William H. York is assistant professor of interdisciplinary studies in the University Honors Program at Portland State University, Portland, OR.

• Series Foreword1. Factors in Health and WellnessHealth and Disease in HistoryHealth, Disease, and the BodyDisease Theory in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia and EgyptDisease Theory in the Western Medical Tradition: Greece, Rome, the Islamic World, and Medieval EuropeDisease Theory in Indian Ayurvedic MedicineDisease Theory in Traditional Chinese MedicineHealth and Social Well-Being2. Education and Training: Learned and Non-LearnedMedical Learning in the Ancient Near EastMesopotamiaEgyptMedical Learning in the Ancient Greek and Roman WorldHippocratic MedicineGalen and the Hippocratic TraditionMedical Learning in India: The Written Tradition of AyurvedaThe Origin of the Ayurvedic Medical TextsMedical EducationMedical Learning in ChinaFoundations of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Rise of Formal Medical EducationMedical Learning in the Islamic WorldTranslation and the Written Tradition of Islamic MedicinePractitioners and Their TrainingMedical Learning in Medieval EuropeTranslation and the Rise of UniversitiesThe Hierarchy of Medical Practitioners and the Non-Learned Tradition of Medieval Medicine3. Religion and MedicineFaith, Magic, and Healing in Mesopotamia and EgyptGods and the Causes of DiseaseReligious Healing in Ancient MesopotamiaMagical Cures in EgyptReligious and Naturalistic Medicine in Ancient GreeceMedicine and Religion in India and ChinaMagic and Medicine in Early Indian and Chinese CivilizationsConfucianism and Taoism in Chinese Medical ThoughtBuddhism in Indian MedicineFaith Healing in the Islamic and Christian TraditionsProphetic Medicine in the Islamic WorldMagical and Miracle Cures in Medieval European Medicine4. Women's HealthGynecology: Women's Bodies and Women's DiseasesMesopotamia and EgyptGreek and Roman Gynecological LiteratureGynecology in Ayurvedic Medical LiteratureGynecology in Traditional Chinese MedicineFemale Practitioners and Women Patients in the Islamic WorldThe "Secrets of Women" and Male Physicians in Medieval EuropeObstetrics: Managing Pregnancy and ChildbirthChildbirth in Ancient Mesopotamia and EgyptChildbirth in Ancient Greece and RomeChildbirth in IndiaChildbirth in ChinaChildbirth in Medieval Europe5. Health in Infancy, Childhood, and Old AgeAging and the Life Cycle in Premodern Medical TheoriesPediatric MedicineMesopotamian Cures for ChildrenEgyptian Cures for ChildrenChildren and Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomePediatric Care in the Ayurvedic TraditionPediatrics in Traditional Chinese MedicineChildcare and Pediatric Medicine in Medieval EuropeGeriatric Care in the Premodern World6. Infectious Disease in the Premodern WorldStudying Disease in HistoryEpidemics and Theories of Disease CausationSmallpoxBubonic Plague, or the Black DeathThe Origin and Spread of the Bubonic PlagueMedical Responses to the Black Death in Europe and the Islamic WorldReligious Responses to the Black DeathPopular and Civic Responses to the Black DeathLeprosyLeprosy in IndiaLeprosy in ChinaLeprosy in Medieval Europe7. Environmental and Occupational HazardsLiving and Working Conditions in Rural CommunitiesLiving and Working Conditions in Urban CentersWaste and Sewage RemovalFresh Water and the Risk of Lead PoisoningThe Risk of FireViolence and Crime8. Surgery and Manual OperationsSurgery in Ancient MesopotamiaSurgery in Ancient EgyptSurgery in Ancient Greece and RomeHippocratic SurgeonsRoman SurgeonsSurgery in IndiaSurgical Training and ProceduresEarly Methods of Reconstructive SurgerySurgery and the VaidyaChinese SurgeryThe Low Status of Surgery and SurgeonsMoxibustion and AcupunctureSurgery in the Islamic WorldAbu al-Qasim al-ZahrawiSurgery in the Medieval WestSurgeons and PhysiciansThe Rise of Rational SurgeryVernacular Surgery Texts and Craft Practice9. The Brain and Mental DisordersThe Mind and Illness in Mesopotamia and EgyptMental Health and