The late Robert E. MacLaury held a Ph.D. in cognitive anthropology from the University of California at Berkeley.

• Foreword by John R. Taylor Preface Acknowledgments Permissions Conventions Part One. Preliminaries 1. Conceptual and Material Equipment 1.1. Influential Concepts 1.2. Stimulus Materials 1.2.1. A Short History of Standards 1.3. Summary 2. Issues in Color Ethnography 2.1. Language versus Vision: An Evolutionary Debate 2.2. Crosscultural Perception 2.3. Relativism 2.4. Universalism À la Berlin and Kay 2.4.1. The 1975 Hue Sequence 2.4.2. Fuzzy Sets and Neural Response Categories 2.4.3. Semiotic Models 2.4.4. Surveys and Reformulation 2.5. A Dynamic Model 2.6. World Overview 2.7. Summary 3. Descriptive Method 3.1. Equipment 3.2. Elicitation 3.3. Display of Individual Data 3.3.1. Naming Ranges and Qualifier Distributions 3.3.2. Foci 3.3.3. Mappings 3.4. Analysis of Individual Data 3.4.1. Naming Ranges and Mappings 3.4.2. Correspondence among Mappings 3.4.3. Qualifiers and Mappings 3.4.4. Complementation of Qualifiers 3.5. Summary 4. Axioms 4.1. Perceptual Axioms 4.1.1. Evidence 4.1.1.1. Discrimination Distance 4.1.1.2. The Disadvantage of Short-Wavelength Cones 4.1.1.3. Other Evidence 4.2. Cognitive Axioms 4.3. Motivation 4.4. Engagement of Axioms 4.5. Using the Axioms 4.5.1. Tzeltal Hue Categories 4.5.2. A Model of Variation in Tzeltal Color Categorization 4.5.3. Issues of Theory 4.6. Summary Part Two. Viewpoint and Category Change: A Continuous Typology of Relations 5. Coextensive Semantic Ranges 5.1. Characteristics of Coextension 5.1.1. Coextension in the Warm Category 5.1.2. Coextension in the Cool Category 5.1.3. Coextension in Two Environments 5.2. Coextension in Relation to Other Semantic Types 5.3. Semantic Evolution in Two Environments 5.4. Summary 6. Vantages 6.1. The Dominant-Recessive Pattern of Coextension 6.1.1. Variation on a Continuum 6.1.2. The Null Hypothesis 6.1.3. Alternative Explanations 6.2. Categorization as Spatiotemporal Analogy 6.2.1. Vantages and Coordinates 6.2.2. Relativity of Coordinates 6.2.3. Formalisms 6.2.3.1. Different Sizes of Dominant and Recessive Ranges 6.2.3.2. Increase of the Size Differential 6.2.3.3. Near Synonymy, Coextension, and Inclusion 6.2.3.4. Complementation 6.2.4. Pragmatics 6.2.5. Summation 6.3. Descriptions of Coextension 6.3.1. Early Coextension 6.3.2. Late Coextension 6.3.3. Dominant and Recessive Qualifiers 6.3.4. Lexical Borrowing 6.3.5. Triple Coextension 6.3.6. Balanced Coextension 6.3.7. Systems Not in Table 6.1 6.3.8. Foci of the Warm Category 6.4. Implications of Vantage Theory 6.4.1. Analogy on the Level of Coordinates 6.4.2. Phylogeny 6.4.3. Human versus Animal Categorization 6.4.4. Innateness 6.4.5. Embodiment 6.4.6. A Vantage Is Always Part of a Category 6.4.7. Coordinates versus Features 6.4.8. Primary Motivation versus Function 6.4.9. Alternative Accounts of Color Categorization 6.4.10. Etic and Emic 6.4.11. Point of View and Fuzziness 6.4.12. Boundaries 6.4.13. Contextualization and Connotation 6.4.14. Category Change 6.4.15. Judgments of Similarity and Difference within Categories 6.4.16. Judgments of Asymmetry within Categories 6.4.17. Reference Point Reasoning 6.4.18. Categorical Perception versus Weber's Law 6.4.19. Relativity and Universality 6.4.20. Is the Space-Time Analogy Alive or Dead? 6.4.21. Speed and Productivity 6.4.22. Is It Possible to Categorize without Constructing a Vantage? 6.5. Summary 7. Category Division 7.1. Pulling Apart the Warm Category 7.1.1. Superordination in Reference to Yellow 7.1.2. Superordination in Reference to Red 7.1.3. Inclusion to Complementation 7.1.4. Polarized Inclusion 7.1.5. Notions of Categorization 7.2. Mirror Images of the Dark-Cool Category 7.2.1. Categories of Elemental Color 7.2.2. Categories of Brightness 7.3. The Elusive Light-Warm Category 7.4. Summary Part Three. Further Dynamics, Reflectivity, and Complex Categorization 8. Skewing and Darkening 8.1. Skewing 8.1.1. Degree of Skewing 8.1.2. Direction of Skewing 8.2. Quantification 8.2.1. Outline of Major Numbers 8.2.2. Descriptions