Garcilaso de la Vega (1539–1616) wrote numerous works of history and poetry.Editor Harold V. Livermore was a professor of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of British Columbia.

• Foreword by Arnold J. Toynbee Introduction by Harold V. Livermore Part One. Royal Commentaries of the Incas To the Most Serene Princess Preface to the Reader Notes on the General Language of the Indians of Peru Book One I. Whether there are many worlds; it also treats of the five zones II. Whether there are antipodes III. How the New World was discovered IV. The derivation of the name Peru V. Authorities in confirmation of the name Peru VI. What a certain author says about the name Peru VII. Of other derivations of new names VIII. The description of Peru IX. The idolatry of the Indians and the gods they worshipped before the Incas X. The great variety of other gods they had XI. The kinds of sacrifices they made XII. The life and government of the ancient Indians, and the things they ate XIII. How they dressed in those ancient times XIV. Different kinds of marriage and diverse languages; their use of poison and spells XV. The origin of the Inca kings of Peru XVI. The foundation of Cuzco, the imperial city XVII. The people subdued by the first Inca Manco CÁpac XVIII. On some fabulous accounts of the origin of the Incas XIX. The author’s declaration about his history XX. The villages the first Inca ordered to be founded XXI. The Inca’s teachings to his vassals XXII. The honorable insignia that the Inca gave to his followers XXIII. Other more honorable insignia and the name Inca XXIV. The names and titles the Indians gave to their kings XXV. The testament and death of the Inca Manco CÁpac XXVI. The royal names and their meanings Book Two I. The idolatry of the second period and its origin II. The Incas glimpsed the true God, our Lord III. The Incas kept a in a sacred place IV. Of many gods wrongly attributed to the Indians by the Spanish historians V. Of many other meanings of the word Huaca VI. What an author says about their gods VII. They apprehended the immortality of the soul and the universal resurrection VIII. The things they sacrificed to the Sun IX. The priests, rites and ceremonies, and laws attributed to the first Inca X. The author compares what he has said with the statements of the Spanish historians XI. They divided the empire into four districts; they made a census of their subjects XII. Two duties performed by the decurions XIII. On certain laws the Incas had in their government XIV. The decurions gave an account of births and deaths XV. The Indians deny that an Inca of the blood royal has ever committed any crime XVI. The life and deeds of Sinchi Roca, the second Inca king XVII. Lloque Yupanqui, the third ruler, and the meaning of his name XVIII. Two conquests made by the Inca Lloque Yupanqui XIX. The conquest of Hatun Colla and the pride of the Collas XX. The great province of Chucuitu peacefully reduced; and many other provinces likewise XXI. The sciences known to the Incas: first, astrology XXII. They understood the measurement of the year, and the solstices and equinoxes XXIII. They observed eclipses of the sun, and what they did at eclipses of the moon XXIV. The medicines they had and their way of curing themselves XXV. The medicinal herbs they used XXVI. Their knowledge of geometry, geography, arithmetic, and music XXVII. The poetry of Inca amautas, or philosophers, and harauicus, or poets XXVIII. The few instruments used by the Indians for their crafts Book Three I. Maita CÁpac, the fourth Inca, conquers Tiahuanaco; the buildings there II. Hatunpacassa is reduced and Cac-Yaviri conquered III. Those who surrendered are pardoned; the explanation of the fable IV. Three provinces are reduced and others conquered; colonies are established; those who use poison are punished V. The Inca gains three provinces and wins a hard-fought battle VI. Those of Huaichu surrender; they are courteously pardoned VII. Many towns are reduced; the Inca orders the construction of a bridge of osiers VIII. Many tribes are reduced voluntarily to submission by fame of the bridge IX. The Inca gains many other great provinces, and dies in peace X. CÁpac Yupanqui, the fifth king, wins many provinces in Cuntisuyu XI. The conquest of the Aimaras [Umasuyu]; they forgive the curacas; they place landmarks on their boundaries XII. The Inca sends an army to conquer the Quechuas; they agree to submit XIII. They conquer many valleys on the seacoast, and punish sodomy XIV. Two great curacas bring their dispute to the Inca and become his subjects XV. They make a bridge of straw, reeds, and rushes over the Desaguadero; Chayanta is conquered XVI. Various devices used by the Indians for crossing rivers and fishing XVII. Of the conquest of five great provinces, besides other smaller ones XVIII. Prince Inca Roca reduces many great provinces, both inland and on the coast XIX. They take Indians from the seacoast to found colonies inland; the Inca CÁpac Yupanqui dies XX. The description of the temple of the Sun and its great wealth XXI. The cloister of the temple and the dwelling places of the Moon, stars, thunder, lightning, and rainbow XXII. The name of the high priest, and other parts of the house XXIII. The places for sacrifices and the threshold where they took off their sandals to enter the temple; their fountains XXIV. The garden of gold and other riches of the temple, in imitation of which there are many others throughout the empire XXV. The famous temple of Titicaca and its fables and allegories Book Four I. The house of the virgins dedicated to the Sun II. The rules and duties of the chosen virgins III. The veneration they had for things made by the virgins and the law against those who might violate them IV. There were many other houses of chosen virgins; the strict application of their laws is proved V. The service and ornaments of the virgins; they were never given in marriage to anyone VI. The women who were favored by the Inca VII. Other women who preserved their virginity, and widows VIII. How they usually married and set up house IX. The heir to the throne married his sister; the reasons they gave for this X. Various ways of inheriting estates XI. The weaning, shearing, and naming of their children XII. They brought up their children without pampering them XIII. The life and duties of married women XIV. How women visited one another; how they kept their clothes; public women XV. Inca Roca, the sixth