Susanne Hay, MD is an academic neonatologist with an interest in evidence-based care. She graduated from Harvard College and earned a medical degree from Columbia College of Physicians & Surgeons. She went on to train in pediatrics in the Boston Combined Residency Program, and then completed the Harvard Combined Fellowship in Neonatology. Dr. Hay is now an attending neonatologist at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and an instructor in pediatrics at the Harvard Medical School. Her primary research focus is data synthesis, evaluating the neonatal research landscape and how we know what we know, as well as how we might address inefficiencies.Roger F. Soll, MD is the H. Wallace Professor of Neonatology at the University of Vermont, Vice President of the Vermont Oxford Network (VON) and Director of the VON Institute for Evidence Based Practice. He is the author of numerous peer reviewed articles and book chapters on the subject of surfactant replacement therapy andevidence-based medicine. Dr. Soll graduated from Cornell University in 1975 and received his M.D. degree from the University of Health Sciences/Chicago Medical School in 1978. He completed his residency training in Pediatrics at Bellevue Hospital/New York University Medical Center in 1981. After 2 years with the Public Health Service, Dr. Soll returned to academic training. He completed the fellowship in Neonatal Perinatal Medicine at the University of Vermont in 1985 and has remained in Vermont ever since. Barbara Schmidt, MD, MSc is a neonatologist and clinical epidemiologist who led three large international neonatal randomized trials with clinically important, long-term outcomes: (1) Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms (TIPP); (2) Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) Trial; and (3) Canadian Oxygen Trial (COT). Dr. Schmidt has received the highest honors in her specialty, including the Douglas K Richardson Award from the Society for Pediatric Research, the VirginiaApgar Award from the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Arvo Ylppo¨ Medal from the Finnish Pediatric Research Foundation. She is a member of the Order of Canada. Haresh Kirpalani, MD, MSc is a neonatologist and clinical epidemiologist. He led three large randomized trials with clinically important outcomes: (1) Nasal Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) (2) Transfusion of Prematures (TOP); and (3) Sustained Aeration of Infant Lungs (SAIL). He has received several prizes for teaching and mentorship, for clinical neonatology and principles of evidence based practice. He was a founding member of ‘Evidence Based Neonatology’. He has been a co-chair of the forum ‘Hot Topics for Neonatology’ for 10 years. In 2022 he was awarded the William A Silverman Lectureship Award, of the American Academy of Pediatrics. John. Zupancic, MD, MS, ScD is Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and Associate Chief of Neonatology atBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and serves as the Director of the Exploring Pathways to Optimize Child Health (EPOCH) program, which oversees neonatology clinical research at that institution. His own scholarly work seeks to improve the efficiency with which scarce resources are used in improving the health of children, and in particular, newborns. Dr. Zupancic is also involved in various epidemiologic and health services investigations, including the Neonatology Canon Project, a large-scale systematic review of all randomized controlled trials in neonatology over a thirty-year period. He was the recipient of the Massachusetts Medical Society's Henry Ingersoll Bowditch Award for Excellence in Public Health in 2020.

• Preface from the Series EditorPrefaceContributors Intrapartum Care1. A Controlled Trial of Antepartum Glucocorticoid Treatment for Prevention of the Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Premature Infants Sarah D. McDonald2. Prevention of Early-Onset Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease with Selective Intrapartum ChemoprophylaxisMegan J. Turner and Clyde J. Wright3. Reduction of Maternal-Infant Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with Zidovudine TreatmentWes Onland and Anton H. van Kaam4. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Magnesium Sulfate for the Prevention of Cerebral Palsy: The BEAM TrialElizabeth Foglia Resuscitation5. Resuscitation of Asphyxiated Newborn Infants with Room Air or Oxygen: The Resair 2 TrialElizabeth Baker and Peter G. Davis6. Delivery Room Management Of The Apparently Vigorous Meconium-Stained NeonateCharles Christoph Roehr7. Randomized Trial of Occlusive Wrap for Heat Loss Prevention in Preterm Infants: The HeLP TrialAnup Katheria8. Association of Umbilical Cord Milking Versus Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping with Death or Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage among Preterm Infants: The PREMOD2 TrialSeh Hyun Kim and Han-Suk Kim9. Effect of Sustained Inflations Versus Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death among Extremely Preterm Infants: The SAIL TrialSusanne Hay and John Zupancic Cardiovascular10. Effects of Indomethacin in Premature Infants with Patent Ductus ArteriosusSouvik Mitra11. Extracorporeal Circulation in Neonatal Respiratory FailureElizabeth Baker and Peter G. Davis12. UK Collaborative Randomised Trial of Neonatal Extracorporeal Membrane OxygenationBrianna Liberio and Clyde J. Wright13. Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Full-Term and Nearly Full-Term Infants with Hypoxic Respiratory Failure: The NINOS TrialDirk Bassler Respiratory14. Prevention of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Tracheal Instillation of SurfactantColm P.F. O'Donnell15. Collaborative Quality Improvement to Promote Evidence Based Surfactant for Preterm Infants: A Cluster Randomised TrialAshraf Kharrat and Prakesh S. Shah16. Pressure-Regulated Volume Control Ventilation Versus Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation for Very Low-Birth-Weight InfantsErik A. Jensen17. Long-Term Effects of Caffeine Therapy for Apnea of Prematurity: The CAP TrialDirk Bassler18. Outcome at Two Years of Age of Infants from The DART Study: A Multicenter, International, Randomised, Controlled Trial of Low-Dose DexamethasoneAnton H. van Kaam and Wes Onland19. Early CPAP Versus Surfactant in Extremely Preterm Infants: The SUPPORT TrialBrett J. Manley20. Target Ranges of Oxygen Saturation in Extremely Preterm Infants: The SUPPORT TrialJames I. Hagadorn21. A Trial Comparing Noninvasive Ventilation Strategies in Preterm InfantsBrett J. Manley22. High-Flow Nasal Cannulae in Very Preterm Infants after Extubation: The HIPERSPACE TrialCharles Christoph Roehr Nutrition23. Randomised Trial of Early Diet in Preterm Babies and Later Intelligence QuotientMichelle Fernandes and Jon Dorling24. Vitamin A Supplementation for Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight InfantsSusanne Hay and Axel R. Franz25. Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial: The PROBIT TrialNicholas D. Embleton26. Dextrose Gel for Neonatal Hypoglycemia: The Sugar Babies TrialAdel Mohamed, Jyotsna Shah, and Prakesh S. Shah27. Effect of Supplemental Donor Human Milk Compared with Preterm Formula on Neurodevelopment of Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants at 18 Months: The DOMINO TrialNicholas D. Embleton Thermal28. The Influence of the Thermal Environment upon the Survival of Newly Born Premature InfantsDavid Osborn29. Kangaroo Mother Versus Traditional Care for Newborn Infants.Srinivas Murki Infectious Disease / Immunology30. Palivizumab, A Humanized Respiratory Syncytial Virus Monoclonal Antibody, Reduces Hospitalization from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in High-Risk Infants: The IMpact-RSV TrialBrian C. King31. Probiotic Effects on Late-Onset Sepsis in Very Preterm Infants: The ProPrems TrialDeena Thomas and M. Jeeva Shankar32. Valganciclovir for Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus DiseaseLi Ma Hematology33. Hemorrhagic Disease of the NewbornAnna E. Curley34. Effects of Early Erythropoietin Therapy on the Transfusion Requirements of Preterm Infants Below 1250 Grams Birth WeightAnna E. Curley35. Higher or Lower Hemoglobin Transfusion Thresholds for Preterm Infants: The TOP TrialAxel R. Franz36. A Randomized Trial of Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Preterm Infants: The PENUT TrialNicholas D. Embleton37. Randomized Trial of Platelet-Transfusion Thresholds in Neonates: The PlaNeT TrialRavi Mangal Patel Ophthalmology38. Multicenter Trial of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity, Preliminary Results: The CRYO-ROP TrialJames I. Hagadorn39. Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity, Primary Outcomes: The STOP-ROP TrialSouvik Mitra40. Efficacy of Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Stage 3+ Retinopathy of Prematurity: The BEAT-ROP TrialBrian C. King Neurology41. Long-Term Effects of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: The TIPP TrialPeter W. Fowlie and William McGuire42. Effects of Morphine Analgesia in Ventilated Preterm Neonates, Primary Outcomes: The NEOPAIN TrialSouvik Mitra43. Whole-Body Hypothermia for Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic EncephalopathyAnton H. van Kaam and Wes Onland44. Effectiveness of Sucrose Analgesia in Newborns Undergoing Painful Medical ProceduresDavid Osborn45. A Randomized Trial of Prenatal Versus Postnatal Repair of Myelomeningocele: The MOMS TrialSara DeMauro46. Neurodevelopmental Outcome at Five Years of Age after General Anaesthesia or Awake-Regional Anaesthesia In Infancy: The GAS TrialSara B. DeMauro47. Levetiracetam Versus Phenobarbital for Neonatal Seizures: The NEOLEV2 TrialStefan Johansson48. Hypothermia for Moderate or Severe Neonatal Encephalopathy in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: The HELIX TrialSrinivas Murki Health Services49. Newborn-Care Training and Perinatal Mortality in Developing Countries: The First Breath TrialDanielle E.Y. Ehret50. Effectiveness of Family Integrated Care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units on Infant and Parent OutcomesEvangelia Myttaraki and Chris Gale