and Analyses 8.2.2.1. Statistics on the Direction of Skewing 8.2.2.2. Statistics on the Degree of Skewing 8.2,2.3. Statistics on Darkening 8.2.2.4. Statistics on the Dominant-Recessive Pattern 8.2.2.5. Statistics on Transference 8.2.2.6. Miscellaneous Statistics 8.2.3. Synopsis 8.3. Darkening 8.4. Qualifiers and Skewing 8.5. Aggregates of Foci in Specific Languages 8.6. Transference versus Areal Diffusion 8.7 Summary 9. Submerged Versus Reflective Categorization 9.1. Single Foci 9.2. Dual Foci 9.3. Triple Foci 9.4. Overviews of Viewpoints 9.4.1. Kinds of Thinking 9.4.2. In Common Terms 9.4.3. In Formal Terms 9.5. Distinguishing Closely versus Customarily Taking an Overview 9.6. Summary 10. Crossover 10.1. Crossover and Coextension 10.2. Crossover and Inclusion 10.3. An Areal Study 10.4. Qualifier Coextension 10.5. Brightness Coextension 10.6. Summary 11. Transference Versus Diffusion: Mesoamerica Compared With the World 11.1. The Cool Category in Global Perspective 11.2. Results of Skewing 11.3. Conditions That Affect Skewing 11.3.1. Crossover 11.3.2. Brightness Categories Focused in Blue 11.3.3. Brightness Categories Focused in Yellow 11.3.4. Yellow-with-Green Hue Categories 11.3.5. Coextensive Naming 11.3.6. Incipient Transference 11.4. Transference in State Societies 11.5. Summary Part Four. Conclusion 12. Color and Categorization 12.1. Three Levels of Analysis 12.1.1. Raw Observations 12.1.2. A Model of Color Categorization 12.1.2.1. Axioms and Dynamics 12.1.2.2. Points of View and Frames of Reference 12.1.2.3. Simplex and Complex Categorization 12.1.2.4. Flip-Flop 12.1.3. A Theory of Categorization Appendix I. Inventory of Data, Collaborators, Languages, and Locations Appendix II. Linguistic Relations Appendix III. Technical Information Appendix IV. A Cognitive Ceiling of Eleven Basic Color Terms Appendix V. North and South of Mesoamerica Appendix VI. Data Organization Methods Appendix VII. Inventory of Observations Appendix VIII. Formulae Notes Glossary Bibliography Name Index Language Index Subject Index

The late Robert E. MacLaury held a Ph.D. in cognitive anthropology from the University of California at Berkeley.

• Foreword by John R. Taylor Preface Acknowledgments Permissions Conventions Part One. Preliminaries 1. Conceptual and Material Equipment 1.1. Influential Concepts 1.2. Stimulus Materials 1.2.1. A Short History of Standards 1.3. Summary 2. Issues in Color Ethnography 2.1. Language versus Vision: An Evolutionary Debate 2.2. Crosscultural Perception 2.3. Relativism 2.4. Universalism À la Berlin and Kay 2.4.1. The 1975 Hue Sequence 2.4.2. Fuzzy Sets and Neural Response Categories 2.4.3. Semiotic Models 2.4.4. Surveys and Reformulation 2.5. A Dynamic Model 2.6. World Overview 2.7. Summary 3. Descriptive Method 3.1. Equipment 3.2. Elicitation 3.3. Display of Individual Data 3.3.1. Naming Ranges and Qualifier Distributions 3.3.2. Foci 3.3.3. Mappings 3.4. Analysis of Individual Data 3.4.1. Naming Ranges and Mappings 3.4.2. Correspondence among Mappings 3.4.3. Qualifiers and Mappings 3.4.4. Complementation of Qualifiers 3.5. Summary 4. Axioms 4.1. Perceptual Axioms 4.1.1. Evidence 4.1.1.1. Discrimination Distance 4.1.1.2. The Disadvantage of Short-Wavelength Cones 4.1.1.3. Other Evidence 4.2. Cognitive Axioms 4.3. Motivation 4.4. Engagement of Axioms 4.5. Using the Axioms 4.5.1. Tzeltal Hue Categories 4.5.2. A Model of Variation in Tzeltal Color Categorization 4.5.3. Issues of Theory 4.6. Summary Part Two. Viewpoint and Category Change: A Continuous Typology of Relations 5. Coextensive Semantic Ranges 5.1. Characteristics of Coextension 5.1.1. Coextension in the Warm Category 5.1.2. Coextension in the Cool Category 5.1.3. Coextension in Two Environments 5.2. Coextension in Relation to Other Semantic Types 5.3. Semantic Evolution in Two Environments 5.4. Summary 6. Vantages 6.1. The Dominant-Recessive Pattern of Coextension 6.1.1. Variation on a Continuum 6.1.2. The Null Hypothesis 6.1.3. Alternative Explanations 6.2. Categorization as Spatiotemporal Analogy 6.2.1. Vantages and Coordinates 6.2.2. Relativity