king, conquers many nations, among them the Chancas and Hancohuallu XVI. Prince YÁhuar HuÁcac and the meaning of his name XVII. The idols of the Anti Indians and the conquest of the Charcas XVIII. The reasoning of the elders and how they received the Inca XIX. Some laws made by King Inca Roca; the schools he founded in Cuzco, and some of his sayings XX. The seventh king, the Inca “Weeping-Blood,” his fears and his conquests, and the disgrace of the prince XXI. A warning given by an apparition to the prince to be conveyed to his father XXII. The discussions of the Incas about the apparition’s message XXIII. The rebellion of the Chancas; their ancient deeds XXIV. The Inca abandons the city; the prince saves it Book Five I. How they increased the agricultural land and divided it among their vassals II. Their system of agriculture; the festival of tilling the land assigned to the Inca and the Sun III. The quantity of soil given to each Indian, and how it was manured IV. How they shared water for irrigation; they punished idlers and slackers V. The tribute they paid the Inca and the reckoning of their bins VI. Clothing, footwear, and arms were supplied for the warriors VII. Gold, silver, and other objects of value were not offered as tribute, but as presents VIII. The storing of supplies and their use IX. They supplied clothing for their subjects; there were no beggars X. The system of stock-raising and division of the flocks; wild animals XI. The laws and ordinances of the Incas for the benefit of their vassals XII. How they conquered and civilized new vassals XIII. How they appointed officials for every kind of duty XIV. Their system of dealing with property, both public and private XV. How they paid their tribute, the amount of it, and the laws concerning it XVI. The system of collecting tribute; how the Inca rewarded the curacas for the precious objects they offered him XVII. Inca Viracocha has news of his enemies, and of assistance coming to him XVIII. A very bloody battle; it is won by a stratagem XIX. The liberality of Prince Inca Viracocha after the victory XX. The prince pursues the enemy, returns to Cuzco, has an interview with his father, and dispossesses him of the empire XXI. On the name Viracocha, and why it was applied to the Spaniards XXII. Inca Viracocha has a temple built in memory of his uncle, the phantom XXIII. A famous painting; the rewards given to the Inca’s allies XXIV. New provinces subdued by the Inca; and an irrigation channel to water the grazing land XXV. The Inca visits his empire; ambassadors come and offer him their vassalage XXVI. The flight of the brave Hancohuallu from the Inca empire XXVII. Colonies settled on Hancohuallu’s lands; the vale of Y’Úcay described XXVIII. He names his first-born, and prophesies the coming of the Spaniards XXIX. The death of Inca Viracocha; the author saw his body Book Six I. The fabric and adornment of the royal houses II. They copied all sorts of objects in gold and silver with which to adorn the royal palaces III. The accounts of the royal household; and those who carried the king’s litter IV. Halls used as meeting places and other aspects of the royal palaces V. How the kings were buried; their obsequies lasted a year VI. The solemn hunting excursions made by the kings throughout the country VII. Posts and relays, and the messages they carried VIII. They counted by threads and knots; the accountants were extremely accurate IX. What they recorded in their accounts, and how these were read X. Inca PachacÚtec visits his empire; he conquers the Huanca tribe XI. Other provinces won by the Inca; their customs and the punishment of sodomy XII. Buildings, laws, and new conquests made by Inca PachacÚtec XIII. The Inca subdues the hostile provinces by hunger and military strategy XIV. The good curaca Huamanchucu, and how he was subdued XV. The people of Cajamarca resist, but eventually surrender XVI. The conquest of Yauyu, and triumph of the Incas, uncle and nephew XVII. Two valleys are subdued; Chincha replies arrogantly XVIII. The obstinacy of Chincha; its final surrender XIX. The ancient conquests and false boasting of the Chinchas XX. The principal feast of the Sun, and how they prepared for it XXI. They worshipped the Sun, went to his house, and sacrificed a lamb XXII. The auguries of their sacrifices, and the use of fire XXIII. How they drank to one another, and in what order XXIV. How the Incas were armed knights, and the tests they were submitted to XXV. They were required to know how to make their own arms and their shoes XXVI. The prince underwent the ordeal, and was treated more severely than the rest XXVII. The Inca awarded the insignia to the leading candidate, and a member of his family to the rest XXVIII. The insignia of the kings and other Incas, and the masters of the novices XXIX. The surrender of Chuquimancu, lord of four valleys XXX. The valleys of PachacÁmac and RÍmac, and their idols XXXI. They summon Cuismancu to capitulate; his answer and the terms XXXII. They go to conquer King Chimu; a cruel war is waged XXXIII. The obstinacy and misfortunes of the great Chimu, and how he surrendered XXXIV. The Inca aggrandizes his empire; his activities until his death XXXV. He increased the number of schools, and made laws for their good government XXXVI. Many other laws of Inca PachacÚtec; his words of wisdom Book Seven I. The Incas established colonies; they had two languages II. The heirs of chiefs were brought up at court; the reasons for this III. The language of the court IV. The usefulness of the language of the court V. The third solemn festival in honor of the sun VI. The fourth festival; the fasts; and their way of purging their ills VII. A nocturnal rite for expelling ills from the city VIII. The description of the imperial city of Cuzco IX. The city contained the description of the whole empire X. The site of the schools, that of three royal palaces, and that of the chosen virgins XI. The wards and houses to the west of the stream XII. Two donations made by the city for charitable purposes XIII. King Inca Yupanqui seeks to make a new conquest XIV. The events of the expedition to Musu until its completion XV. Traces found of this expedition XVI. Other unfortunate occurrences in the same province XVII. The Chirihuana tribe, its life and customs XVIII. Preparations for the conquest of Chile XIX. The Incas win the regions as far as the valley called Chile; the messages and replies they exchanged with other new