Anita K Barry, Professor Emerita, University of Michigan, Flint

• PREFACE xiii  Chapter 1 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR? 1Native Speakers and Grammar Study 1Standard English 2Judgments About English 4The Legacy of the Eighteenth Century 7Reflections 8  Chapter 2 HOW DO WE STUDYENGLISH GRAMMAR? 10Why Do People Disagree About Grammar? 10Who Is the Authority? 10What Role Do Traditional Dictionaries Play? 10Online Grammar Sources 12Why Is There No One Standard? 13Why Do Languages Change? 14What Are the Common Elements of English? 16Constituent Structure 16Rules and Regularities 19Reflections 20  Chapter 3 NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES 21What Are Nouns? 21What Are Some CommonSubcategories of Nouns? 23What Makes Up a Noun Phrase? 26Determiners 27Predeterminers and Postdeterminers 29What Are the Functions of Noun Phrases? 30Subject 30Direct Object 32Indirect Object 33Object of a Preposition 35Complement 35Verbal Nouns and Noun Phrases 36Compounds 38Reflections 40Practice Exercises 42  Chapter 4 VERBS AND VERB PHRASES 46What Are Verbs? 46What About the Exceptions? 50What Are Some CommonSubcategories of Verbs? 53What Is Verb Tense? 57What Makes Up a Verb Phrase? 63What Are Nonfinite Verb Phrases? 66Compounds 66What Is SubjectVerb Agreement? 67Reflections 72Practice Exercises 76  Chapter 5 PRONOUNS 80What Are Pronouns? 80Personal Pronouns 81Reflexive Pronouns 88Reciprocal Pronouns 91Demonstrative Pronouns 91Relative Pronouns 92Interrogative Pronouns 94Universal and Indefinite Pronouns 95Reflections 97Practice Exercises 99  Chapter 6 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 103What Are Adjectives? 103How Do Adjectives Modify Nouns? 106What Are Adjective Phrases? 108What Are Adverbs? 109Is All Well and Good? 112What Are Adverb Phrases? 115Reflections 116Practice Exercises 117  Chapter 7 PREPOSITIONS AND PARTICLES 120What Are Prepositions? 120What Are Prepositional Phrases? 121What Are Particles? 125Reflections 127Practice Exercises 128  Chapter 8 NEGATION 131What Is Negation in Grammar? 131Verb Negation 131Negation of Indefinites 133Noun Negation 135Adjective and Adverb Negation 136Negation of Compounds 137Reflections 139Practice Exercises 140  Chapter 9 VOICE 144What Is Grammatical Voice? 144How Is the Passive Voice Formed? 146How Are Grammatical RelationsDetermined in the Passive Voice? 147Why Do We Need the Passive Voice? 149What Is a Truncated Passive? 150Reflections 152Practice Exercises 153  Chapter 10 DISCOURSE FUNCTION 156What Is Discourse Function? 156Declaratives 157Interrogatives 158YesNo Questions 158Wh Questions 160Tag Questions 164Minor Question Types 167Imperatives 169Exclamatives 170Crossover Functions of Clause Types 171Reflections 174Practice Exercises 175  Chapter 11 COMBINING CLAUSES INTOSENTENCES: COORDINATION 179How Is a Sentence Different from a Clause? 179Sentence Building Through Coordination 179Clause Coordination and Ellipsis 183Reflections 185Practice Exercises 186  Chapter 12 COMBINING CLAUSES INTOSENTENCES: SUBORDINATION 189Sentence Building Through Subordination 189Adverbial Clauses 191Noun Clauses 194Relative Clauses 199Restrictive and NonrestrictiveRelative Clauses 202Reduced Relative Clauses 204Naming Sentence Types 206Reflections 208Practice Exercises 210  Chapter 13 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR?(ONCE MORE!) 215Teaching Grammar 215Final Reflections 217  ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES 219GLOSSARY 233INDEX 241A01_

