Morten Broberg is Professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Copenhagen. He has qualified as a solicitor and has also worked as a référendaire (legal secretary) at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. He has published extensively in the field of EU law.Niels Fenger is the Danish Parliamentary Ombudsman. He has previously worked as a Judge of the Danish Eastern Court of Appeal, and as professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Copenhagen. He has been Director of the Legal Service of the EFTA Surveillance Authority in Brussels and has in that capacity appeared in a considerable number of cases before the European courts. He has also worked as référendaire (legal secretary) at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. He has published extensively in the field of EU law.

• 1: References for Preliminary Rulings 2: Variations in Member State Use of Preliminary References 3: Which Bodies May Refer? 4: What Questions Can Be Referred? 5: When Can a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling Be Made? 6: When Are National Courts Obliged to Refer Questions? 7: When Ought a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling Be Made? 8: The Form and Content of a Reference 9: Proceedings Before the Referring Court After a Reference Has Been Made 10: The Procedure Before the Court of Justice 11: The Preliminary Ruling 12: The Effects of the Preliminary Ruling 13: Litigation Cost and Legal Aid

Morten Broberg is Professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Copenhagen. He has qualified as a solicitor and has also worked as a référendaire (legal secretary) at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. He has published extensively in the field of EU law.Niels Fenger is the Danish Parliamentary Ombudsman. He has previously worked as a Judge of the Danish Eastern Court of Appeal, and as professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Copenhagen. He has been Director of the Legal Service of the EFTA Surveillance Authority in Brussels and has in that capacity appeared in a considerable number of cases before the European courts. He has also worked as référendaire (legal secretary) at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. He has published extensively in the field of EU law.

• 1: References for Preliminary Rulings 2: Variations in Member State Use of Preliminary References 3: Which Bodies May Refer? 4: What Questions Can Be Referred? 5: When Can a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling Be Made? 6: When Are National Courts Obliged to Refer Questions? 7: When Ought a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling Be Made? 8: The Form and Content of a Reference 9: Proceedings Before the Referring Court After a Reference Has Been Made 10: The Procedure Before the Court of Justice 11: The Preliminary Ruling 12: The Effects of the Preliminary Ruling 13: Litigation Cost and Legal Aid

Morten Broberg is Professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Copenhagen. He has qualified as a solicitor and has also worked as a référendaire (legal secretary) at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. He has published extensively in the field of EU law.Niels Fenger is the Danish Parliamentary Ombudsman. He has previously worked as a Judge of the Danish Eastern Court of Appeal, and as professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Copenhagen. He has been Director of the Legal Service of the EFTA Surveillance Authority in Brussels and has in that capacity appeared in a considerable number of cases before the European courts. He has also worked as référendaire (legal secretary) at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. He has published extensively in the field of EU law.

• 1: References for Preliminary Rulings 2: Variations in Member State Use of Preliminary References 3: Which Bodies May Refer? 4: What Questions Can Be Referred? 5: When Can a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling Be Made? 6: When Are National Courts Obliged to Refer Questions? 7: When Ought a Reference for a Preliminary Ruling Be Made? 8: The Form and Content of a Reference 9: Proceedings Before the Referring Court After a Reference Has Been Made 10: The Procedure Before the Court of Justice 11: The Preliminary Ruling 12: The Effects of the Preliminary Ruling 13: Litigation Cost and Legal Aid