tribes XX. A cruel battle between the Incas and other tribes; the first Spaniards who discovered Chile XXI. The rebellion of Chile against Governor Valdivia XXII. A new order of battle; the stratagem of the old Indian captain XXIII. The Indians prevail owing to a treacherous plan executed by one of their number XXIV. Valdivia slain; the war has continued for fifty years XXV. New misfortunes in the kingdom of Chile XXVI. The peaceful life and occupations of King Inca Yupanqui until his death XXVII. The fortress of Cuzco; the size of its stones XXVIII. The three circumvallations, the most remarkable part of the work XXIX. Three towers, the master masons, and the Weary Stone Book Eight I. The conquest of the province of Huacrachucu, and the meaning of its name II. The conquest of the first villages in the province of Chachapoya III. The conquest of other villages and of other barbarous tribes IV. The conquest of three large, warlike, and recalcitrant provinces V. The conquest of the CaÑari province; tis riches and its temple VI. The conquest of many other large provinces as far as the confines of Quito VII. The Inca conquers Quito; Prince Huaina CÁpac is present VIII. The three marriages of Huaina CÁpac; the death of his father; his sayings IX. Maize and what they call rice, and other seeds X. The vegetables that grow in the earth XI. The fruit of larger [plants and] trees XII. The mulli tree and the pimento XIII. The maguey tree and its uses XIV. The banana, the pineapple, and other fruits XV. The precious leaf called coca, and tobacco XVI. Their tame animals; the flock they kept XVII. The wild flocks and other creatures XVIII. Lions, bears, tigers, and monkeys XIX. Land and water fowl, tame and wild XX. Partridges, pigeons, and other lesser birds XXI. Varieties of parrots; their talkativeness XXII. Four famous rivers; the fish found in Peruvian rivers XXIII. Emeralds, turquoises, and pearls XXIV. Gold and silver XXV. Quicksilver, and how metal was founded before the use of quicksilver Book Nine I. Huaina CÁpac orders a golden cable to be made; the reason for this and its purpose II. Ten of the coastal valleys give in of their own free will, and TÚmbez surrenders III. The punishment of those who killed the officials left by TÚpac Inca Yupanqui IV. The Inca visits his empire, consults the oracles, and gains the island of Puna V. The people of Puna kill Huaina CÁpac’s captains VI. The punishment of the rebels VII. The mutiny of the Chachapoyas, and Huaina CÁpac’s magnanimity VIII. The gods and customs of the Manta tribe; their subjugation and that of other savage peoples IX. The giants of those parts and how they met their deaths X. What Huaina CÁpac said about the Sun XI. The revolt of the Caranques; their punishment XII. Huaina CÁpac makes his son Atahuallpa king of Quito XIII. Two famous roads in Peru XIV. Huaina CÁpac heard that the Spaniards were off the coast XV. The testament and death of Huaina CÁpac and the prophecy of the arrival of the Spaniards XVI. Mares and horses; how they were bred in the early days and their great value XVII. Cows and oxen; their prices, high and low XVIII. Camels, asses, and goats; their prices and their breeding in Peru XIX. Pigs; their great fertility XX. Sheep and domestic cats XXI. Rabbits and pure-bred dogs XXII. Rats; their great numbers XXIII. Fowls and pigeons XXIV. Wheat XXV. The vine; the first man to grow grapes in Cuzco XXVI. Wine; the first man to make it in Cuzco; its price XXVII. The olive; its first importer into Peru XXVIII. The fruits of Spain and the sugarcane XXIX. Garden plants and herbs; their size XXX. Flax, asparagus, carrots, and aniseed XXXI. New names for various racial groups XXXII. HuÁscar Inca demands that his brother Atahuallpa shall do homage to him XXXIII. Atahuallpa’s devices to allay his brother’s suspicions XXXIV. HuÁscar is warned and calls up his warriors XXXV. The battle of the Incas; Atahuallpa’s victory and his cruelties XXXVI. The cause of Atahuallpa’s atrocities and their most cruel effects XXXVII. The same cruel treatment is extended to the women and children of the royal blood XXXVIII. Some members of the royal blood escape Atahuallpa’s cruelties XXXIX. Atahuallpa’s cruelty extends to the servants of the royal house XL. The surviving descendants of the royal blood of the Incas Index

Garcilaso de la Vega (1539–1616) wrote numerous works of history and poetry.Editor Harold V. Livermore was a professor of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of British Columbia.

• Foreword by Arnold J. Toynbee Introduction by Harold V. Livermore Part One. Royal Commentaries of the Incas To the Most Serene Princess Preface to the Reader Notes on the General Language of the Indians of Peru Book One I. Whether there are many worlds; it also treats of the five zones II. Whether there are antipodes III. How the New World was discovered IV. The derivation of the name Peru V. Authorities in confirmation of the name Peru VI. What a certain author says about the name Peru VII. Of other derivations of new names VIII. The description of Peru IX. The idolatry of the Indians and the gods they worshipped before the Incas X. The great variety of other gods they had XI. The kinds of sacrifices they made XII. The life and government of the ancient Indians, and the things they ate XIII. How they dressed in those ancient times XIV. Different kinds of marriage and diverse languages; their use of poison and spells XV. The origin of the Inca kings of Peru XVI. The foundation of Cuzco, the imperial city XVII. The people subdued by the first Inca Manco CÁpac XVIII. On some fabulous accounts of the origin of the Incas XIX. The author’s declaration about his history XX. The villages the first Inca ordered to be founded XXI. The Inca’s teachings to his vassals XXII. The honorable insignia that the Inca gave to his followers XXIII. Other more honorable insignia and the name Inca XXIV. The names and titles the Indians gave to their kings XXV. The testament and death of the Inca Manco CÁpac XXVI. The royal names and their meanings Book Two I. The idolatry of the second period and its origin II. The Incas glimpsed the true God, our Lord III. The Incas kept a in a sacred place IV. Of many gods wrongly attributed to the Indians by the Spanish historians V. Of many other meanings of the word Huaca VI. What an author says about their gods VII. They apprehended the immortality of the soul and the universal resurrection VIII. The things they sacrificed