Anita K Barry, Professor Emerita, University of Michigan, Flint

• PREFACE xiii  Chapter 1 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR? 1Native Speakers and Grammar Study 1Standard English 2Judgments About English 4The Legacy of the Eighteenth Century 7Reflections 8  Chapter 2 HOW DO WE STUDYENGLISH GRAMMAR? 10Why Do People Disagree About Grammar? 10Who Is the Authority? 10What Role Do Traditional Dictionaries Play? 10Online Grammar Sources 12Why Is There No One Standard? 13Why Do Languages Change? 14What Are the Common Elements of English? 16Constituent Structure 16Rules and Regularities 19Reflections 20  Chapter 3 NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES 21What Are Nouns? 21What Are Some CommonSubcategories of Nouns? 23What Makes Up a Noun Phrase? 26Determiners 27Predeterminers and Postdeterminers 29What Are the Functions of Noun Phrases? 30Subject 30Direct Object 32Indirect Object 33Object of a Preposition 35Complement 35Verbal Nouns and Noun Phrases 36Compounds 38Reflections 40Practice Exercises 42  Chapter 4 VERBS AND VERB PHRASES 46What Are Verbs? 46What About the Exceptions? 50What Are Some CommonSubcategories of Verbs? 53What Is Verb Tense? 57What Makes Up a Verb Phrase? 63What Are Nonfinite Verb Phrases? 66Compounds 66What Is SubjectVerb Agreement? 67Reflections 72Practice Exercises 76  Chapter 5 PRONOUNS 80What Are Pronouns? 80Personal Pronouns 81Reflexive Pronouns 88Reciprocal Pronouns 91Demonstrative Pronouns 91Relative Pronouns 92Interrogative Pronouns 94Universal and Indefinite Pronouns 95Reflections 97Practice Exercises 99  Chapter 6 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 103What Are Adjectives? 103How Do Adjectives Modify Nouns? 106What Are Adjective Phrases? 108What Are Adverbs? 109Is All Well and Good? 112What Are Adverb Phrases? 115Reflections 116Practice Exercises 117  Chapter 7 PREPOSITIONS AND PARTICLES 120What Are Prepositions? 120What Are Prepositional Phrases? 121What Are Particles? 125Reflections 127Practice Exercises 128  Chapter 8 NEGATION 131What Is Negation in Grammar? 131Verb Negation 131Negation of Indefinites 133Noun Negation 135Adjective and Adverb Negation 136Negation of Compounds 137Reflections 139Practice Exercises 140  Chapter 9 VOICE 144What Is Grammatical Voice? 144How Is the Passive Voice Formed? 146How Are Grammatical RelationsDetermined in the Passive Voice? 147Why Do We Need the Passive Voice? 149What Is a Truncated Passive? 150Reflections 152Practice Exercises 153  Chapter 10 DISCOURSE FUNCTION 156What Is Discourse Function? 156Declaratives 157Interrogatives 158YesNo Questions 158Wh Questions 160Tag Questions 164Minor Question Types 167Imperatives 169Exclamatives 170Crossover Functions of Clause Types 171Reflections 174Practice Exercises 175  Chapter 11 COMBINING CLAUSES INTOSENTENCES: COORDINATION 179How Is a Sentence Different from a Clause? 179Sentence Building Through Coordination 179Clause Coordination and Ellipsis 183Reflections 185Practice Exercises 186  Chapter 12 COMBINING CLAUSES INTOSENTENCES: SUBORDINATION 189Sentence Building Through Subordination 189Adverbial Clauses 191Noun Clauses 194Relative Clauses 199Restrictive and NonrestrictiveRelative Clauses 202Reduced Relative Clauses 204Naming Sentence Types 206Reflections 208Practice Exercises 210  Chapter 13 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR?(ONCE MORE!) 215Teaching Grammar 215Final Reflections 217  ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES 219GLOSSARY 233INDEX 241A01_

