728 Louis Vivier (1714-1756) Letters Written among the Illinois June 8, 1750 November 17, 1750 Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz (1695?-1775?) from The History of Louisiana from Book 4 Chapter 1: The Origin of the Americans / from Chapter 2, Section 1: [Of the Natives of Louisiana] / from Chapter 3, Section 2: [Of Their Language, Government, Religion, Ceremonies, and Feasts] 7. THE BRITISH COLONIES OF NORTH AMERICA, THE EARLIER COLONIAL YEARS The Staple Colonies Edward "Ned" Ward (1667-1731) A Trip to Jamaica John Lawson (1670?-1711?) from A New Voyage to Carolina from A Description to North-Carolina / An Account of the Indians of North-Carolina Charles Woodmason (1720?-post-1776) To Benjamin Franklin, Esq., of Philadelphia, on his Experiments and Discoveries in Electricity Indico James Grainger (1721?-1766) from The Sugar-Cane. A Poem. In Four Books. With Notes Book IV: The Genius of Africa Robert Beverley (1673-1722) from History and Present State of Virginia (1705) from Book 1 Chapter 2: Containing an Account of the first Settlement of Chesapeak Bay from Book 3: Of the Indians, Their Religion, Laws, and Customs, in War and Peace from Chapter 1: Of the Persons of the Indians, and their Dress / Chapter 5: Of the Travelling, Reception, and Entertainment of the Indians / Chapter 6: Of the Learning, and Languages of the Indians William Byrd II (1674-1744) from The History of the Dividing Line Run in the Year 1728 Letters to Charles Boyle, Earl of Orrery Letter to John Boyle, Baron Boyle of Broghill Letter to John Perceval, Earl of Egmont Patrick Tailfer, Hugh Anderson, David Douglas (flourished 1741) from A True and Historical Narrative of the Colony of Georgia in America Henry Timberlake (1730?-1765) from The Memoirs of Lieut. Henry Timberlake Britain's Middle Atlantic: Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York George Alsop (1636-post-1673) from A Character of the Province of Mary-Land The Preface to the Reader / Chapter 1 [Of the Situation and Plenty of the Province of Mary-Land] / Chapter 3 [The Necessariness of Servitude Proved, with the Common Usage of Servants in Mary-Land, Together with Their Priviledges] / Chapter 4 [Upon Trafique, and What Merchandizing Commodities this Province Affords] Ebenezer Cook (1667-1733) The Sot-Weed Factor; or, a Voyage to Maryland, &c. Richard Lewis (1700-1734) A Journey from Patapsko to Annapolis, April 4, 1730 Food for Criticks Dr. Alexander Hamilton (1712-1756) from Itinerarium William Penn (1644-1718) Letter from William Penn to the Committee of the Free Society of Traders George Keith (1639-1716) An Exhortation and Caution to Friends concerning Buying or Keeping of Negroes Elizabeth Ashbridge (1713-1755) Some Account of the Early Part of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge John Woolman (1720-1772) from Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes from The Journal of John Woolman Cadwallader Colden (1688-1776) from The History of the Five Indian Nations New England Cotton Mather (1663-1728) from Magnalia Christi Americana Galeacius Secundus: The Life of William Bradford, Esq., Governor of Plymoth Colony The Negro Christianized Samuel Sewall (1652-1730) from The Diary of Samuel Sewall The Selling of Joseph. A Memorial My Verses upon the New Century John Saffin (1632-1710) A Brief and Candid Answer Sarah Kemble Knight (1666-1727) The Journal of Sarah Kemble Knight Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) Personal Narrative Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God from The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit Charles Chauncy (1705-1787) from Enthusiasm Described and Caution'd Against from Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion 8. DUTCH, SWEDES, AND GERMANS IN NORTH AMERICA Johannes Megapolensis, Jr. (1603?-1669) A Short Account of the Mohawk Indians Adriaen Van Der Donck (1620-1655) from A Description of the New Netherlands from Of the Manners and Peculiar Customs of the Natives of the New Netherlands Henricus Selyns (1636-1701) Bridal Torch for Rev. AEgidius Luyck To My Friend Captain Gerard Douw Epitaph for Peter Stuyvesant Maria Van Cortlandt Van Rennselaer (1645-1689) Letters to Rygart van Rensselaer December 1675? / September? 