to the Sun IX. The priests, rites and ceremonies, and laws attributed to the first Inca X. The author compares what he has said with the statements of the Spanish historians XI. They divided the empire into four districts; they made a census of their subjects XII. Two duties performed by the decurions XIII. On certain laws the Incas had in their government XIV. The decurions gave an account of births and deaths XV. The Indians deny that an Inca of the blood royal has ever committed any crime XVI. The life and deeds of Sinchi Roca, the second Inca king XVII. Lloque Yupanqui, the third ruler, and the meaning of his name XVIII. Two conquests made by the Inca Lloque Yupanqui XIX. The conquest of Hatun Colla and the pride of the Collas XX. The great province of Chucuitu peacefully reduced; and many other provinces likewise XXI. The sciences known to the Incas: first, astrology XXII. They understood the measurement of the year, and the solstices and equinoxes XXIII. They observed eclipses of the sun, and what they did at eclipses of the moon XXIV. The medicines they had and their way of curing themselves XXV. The medicinal herbs they used XXVI. Their knowledge of geometry, geography, arithmetic, and music XXVII. The poetry of Inca amautas, or philosophers, and harauicus, or poets XXVIII. The few instruments used by the Indians for their crafts Book Three I. Maita CÁpac, the fourth Inca, conquers Tiahuanaco; the buildings there II. Hatunpacassa is reduced and Cac-Yaviri conquered III. Those who surrendered are pardoned; the explanation of the fable IV. Three provinces are reduced and others conquered; colonies are established; those who use poison are punished V. The Inca gains three provinces and wins a hard-fought battle VI. Those of Huaichu surrender; they are courteously pardoned VII. Many towns are reduced; the Inca orders the construction of a bridge of osiers VIII. Many tribes are reduced voluntarily to submission by fame of the bridge IX. The Inca gains many other great provinces, and dies in peace X. CÁpac Yupanqui, the fifth king, wins many provinces in Cuntisuyu XI. The conquest of the Aimaras [Umasuyu]; they forgive the curacas; they place landmarks on their boundaries XII. The Inca sends an army to conquer the Quechuas; they agree to submit XIII. They conquer many valleys on the seacoast, and punish sodomy XIV. Two great curacas bring their dispute to the Inca and become his subjects XV. They make a bridge of straw, reeds, and rushes over the Desaguadero; Chayanta is conquered XVI. Various devices used by the Indians for crossing rivers and fishing XVII. Of the conquest of five great provinces, besides other smaller ones XVIII. Prince Inca Roca reduces many great provinces, both inland and on the coast XIX. They take Indians from the seacoast to found colonies inland; the Inca CÁpac Yupanqui dies XX. The description of the temple of the Sun and its great wealth XXI. The cloister of the temple and the dwelling places of the Moon, stars, thunder, lightning, and rainbow XXII. The name of the high priest, and other parts of the house XXIII. The places for sacrifices and the threshold where they took off their sandals to enter the temple; their fountains XXIV. The garden of gold and other riches of the temple, in imitation of which there are many others throughout the empire XXV. The famous temple of Titicaca and its fables and allegories Book Four I. The house of the virgins dedicated to the Sun II. The rules and duties of the chosen virgins III. The veneration they had for things made by the virgins and the law against those who might violate them IV. There were many other houses of chosen virgins; the strict application of their laws is proved V. The service and ornaments of the virgins; they were never given in marriage to anyone VI. The women who were favored by the Inca VII. Other women who preserved their virginity, and widows VIII. How they usually married and set up house IX. The heir to the throne married his sister; the reasons they gave for this X. Various ways of inheriting estates XI. The weaning, shearing, and naming of their children XII. They brought up their children without pampering them XIII. The life and duties of married women XIV. How women visited one another; how they kept their clothes; public women XV. Inca Roca, the sixth king, conquers many nations, among them the Chancas and Hancohuallu XVI. Prince YÁhuar HuÁcac and the meaning of his name XVII. The idols of the Anti Indians and the conquest of the Charcas XVIII. The reasoning of the elders and how they received the Inca XIX. Some laws made by King Inca Roca; the schools he founded in Cuzco, and some of his sayings XX. The seventh king, the Inca “Weeping-Blood,” his fears and his conquests, and the disgrace of the prince XXI. A warning given by an apparition to the prince to be conveyed to his father XXII. The discussions of the Incas about the apparition’s message XXIII. The rebellion of the Chancas; their ancient deeds XXIV. The Inca abandons the city; the prince saves it Book Five I. How they increased the agricultural land and divided it among their vassals II. Their system of agriculture; the festival of tilling the land assigned to the Inca and the Sun III. The quantity of soil given to each Indian, and how it was manured IV. How they shared water for irrigation; they punished idlers and slackers V. The tribute they paid the Inca and the reckoning of their bins VI. Clothing, footwear, and arms were supplied for the warriors VII. Gold, silver, and other objects of value were not offered as tribute, but as presents VIII. The storing of supplies and their use IX. They supplied clothing for their subjects; there were no beggars X. The system of stock-raising and division of the flocks; wild animals XI. The laws and ordinances of the Incas for the benefit of their vassals XII. How they conquered and civilized new vassals XIII. How they appointed officials for every kind of duty XIV. Their system of dealing with property, both public and private XV. How they paid their tribute, the amount of it, and the laws concerning it XVI. The system of collecting tribute; how the Inca rewarded the curacas for the precious objects they offered him XVII. Inca Viracocha has news of his enemies, and of assistance coming to him XVIII. A very bloody battle; it is won by a stratagem XIX. The liberality of Prince Inca Viracocha after the victory XX. The prince pursues the enemy, returns to Cuzco, has an interview with