Humoral Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomeThe Mind and Mental Health in Ayurvedic MedicineMental Illness in Traditional Chinese MedicineMental Illness in Islamic MedicineMental Illness in Medieval Europe10. The Apothecary and His PharmacopeiaThe Pharmacopeia of Ancient MesopotamiaThe Egyptian PharmacopeiaGreek and Roman PharmacologyPharmacy in Ayurvedic MedicineSiddha Medicine and Alchemical RemediesThe Traditional Chinese PharmacopeiaEarly Materia MedicaAlchemy and Pharmaceutical ChemistryStandardizing Materia Medica and Regulating the Drug MarketPharmacy in the Islamic WorldMedieval European Pharmacology11. War and HealthWeapons and WoundsDisease and Hunger in WarSiege Warfare12. Institutions and HealthGovernmental and Religious Institutions in Mesopotamia and EgyptIrrigation SystemsEmbalming in Ancient Egypt and Knowledge of the BodyInstitutional Support for Health and Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomeThe Museum and the Library in Alexandria, EgyptRoman Engineering: Aqueducts and Sewage SystemsInstitutional Medicine in Ancient IndiaHealth and the State in ChinaHospitals in the Islamic World and Medieval EuropeThe Black Death and Public Health in Medieval Europe13. Healing and the ArtsEncounters with the Doctor in Art and LiteratureThe Body in Medical ArtGlossarySuggestions for Further ReadingBibliographyIndex

William H. York is assistant professor of interdisciplinary studies in the University Honors Program at Portland State University, Portland, OR.

• Series Foreword1. Factors in Health and WellnessHealth and Disease in HistoryHealth, Disease, and the BodyDisease Theory in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia and EgyptDisease Theory in the Western Medical Tradition: Greece, Rome, the Islamic World, and Medieval EuropeDisease Theory in Indian Ayurvedic MedicineDisease Theory in Traditional Chinese MedicineHealth and Social Well-Being2. Education and Training: Learned and Non-LearnedMedical Learning in the Ancient Near EastMesopotamiaEgyptMedical Learning in the Ancient Greek and Roman WorldHippocratic MedicineGalen and the Hippocratic TraditionMedical Learning in India: The Written Tradition of AyurvedaThe Origin of the Ayurvedic Medical TextsMedical EducationMedical Learning in ChinaFoundations of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Rise of Formal Medical EducationMedical Learning in the Islamic WorldTranslation and the Written Tradition of Islamic MedicinePractitioners and Their TrainingMedical Learning in Medieval EuropeTranslation and the Rise of UniversitiesThe Hierarchy of Medical Practitioners and the Non-Learned Tradition of Medieval Medicine3. Religion and MedicineFaith, Magic, and Healing in Mesopotamia and EgyptGods and the Causes of DiseaseReligious Healing in Ancient MesopotamiaMagical Cures in EgyptReligious and Naturalistic Medicine in Ancient GreeceMedicine and Religion in India and ChinaMagic and Medicine in Early Indian and Chinese CivilizationsConfucianism and Taoism in Chinese Medical ThoughtBuddhism in Indian MedicineFaith Healing in the Islamic and Christian TraditionsProphetic Medicine in the Islamic WorldMagical and Miracle Cures in Medieval European Medicine4. Women's HealthGynecology: Women's Bodies and Women's DiseasesMesopotamia and EgyptGreek and Roman Gynecological LiteratureGynecology in Ayurvedic Medical LiteratureGynecology in Traditional Chinese MedicineFemale Practitioners and Women Patients in the Islamic WorldThe "Secrets of Women" and Male Physicians in Medieval EuropeObstetrics: Managing Pregnancy and ChildbirthChildbirth in Ancient Mesopotamia and EgyptChildbirth in Ancient Greece and RomeChildbirth in IndiaChildbirth in ChinaChildbirth in Medieval Europe5. Health in Infancy, Childhood, and Old AgeAging and the Life Cycle in Premodern Medical TheoriesPediatric MedicineMesopotamian Cures for ChildrenEgyptian Cures for ChildrenChildren and Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomePediatric Care in the Ayurvedic TraditionPediatrics in Traditional Chinese MedicineChildcare