1680 / November 12, 1684 Francis Daniel Pastorius (1651-1720) Petition of the Germantown Quakers, "Reasons Why We Are Against the Traffic of Menbody" from Positive Information from America, Concerning the Country of Pennsylvania from The Beehive [When I Solidly Do Ponder / If any be pleased to walk into my poor Garden, I heartily bid him or her welcome, thus / [When One or Other Rambles] / [As Often as Some where before My Feet] / [Extract the Quint-essence] / [Delight in Books from Evening] Christoph Saur (1695-1758) from A Dialogue between a Newcomer and a Settler in Pennsylvania Gottlieb Mittelberger (1715-1779?) from Journey to Pennsylvania [Preface] / from Part I: The Crossing to Pennsylvania / from Part II: Description of the Province of Pennsylvania 9. CULTURAL CONSOLIDATIONS IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Silence Dogood, No. 1 Silence Dogood, No. 2 The Speech of Miss Polly Baker An Edict by the King of Prussia Speech in the Convention at the Conclusion of Its Deliberations Sidi Mehemet Ibrahim on the Slave Trade from Autobiography Part One/ Part Two A Collection of Poems William Dawson (1704-1752): To Silvia, on Approach of Winter / Anacreonitic Jane Colman Turell (1708-1735): An Invitation into the Country, in Imitation of Horace, Left Only in a Rough Copy / [Lines on Childbirth] / [Lines on the Death of Mother] Martha Wadsworth Brewster (1710-post-1759): [Prefatory Poem to the Reader] / An Essay on the Four Ages of Man, Resembling the Four Seasons of the Year Bridget Richardson Fletcher (1726-1770): Hymn XXXVI. The Greatest Dignity of a Woman, Christ Being Born of One / Hymn LXX. The Duty of Man and Wife John Leacock (1729-1802): Song, The First of May, to St. Tammany Lucy Terry (1730-1821): Bars Fight (c. 1746) Thomas Godfrey (1736-1763): A Dithyrambic on Wine / A Night-Piece Milcah Martha Hill Moore (1740-1829): The Female Patriots. Addressed to the Daughters of Liberty in America, 1768 Nathaniel Evans (1742-1767): Hymn to May / An Ode, Attempted in the Manner of Horace, to My Ingenious Friend, Mr. Thomas Godfrey / Elegy, to the Memory of My Beloved Friend, Mr. Thomas Godfrey, Who died near Wilmington, North-Carolina, August 3d, 1763. / To Benjamin Franklin, Esq; L.L.D, Occasioned by Hearing Him Play on the Harmonica Annis Boudinot Stockton (1736-1801) To the Visitant, from a Circle of Ladies By a Lady in America to Her Husband in England A Sudden Production of Mrs. Stockton's in One of Those Many Anxious Nights in Which She Watched with Mr. Stockton in His Last Illness A Poetical Epistle, Addressed by a Lady of New Jersey to Her Niece, upon Her Marriage, in This City Addressed to General Washington, in the Year 1777, after the Battles of Trenton and Princeton To the President of the United States The Vision, an Ode to Washington Thomas Paine (1737-1809) from Common Sense The Crisis William Bartram (1739-1823) from Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida Jupiter Hammon (1711-1806?) An Evening Thought. Salvation by Christ, with Penetential Cries An Address to Miss Phillis Wheatly, Ethiopian Poetess A Poem for Children with Thoughts on Death An Address to the Negroes in the State of New-York Briton Hammon (flourished 1760) Narrative of the Uncommon Sufferings and Surprizing Deliverance of Briton Hammon Samson Occom (1723-1792) A Short Narrative of My Life A Sermon Preached by Samson Occom Joseph Johnson (1751-1776) Letter from J--h J--n, one of the Mohegan Tribe of Indians, to his Countryman, Moses Paul, under Sentence of Death in New-Haven Goal Dedication to a Life of the Spirit Phillis Wheatley (1754?-1784) from Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral To Maecenas / To the University of Cambridge, in New-England / On Being Brought from Africa to America / On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield / Thoughts on the Works of Providence / On Recollection / To the Right Honorable William, Earl of Dartmouth, His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for North America &c. / To S. M. a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works To His Excellency General Washington Letters to Obour Tanner May 19, 1772 / July 19, 1772 / October 30, 1773 Letter to Samson Occom February 11, 1774 Letters to Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntington October 25, 1770 / June 27, 1773 Letter to William Legge, Second Earl of Dartmouth October 10, 1772 Letter to David Wooster October 18, 1773 Letter to Samuel Hopkins February 9, 1774 Letter to John Thornton October 30, 1774 Prince Hall (1735?