his father, and dispossesses him of the empire XXI. On the name Viracocha, and why it was applied to the Spaniards XXII. Inca Viracocha has a temple built in memory of his uncle, the phantom XXIII. A famous painting; the rewards given to the Inca’s allies XXIV. New provinces subdued by the Inca; and an irrigation channel to water the grazing land XXV. The Inca visits his empire; ambassadors come and offer him their vassalage XXVI. The flight of the brave Hancohuallu from the Inca empire XXVII. Colonies settled on Hancohuallu’s lands; the vale of Y’Úcay described XXVIII. He names his first-born, and prophesies the coming of the Spaniards XXIX. The death of Inca Viracocha; the author saw his body Book Six I. The fabric and adornment of the royal houses II. They copied all sorts of objects in gold and silver with which to adorn the royal palaces III. The accounts of the royal household; and those who carried the king’s litter IV. Halls used as meeting places and other aspects of the royal palaces V. How the kings were buried; their obsequies lasted a year VI. The solemn hunting excursions made by the kings throughout the country VII. Posts and relays, and the messages they carried VIII. They counted by threads and knots; the accountants were extremely accurate IX. What they recorded in their accounts, and how these were read X. Inca PachacÚtec visits his empire; he conquers the Huanca tribe XI. Other provinces won by the Inca; their customs and the punishment of sodomy XII. Buildings, laws, and new conquests made by Inca PachacÚtec XIII. The Inca subdues the hostile provinces by hunger and military strategy XIV. The good curaca Huamanchucu, and how he was subdued XV. The people of Cajamarca resist, but eventually surrender XVI. The conquest of Yauyu, and triumph of the Incas, uncle and nephew XVII. Two valleys are subdued; Chincha replies arrogantly XVIII. The obstinacy of Chincha; its final surrender XIX. The ancient conquests and false boasting of the Chinchas XX. The principal feast of the Sun, and how they prepared for it XXI. They worshipped the Sun, went to his house, and sacrificed a lamb XXII. The auguries of their sacrifices, and the use of fire XXIII. How they drank to one another, and in what order XXIV. How the Incas were armed knights, and the tests they were submitted to XXV. They were required to know how to make their own arms and their shoes XXVI. The prince underwent the ordeal, and was treated more severely than the rest XXVII. The Inca awarded the insignia to the leading candidate, and a member of his family to the rest XXVIII. The insignia of the kings and other Incas, and the masters of the novices XXIX. The surrender of Chuquimancu, lord of four valleys XXX. The valleys of PachacÁmac and RÍmac, and their idols XXXI. They summon Cuismancu to capitulate; his answer and the terms XXXII. They go to conquer King Chimu; a cruel war is waged XXXIII. The obstinacy and misfortunes of the great Chimu, and how he surrendered XXXIV. The Inca aggrandizes his empire; his activities until his death XXXV. He increased the number of schools, and made laws for their good government XXXVI. Many other laws of Inca PachacÚtec; his words of wisdom Book Seven I. The Incas established colonies; they had two languages II. The heirs of chiefs were brought up at court; the reasons for this III. The language of the court IV. The usefulness of the language of the court V. The third solemn festival in honor of the sun VI. The fourth festival; the fasts; and their way of purging their ills VII. A nocturnal rite for expelling ills from the city VIII. The description of the imperial city of Cuzco IX. The city contained the description of the whole empire X. The site of the schools, that of three royal palaces, and that of the chosen virgins XI. The wards and houses to the west of the stream XII. Two donations made by the city for charitable purposes XIII. King Inca Yupanqui seeks to make a new conquest XIV. The events of the expedition to Musu until its completion XV. Traces found of this expedition XVI. Other unfortunate occurrences in the same province XVII. The Chirihuana tribe, its life and customs XVIII. Preparations for the conquest of Chile XIX. The Incas win the regions as far as the valley called Chile; the messages and replies they exchanged with other new tribes XX. A cruel battle between the Incas and other tribes; the first Spaniards who discovered Chile XXI. The rebellion of Chile against Governor Valdivia XXII. A new order of battle; the stratagem of the old Indian captain XXIII. The Indians prevail owing to a treacherous plan executed by one of their number XXIV. Valdivia slain; the war has continued for fifty years XXV. New misfortunes in the kingdom of Chile XXVI. The peaceful life and occupations of King Inca Yupanqui until his death XXVII. The fortress of Cuzco; the size of its stones XXVIII. The three circumvallations, the most remarkable part of the work XXIX. Three towers, the master masons, and the Weary Stone Book Eight I. The conquest of the province of Huacrachucu, and the meaning of its name II. The conquest of the first villages in the province of Chachapoya III. The conquest of other villages and of other barbarous tribes IV. The conquest of three large, warlike, and recalcitrant provinces V. The conquest of the CaÑari province; tis riches and its temple VI. The conquest of many other large provinces as far as the confines of Quito VII. The Inca conquers Quito; Prince Huaina CÁpac is present VIII. The three marriages of Huaina CÁpac; the death of his father; his sayings IX. Maize and what they call rice, and other seeds X. The vegetables that grow in the earth XI. The fruit of larger [plants and] trees XII. The mulli tree and the pimento XIII. The maguey tree and its uses XIV. The banana, the pineapple, and other fruits XV. The precious leaf called coca, and tobacco XVI. Their tame animals; the flock they kept XVII. The wild flocks and other creatures XVIII. Lions, bears, tigers, and monkeys XIX. Land and water fowl, tame and wild XX. Partridges, pigeons, and other lesser birds XXI. Varieties of parrots; their talkativeness XXII. Four famous rivers; the fish found in Peruvian rivers XXIII. Emeralds, turquoises, and pearls XXIV. Gold and silver XXV. Quicksilver, and how metal was founded before the use of quicksilver Book Nine I. Huaina CÁpac orders a golden cable to be made; the reason for this and its purpose II. Ten of the coastal valleys give in of their own