Anita K Barry, Professor Emerita, University of Michigan, Flint

• PREFACE xiii  Chapter 1 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR? 1Native Speakers and Grammar Study 1Standard English 2Judgments About English 4The Legacy of the Eighteenth Century 7Reflections 8  Chapter 2 HOW DO WE STUDYENGLISH GRAMMAR? 10Why Do People Disagree About Grammar? 10Who Is the Authority? 10What Role Do Traditional Dictionaries Play? 10Online Grammar Sources 12Why Is There No One Standard? 13Why Do Languages Change? 14What Are the Common Elements of English? 16Constituent Structure 16Rules and Regularities 19Reflections 20  Chapter 3 NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES 21What Are Nouns? 21What Are Some CommonSubcategories of Nouns? 23What Makes Up a Noun Phrase? 26Determiners 27Predeterminers and Postdeterminers 29What Are the Functions of Noun Phrases? 30Subject 30Direct Object 32Indirect Object 33Object of a Preposition 35Complement 35Verbal Nouns and Noun Phrases 36Compounds 38Reflections 40Practice Exercises 42  Chapter 4 VERBS AND VERB PHRASES 46What Are Verbs? 46What About the Exceptions? 50What Are Some CommonSubcategories of Verbs? 53What Is Verb Tense? 57What Makes Up a Verb Phrase? 63What Are Nonfinite Verb Phrases? 66Compounds 66What Is SubjectVerb Agreement? 67Reflections 72Practice Exercises 76  Chapter 5 PRONOUNS 80What Are Pronouns? 80Personal Pronouns 81Reflexive Pronouns 88Reciprocal Pronouns 91Demonstrative Pronouns 91Relative Pronouns 92Interrogative Pronouns 94Universal and Indefinite Pronouns 95Reflections 97Practice Exercises 99  Chapter 6 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 103What Are Adjectives? 103How Do Adjectives Modify Nouns? 106What Are Adjective Phrases? 108What Are Adverbs? 109Is All Well and Good? 112What Are Adverb Phrases? 115Reflections 116Practice Exercises 117  Chapter 7 PREPOSITIONS AND PARTICLES 120What Are Prepositions? 120What Are Prepositional Phrases? 121What Are Particles? 125Reflections 127Practice Exercises 128  Chapter 8 NEGATION 131What Is Negation in Grammar? 131Verb Negation 131Negation of Indefinites 133Noun Negation 135Adjective and Adverb Negation 136Negation of Compounds 137Reflections 139Practice Exercises 140  Chapter 9 VOICE 144What Is Grammatical Voice? 144How Is the Passive Voice Formed? 146How Are Grammatical RelationsDetermined in the Passive Voice? 147Why Do We Need the Passive Voice? 149What Is a Truncated Passive? 150Reflections 152Practice Exercises 153  Chapter 10 DISCOURSE FUNCTION 156What Is Discourse Function? 156Declaratives 157Interrogatives 158YesNo Questions 158Wh Questions 160Tag Questions 164Minor Question Types 167Imperatives 169Exclamatives 170Crossover Functions of Clause Types 171Reflections 174Practice Exercises 175  Chapter 11 COMBINING CLAUSES INTOSENTENCES: COORDINATION 179How Is a Sentence Different from a Clause? 179Sentence Building Through Coordination 179Clause Coordination and Ellipsis 183Reflections 185Practice Exercises 186  Chapter 12 COMBINING CLAUSES INTOSENTENCES: SUBORDINATION 189Sentence Building Through Subordination 189Adverbial Clauses 191Noun Clauses 194Relative Clauses 199Restrictive and NonrestrictiveRelative Clauses 202Reduced Relative Clauses 204Naming Sentence Types 206Reflections 208Practice Exercises 210  Chapter 13 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR?(ONCE MORE!) 215Teaching Grammar 215Final Reflections 217  ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES 219GLOSSARY 233INDEX 241A01_