-1807) Petition to the Honorable Council and House of Representatives, for the State of Massachusetts-Bay, in General Court Assembled January 13, 1777 A Charge, Delivered to the Brethren of the African Lodge on the 25th of June, 1792 A Charge, Delivered to the African Lodge, June 24, 1797, at Menotomy Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) from The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself Chapter 1 / Chapter 2 John Marrant (1755-1791) A Narrative of the Lord's Wonderful Dealings with John Marrant, a Black 10. CONFEDERATION AND THE FORMATION OF A BRITISH AMERICAN REPUBLIC Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) from Notes on the State of Virginia from Query 6: A Notice of the Mines, and Other Subterraneous Riches / from Query 11: A Description of the Indians Established in That State / from Query 14: Laws / Query 17: The Different Religions Received into That State / Query 18: The Particular Customs and Manners That May Happen to Be Received in That State Letter to François Jean, Marquis de Chastellux September 2, 1785 Letter to Jean Marie Antoine Nicholas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet August 30, 1791 The Declaration of Independence The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America, Adopted in Congress, July 4, 1776 British Loyalists in British North America William Franklin (1730-1813): Speech before the New Jersey Assembly, January 13, 1775 Hannah Griffitts (1727-1817): On Reading a Few Paragraphs in "The Crisis," April 1777 Jacob Bailey (1731-1808): The Factious Demagogue, a Portrait Joseph Stansbury (1740-1809): To Cordelia Jonathan Odell (1737-1818): from The American Times J. Hector St. Jean de Crèvecoeur (1735-1813) On the Situation, Feelings, and Pleasures of an American Farmer History of Andrew the Hebridean A Singular Punishment from Letters from an American Farmer from Letter 12: Distresses of a Frontier Man Three Federalist Papers The Federalist No. 6 (Hamilton) The Federalist No. 10 (Madison) The Federalist No. 51 (Madison) Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814) Letter to the Independent Chronicle, on Chesterfield Observations on the New Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions from Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous To a Young Lady / To Mrs. Montague, Author of "Observations on the Genius and Writings of Shakespeare" John Adams (1735-1826) A Dissertation on the Canon and the Feudal Law, No. 4 Letter to Mercy Otis Warren April 16, 1776 Letter to Thomas Jefferson July 29, 1791 Abigail Adams (1744-1818) from The Travel Diaries of Abigail Adams [Boston to Deal] / [London to Plymouth] Letter to John Adams Letter to Mercy Otis Warren Timothy Dwight (1752-1817) from Greenfield Hill Part II: The Flourishing Village Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1820) On the Equality of the Sexes Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, Especially in Female Bosoms Observations on Female Abilities Part III / Part IV Joel Barlow (1754-1812) from The Vision of Columbus [Dedication to King Louis XVI of France] / Introduction / Book I / Book II Philip Freneau (1752-1832) Account of the Island of Santa Cruz, Containing an original Poem on the Beauties of that Island The Prophecy of King Tammany Lines Written at the Pallisades, near Port-Royal, in the Island of Jamaica--September, 1784 The Island Field Negro Speech of the Indian Head of the Ship Delaware On Deborah Gannet William Hill Brown (1765-1793) Harriot, Or, the Domestick Reconciliation. Sketched from the Life Seduction Hannah Webster Foster (1758-1840) Picture of a Libertine Susannah Haswell Rowson (1762-1824) The Happy Pair The Ingrate Maternal Sorrow Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) The Man at Home, No. XI A Lesson on Sensibility Noah Webster (1758-1843) from Effects of Slavery, on Morals and Industry Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806) Copy of a Letter from Benjamin Banneker to the Secretary of State, with His Answer 11. THE NATIVE PEOPLES OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND THE SETTLERS WHO REMAINED The Mahicans Speech of the Mahicans to Gov. William Burnet of New York, 1722 Stung Serpent Speech to Antoine Le Page du Pratz, 1723 Canasatego Speech at the Treaty of Lancaster, 1744 Gachradodow Speech at the Treaty of Lancaster, 1744 The Chickasaws Speech of the Chickasaws to the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, 1771 John Killibuck Speech to the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, 1771 Cornplanter Speech in the Council at Philadelphia, 1790 Index