free will, and TÚmbez surrenders III. The punishment of those who killed the officials left by TÚpac Inca Yupanqui IV. The Inca visits his empire, consults the oracles, and gains the island of Puna V. The people of Puna kill Huaina CÁpac’s captains VI. The punishment of the rebels VII. The mutiny of the Chachapoyas, and Huaina CÁpac’s magnanimity VIII. The gods and customs of the Manta tribe; their subjugation and that of other savage peoples IX. The giants of those parts and how they met their deaths X. What Huaina CÁpac said about the Sun XI. The revolt of the Caranques; their punishment XII. Huaina CÁpac makes his son Atahuallpa king of Quito XIII. Two famous roads in Peru XIV. Huaina CÁpac heard that the Spaniards were off the coast XV. The testament and death of Huaina CÁpac and the prophecy of the arrival of the Spaniards XVI. Mares and horses; how they were bred in the early days and their great value XVII. Cows and oxen; their prices, high and low XVIII. Camels, asses, and goats; their prices and their breeding in Peru XIX. Pigs; their great fertility XX. Sheep and domestic cats XXI. Rabbits and pure-bred dogs XXII. Rats; their great numbers XXIII. Fowls and pigeons XXIV. Wheat XXV. The vine; the first man to grow grapes in Cuzco XXVI. Wine; the first man to make it in Cuzco; its price XXVII. The olive; its first importer into Peru XXVIII. The fruits of Spain and the sugarcane XXIX. Garden plants and herbs; their size XXX. Flax, asparagus, carrots, and aniseed XXXI. New names for various racial groups XXXII. HuÁscar Inca demands that his brother Atahuallpa shall do homage to him XXXIII. Atahuallpa’s devices to allay his brother’s suspicions XXXIV. HuÁscar is warned and calls up his warriors XXXV. The battle of the Incas; Atahuallpa’s victory and his cruelties XXXVI. The cause of Atahuallpa’s atrocities and their most cruel effects XXXVII. The same cruel treatment is extended to the women and children of the royal blood XXXVIII. Some members of the royal blood escape Atahuallpa’s cruelties XXXIX. Atahuallpa’s cruelty extends to the servants of the royal house XL. The surviving descendants of the royal blood of the Incas Index

Garcilaso de la Vega (1539–1616) wrote numerous works of history and poetry.Editor Harold V. Livermore was a professor of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of British Columbia.

• Foreword by Arnold J. Toynbee Introduction by Harold V. Livermore Part One. Royal Commentaries of the Incas To the Most Serene Princess Preface to the Reader Notes on the General Language of the Indians of Peru Book One I. Whether there are many worlds; it also treats of the five zones II. Whether there are antipodes III. How the New World was discovered IV. The derivation of the name Peru V. Authorities in confirmation of the name Peru VI. What a certain author says about the name Peru VII. Of other derivations of new names VIII. The description of Peru IX. The idolatry of the Indians and the gods they worshipped before the Incas X. The great variety of other gods they had XI. The kinds of sacrifices they made XII. The life and government of the ancient Indians, and the things they ate XIII. How they dressed in those ancient times XIV. Different kinds of marriage and diverse languages; their use of poison and spells XV. The origin of the Inca kings of Peru XVI. The foundation of Cuzco, the imperial city XVII. The people subdued by the first Inca Manco CÁpac XVIII. On some fabulous accounts of the origin of the Incas XIX. The author’s declaration about his history XX. The villages the first Inca ordered to be founded XXI. The Inca’s teachings to his vassals XXII. The honorable insignia that the Inca gave to his followers XXIII. Other more honorable insignia and the name Inca XXIV. The names and titles the Indians gave to their kings XXV. The testament and death of the Inca Manco CÁpac XXVI. The royal names and their meanings Book Two I. The idolatry of the second period and its origin II. The Incas glimpsed the true God, our Lord III. The Incas kept a in a sacred place IV. Of many gods wrongly attributed to the Indians by the Spanish historians V. Of many other meanings of the word Huaca VI. What an author says about their gods VII. They apprehended the immortality of the soul and the universal resurrection VIII. The things they sacrificed to the Sun IX. The priests, rites and ceremonies, and laws attributed to the first Inca X. The author compares what he has said with the statements of the Spanish historians XI. They divided the empire into four districts; they made a census of their subjects XII. Two duties performed by the decurions XIII. On certain laws the Incas had in their government XIV. The decurions gave an account of births and deaths XV. The Indians deny that an Inca of the blood royal has ever committed any crime XVI. The life and deeds of Sinchi Roca, the second Inca king XVII. Lloque Yupanqui, the third ruler, and the meaning of his name XVIII. Two conquests made by the Inca Lloque Yupanqui XIX. The conquest of Hatun Colla and the pride of the Collas XX. The great province of Chucuitu peacefully reduced; and many other provinces likewise XXI. The sciences known to the Incas: first, astrology XXII. They understood the measurement of the year, and the solstices and equinoxes XXIII. They observed eclipses of the sun, and what they did at eclipses of the moon XXIV. The medicines they had and their way of curing themselves XXV. The medicinal herbs they used XXVI. Their knowledge of geometry, geography, arithmetic, and music XXVII. The poetry of Inca amautas, or philosophers, and harauicus, or poets XXVIII. The few instruments used by the Indians for their crafts Book Three I. Maita CÁpac, the fourth Inca, conquers Tiahuanaco; the buildings there II. Hatunpacassa is reduced and Cac-Yaviri conquered III. Those who surrendered are pardoned; the explanation of the fable IV. Three provinces are reduced and others conquered; colonies are established; those who use poison are punished V. The Inca gains three provinces and wins a hard-fought battle VI. Those of Huaichu surrender; they are courteously pardoned VII. Many towns are reduced; the Inca orders the construction of a bridge of osiers VIII. Many tribes are reduced voluntarily to submission by fame of the bridge IX. The Inca gains many other great provinces, and dies in peace X. CÁpac Yupanqui, the fifth king, wins many provinces in Cuntisuyu XI. The conquest of the Aimaras [Umasuyu]; they forgive the