of Coordinates 6.2.3. Formalisms 6.2.3.1. Different Sizes of Dominant and Recessive Ranges 6.2.3.2. Increase of the Size Differential 6.2.3.3. Near Synonymy, Coextension, and Inclusion 6.2.3.4. Complementation 6.2.4. Pragmatics 6.2.5. Summation 6.3. Descriptions of Coextension 6.3.1. Early Coextension 6.3.2. Late Coextension 6.3.3. Dominant and Recessive Qualifiers 6.3.4. Lexical Borrowing 6.3.5. Triple Coextension 6.3.6. Balanced Coextension 6.3.7. Systems Not in Table 6.1 6.3.8. Foci of the Warm Category 6.4. Implications of Vantage Theory 6.4.1. Analogy on the Level of Coordinates 6.4.2. Phylogeny 6.4.3. Human versus Animal Categorization 6.4.4. Innateness 6.4.5. Embodiment 6.4.6. A Vantage Is Always Part of a Category 6.4.7. Coordinates versus Features 6.4.8. Primary Motivation versus Function 6.4.9. Alternative Accounts of Color Categorization 6.4.10. Etic and Emic 6.4.11. Point of View and Fuzziness 6.4.12. Boundaries 6.4.13. Contextualization and Connotation 6.4.14. Category Change 6.4.15. Judgments of Similarity and Difference within Categories 6.4.16. Judgments of Asymmetry within Categories 6.4.17. Reference Point Reasoning 6.4.18. Categorical Perception versus Weber's Law 6.4.19. Relativity and Universality 6.4.20. Is the Space-Time Analogy Alive or Dead? 6.4.21. Speed and Productivity 6.4.22. Is It Possible to Categorize without Constructing a Vantage? 6.5. Summary 7. Category Division 7.1. Pulling Apart the Warm Category 7.1.1. Superordination in Reference to Yellow 7.1.2. Superordination in Reference to Red 7.1.3. Inclusion to Complementation 7.1.4. Polarized Inclusion 7.1.5. Notions of Categorization 7.2. Mirror Images of the Dark-Cool Category 7.2.1. Categories of Elemental Color 7.2.2. Categories of Brightness 7.3. The Elusive Light-Warm Category 7.4. Summary Part Three. Further Dynamics, Reflectivity, and Complex Categorization 8. Skewing and Darkening 8.1. Skewing 8.1.1. Degree of Skewing 8.1.2. Direction of Skewing 8.2. Quantification 8.2.1. Outline of Major Numbers 8.2.2. Descriptions and Analyses 8.2.2.1. Statistics on the Direction of Skewing 8.2.2.2. Statistics on the Degree of Skewing 8.2,2.3. Statistics on Darkening 8.2.2.4. Statistics on the Dominant-Recessive Pattern 8.2.2.5. Statistics on Transference 8.2.2.6. Miscellaneous Statistics 8.2.3. Synopsis 8.3. Darkening 8.4. Qualifiers and Skewing 8.5. Aggregates of Foci in Specific Languages 8.6. Transference versus Areal Diffusion 8.7 Summary 9. Submerged Versus Reflective Categorization 9.1. Single Foci 9.2. Dual Foci 9.3. Triple Foci 9.4. Overviews of Viewpoints 9.4.1. Kinds of Thinking 9.4.2. In Common Terms 9.4.3. In Formal Terms 9.5. Distinguishing Closely versus Customarily Taking an Overview 9.6. Summary 10. Crossover 10.1. Crossover and Coextension 10.2. Crossover and Inclusion 10.3. An Areal Study 10.4. Qualifier Coextension 10.5. Brightness Coextension 10.6. Summary 11. Transference Versus Diffusion: Mesoamerica Compared With the World 11.1. The Cool Category in Global Perspective 11.2. Results of Skewing 11.3. Conditions That Affect Skewing 11.3.1. Crossover 11.3.2. Brightness Categories Focused in Blue 11.3.3. Brightness Categories Focused in Yellow 11.3.4. Yellow-with-Green Hue Categories 11.3.5. Coextensive Naming 11.3.6. Incipient Transference 11.4. Transference in State Societies 11.5. Summary Part Four. Conclusion 12. Color and Categorization 12.1. Three Levels of Analysis 12.1.1. Raw Observations 12.1.2. A Model of Color Categorization 12.1.2.1. Axioms and Dynamics 12.1.2.2. Points of View and Frames of Reference 12.1.2.3. Simplex and Complex Categorization 12.1.2.4. Flip-Flop 12.1.3. A Theory of Categorization Appendix I. Inventory of Data, Collaborators, Languages, and Locations Appendix II. Linguistic Relations Appendix III. Technical Information Appendix IV. A Cognitive Ceiling of Eleven Basic Color Terms Appendix V. North and South of Mesoamerica Appendix VI. Data Organization Methods Appendix VII. Inventory of Observations Appendix VIII. Formulae Notes Glossary Bibliography Name Index Language Index Subject Index