and Pediatric Medicine in Medieval EuropeGeriatric Care in the Premodern World6. Infectious Disease in the Premodern WorldStudying Disease in HistoryEpidemics and Theories of Disease CausationSmallpoxBubonic Plague, or the Black DeathThe Origin and Spread of the Bubonic PlagueMedical Responses to the Black Death in Europe and the Islamic WorldReligious Responses to the Black DeathPopular and Civic Responses to the Black DeathLeprosyLeprosy in IndiaLeprosy in ChinaLeprosy in Medieval Europe7. Environmental and Occupational HazardsLiving and Working Conditions in Rural CommunitiesLiving and Working Conditions in Urban CentersWaste and Sewage RemovalFresh Water and the Risk of Lead PoisoningThe Risk of FireViolence and Crime8. Surgery and Manual OperationsSurgery in Ancient MesopotamiaSurgery in Ancient EgyptSurgery in Ancient Greece and RomeHippocratic SurgeonsRoman SurgeonsSurgery in IndiaSurgical Training and ProceduresEarly Methods of Reconstructive SurgerySurgery and the VaidyaChinese SurgeryThe Low Status of Surgery and SurgeonsMoxibustion and AcupunctureSurgery in the Islamic WorldAbu al-Qasim al-ZahrawiSurgery in the Medieval WestSurgeons and PhysiciansThe Rise of Rational SurgeryVernacular Surgery Texts and Craft Practice9. The Brain and Mental DisordersThe Mind and Illness in Mesopotamia and EgyptMental Health and Humoral Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomeThe Mind and Mental Health in Ayurvedic MedicineMental Illness in Traditional Chinese MedicineMental Illness in Islamic MedicineMental Illness in Medieval Europe10. The Apothecary and His PharmacopeiaThe Pharmacopeia of Ancient MesopotamiaThe Egyptian PharmacopeiaGreek and Roman PharmacologyPharmacy in Ayurvedic MedicineSiddha Medicine and Alchemical RemediesThe Traditional Chinese PharmacopeiaEarly Materia MedicaAlchemy and Pharmaceutical ChemistryStandardizing Materia Medica and Regulating the Drug MarketPharmacy in the Islamic WorldMedieval European Pharmacology11. War and HealthWeapons and WoundsDisease and Hunger in WarSiege Warfare12. Institutions and HealthGovernmental and Religious Institutions in Mesopotamia and EgyptIrrigation SystemsEmbalming in Ancient Egypt and Knowledge of the BodyInstitutional Support for Health and Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomeThe Museum and the Library in Alexandria, EgyptRoman Engineering: Aqueducts and Sewage SystemsInstitutional Medicine in Ancient IndiaHealth and the State in ChinaHospitals in the Islamic World and Medieval EuropeThe Black Death and Public Health in Medieval Europe13. Healing and the ArtsEncounters with the Doctor in Art and LiteratureThe Body in Medical ArtGlossarySuggestions for Further ReadingBibliographyIndex

William H. York is assistant professor of interdisciplinary studies in the University Honors Program at Portland State University, Portland, OR.

• Series Foreword1. Factors in Health and WellnessHealth and Disease in HistoryHealth, Disease, and the BodyDisease Theory in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia and EgyptDisease Theory in the Western Medical Tradition: Greece, Rome, the Islamic World, and Medieval EuropeDisease Theory in Indian Ayurvedic MedicineDisease Theory in Traditional Chinese MedicineHealth and Social Well-Being2. Education and Training: Learned and Non-LearnedMedical Learning in the Ancient Near EastMesopotamiaEgyptMedical Learning in the Ancient Greek and Roman WorldHippocratic MedicineGalen and the Hippocratic TraditionMedical Learning in India: The Written Tradition of AyurvedaThe Origin of the Ayurvedic Medical TextsMedical EducationMedical Learning in ChinaFoundations of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Rise of Formal Medical EducationMedical Learning in the Islamic WorldTranslation and the Written Tradition of Islamic MedicinePractitioners and Their TrainingMedical Learning in Medieval EuropeTranslation and the Rise of UniversitiesThe Hierarchy of Medical Practitioners and the Non-Learned Tradition of Medieval Medicine3. Religion and MedicineFaith, Magic, and