curacas; they place landmarks on their boundaries XII. The Inca sends an army to conquer the Quechuas; they agree to submit XIII. They conquer many valleys on the seacoast, and punish sodomy XIV. Two great curacas bring their dispute to the Inca and become his subjects XV. They make a bridge of straw, reeds, and rushes over the Desaguadero; Chayanta is conquered XVI. Various devices used by the Indians for crossing rivers and fishing XVII. Of the conquest of five great provinces, besides other smaller ones XVIII. Prince Inca Roca reduces many great provinces, both inland and on the coast XIX. They take Indians from the seacoast to found colonies inland; the Inca CÁpac Yupanqui dies XX. The description of the temple of the Sun and its great wealth XXI. The cloister of the temple and the dwelling places of the Moon, stars, thunder, lightning, and rainbow XXII. The name of the high priest, and other parts of the house XXIII. The places for sacrifices and the threshold where they took off their sandals to enter the temple; their fountains XXIV. The garden of gold and other riches of the temple, in imitation of which there are many others throughout the empire XXV. The famous temple of Titicaca and its fables and allegories Book Four I. The house of the virgins dedicated to the Sun II. The rules and duties of the chosen virgins III. The veneration they had for things made by the virgins and the law against those who might violate them IV. There were many other houses of chosen virgins; the strict application of their laws is proved V. The service and ornaments of the virgins; they were never given in marriage to anyone VI. The women who were favored by the Inca VII. Other women who preserved their virginity, and widows VIII. How they usually married and set up house IX. The heir to the throne married his sister; the reasons they gave for this X. Various ways of inheriting estates XI. The weaning, shearing, and naming of their children XII. They brought up their children without pampering them XIII. The life and duties of married women XIV. How women visited one another; how they kept their clothes; public women XV. Inca Roca, the sixth king, conquers many nations, among them the Chancas and Hancohuallu XVI. Prince YÁhuar HuÁcac and the meaning of his name XVII. The idols of the Anti Indians and the conquest of the Charcas XVIII. The reasoning of the elders and how they received the Inca XIX. Some laws made by King Inca Roca; the schools he founded in Cuzco, and some of his sayings XX. The seventh king, the Inca “Weeping-Blood,” his fears and his conquests, and the disgrace of the prince XXI. A warning given by an apparition to the prince to be conveyed to his father XXII. The discussions of the Incas about the apparition’s message XXIII. The rebellion of the Chancas; their ancient deeds XXIV. The Inca abandons the city; the prince saves it Book Five I. How they increased the agricultural land and divided it among their vassals II. Their system of agriculture; the festival of tilling the land assigned to the Inca and the Sun III. The quantity of soil given to each Indian, and how it was manured IV. How they shared water for irrigation; they punished idlers and slackers V. The tribute they paid the Inca and the reckoning of their bins VI. Clothing, footwear, and arms were supplied for the warriors VII. Gold, silver, and other objects of value were not offered as tribute, but as presents VIII. The storing of supplies and their use IX. They supplied clothing for their subjects; there were no beggars X. The system of stock-raising and division of the flocks; wild animals XI. The laws and ordinances of the Incas for the benefit of their vassals XII. How they conquered and civilized new vassals XIII. How they appointed officials for every kind of duty XIV. Their system of dealing with property, both public and private XV. How they paid their tribute, the amount of it, and the laws concerning it XVI. The system of collecting tribute; how the Inca rewarded the curacas for the precious objects they offered him XVII. Inca Viracocha has news of his enemies, and of assistance coming to him XVIII. A very bloody battle; it is won by a stratagem XIX. The liberality of Prince Inca Viracocha after the victory XX. The prince pursues the enemy, returns to Cuzco, has an interview with his father, and dispossesses him of the empire XXI. On the name Viracocha, and why it was applied to the Spaniards XXII. Inca Viracocha has a temple built in memory of his uncle, the phantom XXIII. A famous painting; the rewards given to the Inca’s allies XXIV. New provinces subdued by the Inca; and an irrigation channel to water the grazing land XXV. The Inca visits his empire; ambassadors come and offer him their vassalage XXVI. The flight of the brave Hancohuallu from the Inca empire XXVII. Colonies settled on Hancohuallu’s lands; the vale of Y’Úcay described XXVIII. He names his first-born, and prophesies the coming of the Spaniards XXIX. The death of Inca Viracocha; the author saw his body Book Six I. The fabric and adornment of the royal houses II. They copied all sorts of objects in gold and silver with which to adorn the royal palaces III. The accounts of the royal household; and those who carried the king’s litter IV. Halls used as meeting places and other aspects of the royal palaces V. How the kings were buried; their obsequies lasted a year VI. The solemn hunting excursions made by the kings throughout the country VII. Posts and relays, and the messages they carried VIII. They counted by threads and knots; the accountants were extremely accurate IX. What they recorded in their accounts, and how these were read X. Inca PachacÚtec visits his empire; he conquers the Huanca tribe XI. Other provinces won by the Inca; their customs and the punishment of sodomy XII. Buildings, laws, and new conquests made by Inca PachacÚtec XIII. The Inca subdues the hostile provinces by hunger and military strategy XIV. The good curaca Huamanchucu, and how he was subdued XV. The people of Cajamarca resist, but eventually surrender XVI. The conquest of Yauyu, and triumph of the Incas, uncle and nephew XVII. Two valleys are subdued; Chincha replies arrogantly XVIII. The obstinacy of Chincha; its final surrender XIX. The ancient conquests and false boasting of the Chinchas XX. The principal feast of the Sun, and how they prepared for it XXI. They worshipped the Sun, went to his house, and sacrificed a lamb XXII. The auguries of their