Specialty Imaging: Temporomandibular Joint and Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, FDS RCPS (Glasg),graduated with a dental degree from King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and trained at Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, where she earned a Doctorate of Medical Science (DMSc) and certificate of fellowship in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She is board certified by the American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. She runs her own oral radiology private practice in Orlando, FL.

"This book is a guide and a reference tool for complex processes related to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and sleep-disordered breathing. The book bridges the gap between dentistry and medicine, helping dentists and doctors understand the function and dysfunction of the craniofacial complex as it relates to sleep disorders." -©Doody’s Review Service, 2023 , Darryl Torculas, DDS (Private Practice) Doody's Score: 4 Stars!

• SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT4 Embryology and Fetal Development of Face and NeckRoya Sohaey, MD14 TMJ EmbryologyRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD20 Upper Respiratory Tract EmbryologyRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD26 TMJ Effect on Facial GrowthRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc36 TMJ Effect on Upper Respiratory Tract MorphologyRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScFUNCTION AND BIOMECHANICS40 Occlusion and Orthopedic StabilityDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Guillermo Ochoa, BDS48 Levers and Kinesiology of the Masticatory SystemAlberto Canabez, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc52 Jaw Function, Dysfunction, and TMJ BiomechanicsLuigi M. Gallo, MEng, PhD58 4D Mandibular MovementsDomingo Martín, MD, DDS and Alberto Canabez, MD64 Tensegrity and the Upper Respiratory TractJay Harris Levy, DDS72 Tensegrity and the TMJ/AOJ PostureJay Harris Levy, DDS80 The Tricentric Concept of OcclusionMariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc88 Structure of Mandibular Condyle and Related TMJ BiomechanicsLe W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD92 Structure and Function of TMJ Disc and Disc AttachmentsLe W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD96 Modeling and Remodeling of TMJ and MandibleDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc112 Biodynamics of Upper Respiratory TractSteve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhDSECTION 2: ANATOMYTMJ118 TMJ Osseous ComponentsRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc130 TMJ Disc/FibrocartilageRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc136 TMJ Capsule and LigamentsRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc140 TMJ Histology and Synovial Fluid CompositionRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc144 TMJ InnervationRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD146 TMJ VasculatureRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MScMUSCLES150 Muscles of MasticationRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD152 Facial Muscles and Superficial Musculoaponeurotic SystemSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR166 Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid NeckH. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD178 TongueH. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD182 Posterior Cervical MusclesJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScJAWS186 MandibleDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc192 MaxillaDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc200 TeethDania Tamimi, BDS, DMScTEMPORAL BONE206 Temporal BoneH. Ric Harnsberger, MDUPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT222 Sinonasal OverviewSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR236 Ostiomeatal UnitSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR240 Frontal Recess and Related Air CellsSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR250 Nasopharynx and OropharynxH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)256 HypopharynxSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCRSKULL BASE266 Skull Base OverviewH. Ric Harnsberger, MD272 Anterior Skull BaseH. Ric Harnsberger, MD278 Central Skull BaseH. Ric Harnsberger, MD284 Posterior Skull BaseH. Ric Harnsberger, MDCRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO TMJ294 Cranial Nerves OverviewH. Ric Harnsberger, MD306 Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)H. Ric Harnsberger, MD318 Facial Nerve (CNVII)H. Ric Harnsberger, MD326 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)H. Ric Harnsberger, MD332 Vagus Nerve (CNX)H. Ric Harnsberger, MD338 Accessory Nerve (CNXI)H. Ric Harnsberger, MD342 Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)H. Ric Harnsberger, MDCERVICAL SPINE AND OTHERS348 Cervical SpineJeffrey S. Ross, MD366 Craniocervical JunctionH. Ric Harnsberger, MD376 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid LigamentSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)380 Hyoid BoneRonald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSDSECTION 3: MODALITIES USED FOR TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IMAGINGINTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW388 Imaging Decision MakingDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDHARD TISSUE IMAGING390 Plain Film Imaging of TMJRichard W. Katzberg, MD, Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc396 Plain Film Imaging of Upper Respiratory TractNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD398 ArthrographyRichard W. Katzberg, MD400 Introduction to CBCT ImagingShikha Rathi, BDS, MS and Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci.408 CBCT Analysis of TMJDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc414 CBCT Analysis of Upper Respiratory TractDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD424 Radiation Dose in CBCTAsma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS428 Introduction to MDCT ImagingAsma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc434 MCDT Image Acquisition and Processing for TMJ and Airway AnalysisAsma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhDSOFT TISSUE IMAGING442 Introduction to MR ImagingDerek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc, and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA450 Dynamic MR of TMJ and Upper Respiratory TractKaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Seçil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Tugrul Ormeci, MD, MSc, PhD454 Quantitative MR of Cartilage and Implications for TMJ ImagingDerek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD460 Introduction to US ImagingKaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc468 US of TMJ and Upper Respiratory TractKaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD474 ArthroscopyReem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMDSECTION 4: TMJ DIAGNOSESCLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TMD482 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of TMD to Radiographic FindingsDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc494 Functional Disorders of MusclesJeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc500 Intracapsular Disorders of TMJJeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScCONGENITAL CONDITIONS508 Craniofacial Malformations and Syndromes Affecting TMJCaroline D. Robson, MBChB, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Dann Martin, MD, MS520 Hemifacial MicrosomiaDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD524 Pierre Robin SequenceBernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc528 Treacher Collins SyndromeBernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScDEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS530 Condylar HypoplasiaDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)534 Condylar HyperplasiaDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD540 Coronoid HyperplasiaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc544 Hemimandibular ElongationDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD548 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD550 Foramen TympanicumH. Ric Harnsberger, MDTRAUMA552 TMJ Fracture, Adult and NeonatalDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)558 TMJ DislocationC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD560 Bifid CondyleC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)564 Osteochondritis DissecansDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDINFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS566 Rheumatoid ArthritisDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc572 Juvenile Idiopathic ArthritisDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD578 Septic ArthritisHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD582 Pigmented Villonodular SynovitisKristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc584 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal OsteomyelitisDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDDEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS588 Degenerative Joint DiseaseDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD592 Idiopathic Condylar ResorptionDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD598 Synovial CystDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD600 TMJ Ganglion CystHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDDISC DERANGEMENT CONDITIONS602 MR Analysis of Normal TMJ DiscRichard W. Katzberg, MD, Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc606 Fine Structural Details of Disc and Posterior AttachmentRichard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc612 Overview of Disc DisplacementsRichard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS618 Disc Displacement With ReductionRichard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS624 Disc Displacement Without ReductionRichard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS630 Joint Fluid and Marrow AlterationsRichard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS636 AdhesionsDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc638 US of TMJ Internal DerangementKaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhDACQUIRED CONDITIONS644 Dual BiteDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc650 Posterior Tooth Fulcrum FormationAlberto Canabez, MD, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Adina Sirbu, DMD, PhD654 Fibrous AnkylosisDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD656 Bony AnkylosisC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)658 OsteoradionecrosisSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and David Hatcher, DDS, MScTUMOR-LIKE LESIONS662 Primary Synovial ChondromatosisC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD666 Secondary Synovial ChondromatosisDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc668 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate DepositionC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDBENIGN NEOPLASMS672 OsteochondromaDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)678 OsteomaLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhMALIGNANT NEOPLASMS680 ChondrosarcomaC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)684 OsteosarcomaC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD686 MetastasisC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSMISCELLANEOUS688 Simple Bone CystC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS690 Aneurysmal Bone CystDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc694 Fibrous DysplasiaC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc?OCCLUSAL STRESS-RELATED CONDITIONS698 AttritionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc700 AbfractionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc701 HypercementosisDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc702 Cemental FracturesDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc704 Alveolar Process ExostosisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc706 Torus MandibularisLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS708 Torus PalatinusLisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MSSECTION 5: TMJ DISORDER MIMICSORAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING/MIMICKING TMD712 Odontogenic Infection of Pulpal OriginDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc716 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue InfectionsByron W. Benson, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR720 Osteomyelitis of JawSusanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD724 Perineural Tumor SpreadDeborah R. Shatzkes, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDTMD AND TEMPORAL BONE ABNORMALITIES728 Temporal Bone and Cervical Disorders Mimicking TMDBen J. Balough, MD736 Temporal Bone Anatomy and Imaging IssuesKaren L. Salzman, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc742 EAC-Acquired CholesteatomaNicholas A. Koontz, MD743 Necrotizing External OtitisPhilip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD744 Keratosis ObturansPhilip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD745 EAC OsteomaPhilip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD746 Medial Canal FibrosisPhilip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD747 EAC Basal Cell CarcinomaNayela Keen, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J.Balough, MD748 EAC Skin Squamous Cell CarcinomaHilda E. Stambuk, MD749 Acute Otomastoiditis With AbscessH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB750 Acute Otomastoiditis With Coalescent OtomastoiditisH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB751 