Healing in Mesopotamia and EgyptGods and the Causes of DiseaseReligious Healing in Ancient MesopotamiaMagical Cures in EgyptReligious and Naturalistic Medicine in Ancient GreeceMedicine and Religion in India and ChinaMagic and Medicine in Early Indian and Chinese CivilizationsConfucianism and Taoism in Chinese Medical ThoughtBuddhism in Indian MedicineFaith Healing in the Islamic and Christian TraditionsProphetic Medicine in the Islamic WorldMagical and Miracle Cures in Medieval European Medicine4. Women's HealthGynecology: Women's Bodies and Women's DiseasesMesopotamia and EgyptGreek and Roman Gynecological LiteratureGynecology in Ayurvedic Medical LiteratureGynecology in Traditional Chinese MedicineFemale Practitioners and Women Patients in the Islamic WorldThe "Secrets of Women" and Male Physicians in Medieval EuropeObstetrics: Managing Pregnancy and ChildbirthChildbirth in Ancient Mesopotamia and EgyptChildbirth in Ancient Greece and RomeChildbirth in IndiaChildbirth in ChinaChildbirth in Medieval Europe5. Health in Infancy, Childhood, and Old AgeAging and the Life Cycle in Premodern Medical TheoriesPediatric MedicineMesopotamian Cures for ChildrenEgyptian Cures for ChildrenChildren and Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomePediatric Care in the Ayurvedic TraditionPediatrics in Traditional Chinese MedicineChildcare and Pediatric Medicine in Medieval EuropeGeriatric Care in the Premodern World6. Infectious Disease in the Premodern WorldStudying Disease in HistoryEpidemics and Theories of Disease CausationSmallpoxBubonic Plague, or the Black DeathThe Origin and Spread of the Bubonic PlagueMedical Responses to the Black Death in Europe and the Islamic WorldReligious Responses to the Black DeathPopular and Civic Responses to the Black DeathLeprosyLeprosy in IndiaLeprosy in ChinaLeprosy in Medieval Europe7. Environmental and Occupational HazardsLiving and Working Conditions in Rural CommunitiesLiving and Working Conditions in Urban CentersWaste and Sewage RemovalFresh Water and the Risk of Lead PoisoningThe Risk of FireViolence and Crime8. Surgery and Manual OperationsSurgery in Ancient MesopotamiaSurgery in Ancient EgyptSurgery in Ancient Greece and RomeHippocratic SurgeonsRoman SurgeonsSurgery in IndiaSurgical Training and ProceduresEarly Methods of Reconstructive SurgerySurgery and the VaidyaChinese SurgeryThe Low Status of Surgery and SurgeonsMoxibustion and AcupunctureSurgery in the Islamic WorldAbu al-Qasim al-ZahrawiSurgery in the Medieval WestSurgeons and PhysiciansThe Rise of Rational SurgeryVernacular Surgery Texts and Craft Practice9. The Brain and Mental DisordersThe Mind and Illness in Mesopotamia and EgyptMental Health and Humoral Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomeThe Mind and Mental Health in Ayurvedic MedicineMental Illness in Traditional Chinese MedicineMental Illness in Islamic MedicineMental Illness in Medieval Europe10. The Apothecary and His PharmacopeiaThe Pharmacopeia of Ancient MesopotamiaThe Egyptian PharmacopeiaGreek and Roman PharmacologyPharmacy in Ayurvedic MedicineSiddha Medicine and Alchemical RemediesThe Traditional Chinese PharmacopeiaEarly Materia MedicaAlchemy and Pharmaceutical ChemistryStandardizing Materia Medica and Regulating the Drug MarketPharmacy in the Islamic WorldMedieval European Pharmacology11. War and HealthWeapons and WoundsDisease and Hunger in WarSiege Warfare12. Institutions and HealthGovernmental and Religious Institutions in Mesopotamia and EgyptIrrigation SystemsEmbalming in Ancient Egypt and Knowledge of the BodyInstitutional Support for Health and Medicine in Ancient Greece and RomeThe Museum and the Library in Alexandria, EgyptRoman Engineering: Aqueducts and Sewage SystemsInstitutional Medicine in Ancient IndiaHealth and the State in ChinaHospitals in the Islamic World and Medieval EuropeThe Black Death and Public Health in Medieval Europe13. Healing and the ArtsEncounters with the Doctor in Art and LiteratureThe Body in Medical ArtGlossarySuggestions for Further ReadingBibliographyIndex