sacrifices, and the use of fire XXIII. How they drank to one another, and in what order XXIV. How the Incas were armed knights, and the tests they were submitted to XXV. They were required to know how to make their own arms and their shoes XXVI. The prince underwent the ordeal, and was treated more severely than the rest XXVII. The Inca awarded the insignia to the leading candidate, and a member of his family to the rest XXVIII. The insignia of the kings and other Incas, and the masters of the novices XXIX. The surrender of Chuquimancu, lord of four valleys XXX. The valleys of PachacÁmac and RÍmac, and their idols XXXI. They summon Cuismancu to capitulate; his answer and the terms XXXII. They go to conquer King Chimu; a cruel war is waged XXXIII. The obstinacy and misfortunes of the great Chimu, and how he surrendered XXXIV. The Inca aggrandizes his empire; his activities until his death XXXV. He increased the number of schools, and made laws for their good government XXXVI. Many other laws of Inca PachacÚtec; his words of wisdom Book Seven I. The Incas established colonies; they had two languages II. The heirs of chiefs were brought up at court; the reasons for this III. The language of the court IV. The usefulness of the language of the court V. The third solemn festival in honor of the sun VI. The fourth festival; the fasts; and their way of purging their ills VII. A nocturnal rite for expelling ills from the city VIII. The description of the imperial city of Cuzco IX. The city contained the description of the whole empire X. The site of the schools, that of three royal palaces, and that of the chosen virgins XI. The wards and houses to the west of the stream XII. Two donations made by the city for charitable purposes XIII. King Inca Yupanqui seeks to make a new conquest XIV. The events of the expedition to Musu until its completion XV. Traces found of this expedition XVI. Other unfortunate occurrences in the same province XVII. The Chirihuana tribe, its life and customs XVIII. Preparations for the conquest of Chile XIX. The Incas win the regions as far as the valley called Chile; the messages and replies they exchanged with other new tribes XX. A cruel battle between the Incas and other tribes; the first Spaniards who discovered Chile XXI. The rebellion of Chile against Governor Valdivia XXII. A new order of battle; the stratagem of the old Indian captain XXIII. The Indians prevail owing to a treacherous plan executed by one of their number XXIV. Valdivia slain; the war has continued for fifty years XXV. New misfortunes in the kingdom of Chile XXVI. The peaceful life and occupations of King Inca Yupanqui until his death XXVII. The fortress of Cuzco; the size of its stones XXVIII. The three circumvallations, the most remarkable part of the work XXIX. Three towers, the master masons, and the Weary Stone Book Eight I. The conquest of the province of Huacrachucu, and the meaning of its name II. The conquest of the first villages in the province of Chachapoya III. The conquest of other villages and of other barbarous tribes IV. The conquest of three large, warlike, and recalcitrant provinces V. The conquest of the CaÑari province; tis riches and its temple VI. The conquest of many other large provinces as far as the confines of Quito VII. The Inca conquers Quito; Prince Huaina CÁpac is present VIII. The three marriages of Huaina CÁpac; the death of his father; his sayings IX. Maize and what they call rice, and other seeds X. The vegetables that grow in the earth XI. The fruit of larger [plants and] trees XII. The mulli tree and the pimento XIII. The maguey tree and its uses XIV. The banana, the pineapple, and other fruits XV. The precious leaf called coca, and tobacco XVI. Their tame animals; the flock they kept XVII. The wild flocks and other creatures XVIII. Lions, bears, tigers, and monkeys XIX. Land and water fowl, tame and wild XX. Partridges, pigeons, and other lesser birds XXI. Varieties of parrots; their talkativeness XXII. Four famous rivers; the fish found in Peruvian rivers XXIII. Emeralds, turquoises, and pearls XXIV. Gold and silver XXV. Quicksilver, and how metal was founded before the use of quicksilver Book Nine I. Huaina CÁpac orders a golden cable to be made; the reason for this and its purpose II. Ten of the coastal valleys give in of their own free will, and TÚmbez surrenders III. The punishment of those who killed the officials left by TÚpac Inca Yupanqui IV. The Inca visits his empire, consults the oracles, and gains the island of Puna V. The people of Puna kill Huaina CÁpac’s captains VI. The punishment of the rebels VII. The mutiny of the Chachapoyas, and Huaina CÁpac’s magnanimity VIII. The gods and customs of the Manta tribe; their subjugation and that of other savage peoples IX. The giants of those parts and how they met their deaths X. What Huaina CÁpac said about the Sun XI. The revolt of the Caranques; their punishment XII. Huaina CÁpac makes his son Atahuallpa king of Quito XIII. Two famous roads in Peru XIV. Huaina CÁpac heard that the Spaniards were off the coast XV. The testament and death of Huaina CÁpac and the prophecy of the arrival of the Spaniards XVI. Mares and horses; how they were bred in the early days and their great value XVII. Cows and oxen; their prices, high and low XVIII. Camels, asses, and goats; their prices and their breeding in Peru XIX. Pigs; their great fertility XX. Sheep and domestic cats XXI. Rabbits and pure-bred dogs XXII. Rats; their great numbers XXIII. Fowls and pigeons XXIV. Wheat XXV. The vine; the first man to grow grapes in Cuzco XXVI. Wine; the first man to make it in Cuzco; its price XXVII. The olive; its first importer into Peru XXVIII. The fruits of Spain and the sugarcane XXIX. Garden plants and herbs; their size XXX. Flax, asparagus, carrots, and aniseed XXXI. New names for various racial groups XXXII. HuÁscar Inca demands that his brother Atahuallpa shall do homage to him XXXIII. Atahuallpa’s devices to allay his brother’s suspicions XXXIV. HuÁscar is warned and calls up his warriors XXXV. The battle of the Incas; Atahuallpa’s victory and his cruelties XXXVI. The cause of Atahuallpa’s atrocities and their most cruel effects XXXVII. The same cruel treatment is extended to the women and children of the royal blood XXXVIII. Some members of the royal blood escape Atahuallpa’s cruelties XXXIX. Atahuallpa’s cruelty extends to the servants of the royal house XL. The surviving descendants of the royal blood of the Incas Index