Enrique A. Baloyra (1942–1997) was Associate Dean of the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Miami. John D. Martz (1934–1998) was Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University.

• Preface 1. Political Attitudes in Venezuela: Problems and Prospects Introduction The Emphasis on Dependence A Search for Roots Analytic Perspectives An Encapsulated Review 2. The Social Context of Political Opinion Introduction The Political Role of Classes Social Class and Social Status Class Identification Social Stratification Patterns of Class Consciousness A Typology of Social Stratification 3. The Social Context of Political Experience Introduction Evaluating the Regime Evaluating Political Institutions The Social Context of Criticism Social Inequality and Policy Preferences Social Inequality, Ideology, and Authoritarianism Social Inequality and Political Participation Stratification and Political Party Preference 4. Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages, I: The Community Context Introduction Cultural Diversity in Venezuela Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages Cultural Cleavages and Community Context A Theoretical Blemish: Community Context and Participation Community Context and Political Cleavages Religion: A Change of Skin Demographic Characteristics of Venezuelan Catholics 5. Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages, II: The Ideological Connection Introduction A First Approximation: Self-Placements Ideological Position Ideological Attitudes and Ideological Position The Left-Right Continuum in Venezuela Sources of Ideological Orientation The Scope of Ideological Constraint 6. Partisanship in Venezuelan Politics Some Assumptions General Partisanship Specific Partisanship Party Oppositions: Adecos and Copeyanos Party Oppositions: Establishment and Antiestablishment Conclusion 7. Summary and Conclusions Opinions and Contradictions Societal Cleavages and Political Opinion in Venezuela Appendix A. The Research Design Appendix B. The Questionnaire Appendix C. Estimation of Social Class Status Appendix D. Note on the Use of Regression Analysis Appendix E. Note on Inference Making from Multiple-Range (one-way analysis of variance) Tests Appendix F. Scales and Indices Appendix G. Note on the Use of Multidimensional Scaling Notes Subject Index Author Index

Enrique A. Baloyra (1942–1997) was Associate Dean of the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Miami. John D. Martz (1934–1998) was Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University.

• Preface 1. Political Attitudes in Venezuela: Problems and Prospects Introduction The Emphasis on Dependence A Search for Roots Analytic Perspectives An Encapsulated Review 2. The Social Context of Political Opinion Introduction The Political Role of Classes Social Class and Social Status Class Identification Social Stratification Patterns of Class Consciousness A Typology of Social Stratification 3. The Social Context of Political Experience Introduction Evaluating the Regime Evaluating Political Institutions The Social Context of Criticism Social Inequality and Policy Preferences Social Inequality, Ideology, and Authoritarianism Social Inequality and Political Participation Stratification and Political Party Preference 4. Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages, I: The Community Context Introduction Cultural Diversity in Venezuela Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages Cultural Cleavages and Community Context A Theoretical Blemish: Community Context and Participation Community Context and Political Cleavages Religion: A Change of Skin Demographic Characteristics of Venezuelan Catholics 5. Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages, II: The Ideological Connection Introduction A First Approximation: Self-Placements Ideological Position Ideological Attitudes and Ideological Position The Left-Right Continuum in Venezuela Sources of Ideological Orientation The Scope of Ideological Constraint 6. Partisanship in Venezuelan Politics Some Assumptions General Partisanship Specific Partisanship Party Oppositions: Adecos and Copeyanos Party Oppositions: Establishment and Antiestablishment Conclusion 7. Summary and Conclusions Opinions and Contradictions Societal Cleavages and Political Opinion in Venezuela Appendix A. The Research Design Appendix B. The Questionnaire Appendix C. Estimation of Social Class Status Appendix D. Note on the Use of Regression Analysis Appendix E. Note on Inference Making from Multiple-Range (one-way analysis of variance) Tests Appendix F. Scales and Indices Appendix G. Note on the Use of Multidimensional Scaling Notes Subject Index Author Index

Enrique A. Baloyra (1942–1997) was Associate Dean of the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Miami. John D. Martz (1934–1998) was Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University.

• Preface 1. Political Attitudes in Venezuela: Problems and Prospects Introduction The Emphasis on Dependence A Search for Roots Analytic Perspectives An Encapsulated Review 2. The Social Context of Political Opinion Introduction The Political Role of Classes Social Class and Social Status Class Identification Social Stratification Patterns of Class Consciousness A Typology of Social Stratification 3. The Social Context of Political Experience Introduction Evaluating the Regime Evaluating Political Institutions The Social Context of Criticism Social Inequality and Policy Preferences Social Inequality, Ideology, and Authoritarianism Social Inequality and Political Participation Stratification and Political Party Preference 4. Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages, I: The Community Context Introduction Cultural Diversity in Venezuela Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages Cultural Cleavages and Community Context A Theoretical Blemish: Community Context and Participation Community Context and Political Cleavages Religion: A Change of Skin Demographic Characteristics of Venezuelan Catholics 5. Cultural Diversity and Political Cleavages, II: The Ideological Connection Introduction A First Approximation: Self-Placements Ideological Position Ideological Attitudes and Ideological Position The Left-Right Continuum in Venezuela Sources of Ideological Orientation The Scope of Ideological Constraint 6. Partisanship in Venezuelan Politics Some Assumptions General Partisanship Specific Partisanship Party Oppositions: Adecos and Copeyanos Party Oppositions: Establishment and Antiestablishment Conclusion 7. Summary and Conclusions Opinions and Contradictions Societal Cleavages and Political Opinion in Venezuela Appendix A. The Research Design Appendix B. The Questionnaire Appendix C. Estimation of Social Class Status Appendix D. Note on the Use of Regression Analysis Appendix E. Note on Inference Making from Multiple-Range (one-way analysis of variance) Tests Appendix F. Scales and Indices Appendix G. Note on the Use of Multidimensional Scaling Notes Subject Index Author Index