LabyrinthitisBernadette L. Koch, MD and Troy A. Hutchins, MD752 Pars Flaccida CholesteatomaNicholas A. Koontz, MD753 Temporal Bone Fibrous DysplasiaPhilip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD754 Temporal Bone FracturesDeborah R. Shatzkes, MD, Troy A. Hutchins, MD, andBradley Strong, MD756 Temporal Bone Perineural Parotid MalignancyHilda E. Stambuk, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J. Balough, MDCERVICAL SPINE ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO TMD OR SDB758 Degenerative Arthritis of CVJCheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD762 Cervical SpondylosisJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD763 Cervical Facet ArthropathyJeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD764 Ankylosing SpondylitisLubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD766 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cervical SpineJulia R. Crim, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD770 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Cervical SpineLubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD771 Ligamentous InjuryLubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD772 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal LigamentCheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD773 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal HyperostosisCheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD774 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition,Cervical SpineLubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD775 Longus Colli Calcific TendinitisLubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhDMASTICATOR SPACE CONDITIONS776 Masticator Space OverviewBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc780 Pterygoid Venous Plexus AsymmetryRebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR781 Benign Masticator Muscle HypertrophyBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc782 CNV3 Motor DenervationBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD784 Masticator Space AbscessRebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR, Dania Tamimi, BDS,DMSc, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc786 Masticator Space CNV3 SchwannomaBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc787 Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural TumorBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc788 Masticator Space ChondrosarcomaBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc790 Masticator Space SarcomaBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScNEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS792 Bell PalsyH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD793 Hemifacial SpasmH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD794 Trigeminal NeuralgiaH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MDSECTION 6: SDB-RELATED UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DIAGNOSESCLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SDB798 Classification of SDB DisordersKaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Seçil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Ulas Oz, DDs, PhD800 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of SDBSteve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD806 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of SDB toRadiographic FindingsNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD, Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc808 Nasal Risk Factors for SDBNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc810 Paranasal Sinus Risk Factors for SDBNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc812 Nasopharyngeal Risk Factors for SDBNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc814 Oropharyngeal Risk Factors for SDBNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc816 Cervical Spine-Related Risk Factors for SDBNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhDCONGENITAL CONDITIONS THAT CARRY RISK FOR SDB818 Cleft Lip and PalateRoya Sohaey, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc822 Craniosynostoses (Crouzon)Kevin R. Moore, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc824 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)Kara G. Gill, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc826 Klippel-Feil SpectrumKevin R. Moore, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD830 MucopolysaccharidosisBernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc831 CHARGE SyndromeWilliam T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB832 CherubismBernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScSINONASAL COMPLEX ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY834 Nasal Cycle, Normal PhysiologyHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, SINONASAL836 Deviated Nasal SeptumAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)838 Concha BullosaAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)840 Accessory OstiaAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)842 Sinus Hypoplasia/AplasiaAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)846 Nasolacrimal Duct MucoceleBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR847 Choanal AtresiaBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR848 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture StenosisBernadette L. Koch, MD849 Nasal GliomaBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR850 Nasal Dermal SinusBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR851 Frontoethmoidal CephaloceleBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR852 Upper Airway Infantile HemangiomaBernadette L. Koch, MD853 Skull Base CSF LeakSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACRINFLAMMATORY CHANGES, SINONASAL854 Acute RhinosinusitisNicholas A. Koontz, MD858 Chronic RhinosinusitisPhilip R. Chapman, MD859 Allergic Fungal SinusitisBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD860 Odontogenic SinusitisAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)862 Sinus MycetomaAparna Singhal, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD863 Invasive Fungal SinusitisNicholas A. Koontz, MD864 Sinonasal PolyposisNicholas A. Koontz, MD865 Solitary Sinonasal PolypPhilip R. Chapman, MD866 Sinonasal MucocelePhilip R. Chapman, MD870 Mucus Retention PseudocystAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)872 Sinonasal Organized HematomaPhilip R. Chapman, MD873 Silent Sinus SyndromePhilip R. Chapman, MD874 Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener)Philip R. Chapman, MD875 Nasal Cocaine NecrosisPhilip R. Chapman, MDBENIGN LESIONS, SINONASAL876 Sinonasal Fibrous DysplasiaYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH877 Sinonasal OsteomaDaniel E. Meltzer, MD878 Sinonasal Ossifying FibromaAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Michelle A.Michel, MD879 Juvenile AngiofibromaBernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR880 Sinonasal Inverted PapillomaYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH881 Sinonasal HemangiomaYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH882 Sinonasal Nerve Sheath TumorYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH883 Sinonasal Benign Mixed TumorYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPHMALIGNANT LESIONS, SINONASAL884 Sinonasal Squamous Cell CarcinomaYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH888 EsthesioneuroblastomaYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH889 Sinonasal MelanomaYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH890 Sinonasal AdenocarcinomaBlair A. Winegar, MD891 Sinonasal Non-Hodgkin LymphomaYoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH892 Sinonasal Neuroendocrine CarcinomaBlair A. Winegar, MD893 Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic CarcinomaBlair A. Winegar, MD894 Sinonasal ChondrosarcomaBlair A. Winegar, MD895 Sinonasal OsteosarcomaBlair A. Winegar, MD896 RhabdomyosarcomaBernadette L. Koch, MD897 Skull Base Langerhans Cell HistiocytosisC. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACRNASOPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAYANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, NASOPHARYNX898 Tornwaldt CystSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR899 Fossa Navicularis MagnaH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Sara Strauss, MD900 Persistent Craniopharyngeal CanalC. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACRINFLAMMATORY CHANGES, NASOPHARYNX901 Suppurative Adenopathy of Retropharyngeal SpaceBernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD902 Adenoid Vegetation/HypertrophyHusniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhDBENIGN LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX906 Benign Mixed Tumor of Pharyngeal Mucosal SpaceSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR907 Plexiform Neurofibroma of Head and NeckDaniel E. Meltzer, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD908 Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative DisorderSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR909 Sinus Histiocytosis (Rosai-Dorfman) of Head and NeckH. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Kathryn E. Dean, MD910 Invasive Pituitary MacroadenomaC. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACRMALIGNANT LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX911 Nasopharyngeal CarcinomaAparna Singhal, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD912 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal SpaceSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR913 Extraosseous ChordomaSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR914 Skull Base PlasmacytomaPhilip R. Chapman, MDOROPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAYANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, OROPHARYNX915 Congenital Vallecular CystBernadette L. Koch, MD916 Thyroglossal Duct CystBernadette L. Koch, MD917 Lingual ThyroidDaniel E. Meltzer, MDINFLAMMATORY CHANGES, OROPHARYNX918 Retropharyngeal Space AbscessBernadette L. Koch, MD919 Retention Cyst of Pharyngeal Mucosal SpaceSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR920 Tonsillar InflammationBernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD921 Tonsillar/Peritonsillar AbscessBernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MDBENIGN LESIONS, OROPHARYNX922 Parotid Benign Mixed TumorBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD923 Carotid Space SchwannomaKaren L. Salzman, MD924 Parapharyngeal Space Benign Mixed TumorAparna Singhal, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MDMALIGNANT LESIONS, OROPHARYNX925 Parotid Malignant Mixed TumorBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD926 Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Retropharyngeal SpaceBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD927 Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy of Pharyngeal Mucosal SpaceSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR928 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Head and NeckSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR929 Base of Tongue Squamous Cell CarcinomaAparna Singhal, MD930 Palatine Tonsil Squamous Cell CarcinomaBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD931 Nodal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Retropharyngeal SpaceBronwyn E. Hamilton, MD932 Soft Palate Squamous Cell CarcinomaKathryn E. Dean, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD934 HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell CarcinomaSurjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MDSECTION 7: TMJ RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSESCONDYLAR POSITION938 Anterior Condylar PositionDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc944 Posterior Condylar PositionDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc950 Superior Condylar PositionDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc956 Inferior Condylar PositionDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScCHANGES IN CONDYLAR AND CORONOID SIZE962 Small CondyleC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc968 Large CondyleC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc972 Large Coronoid ProcessDania Tamimi, BDS, DMScCONDYLAR EROSION974 Well-Defined ErosionDavid Hatcher, DDS, MSc980 Poorly Defined ErosionDavid Hatcher, DDS, MScCHANGES IN TMJ DENSITY984 TMJ Low-Density EntitiesC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)986 TMJ High-Density EntitiesC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScMISCELLANEOUS990 Calcifications Associated With the TMJC. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc992 Soft Tissue Calcifications, Head and NeckMargot L. Van Dis, DDS, MSSECTION 8: TMJ CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSESRANGE OF MOTION998 Limited Oral OpeningJeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1004 HypermobilityJeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScSOUNDS1006 Joint SoundsJeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1008 TinnitusC. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScOCCLUSION/SYMMETRY CHANGES1014 AsymmetryJeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1020 Anterior Open BiteJeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1026 Posterior Open BiteJeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScSECTION 9: SDB RISK FACTORS, RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSESNASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES1034 Blocked Nasal ValvesNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1038 Large Nasal TurbinatesNoura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1042 Sinonasal Fibroosseous and Cartilaginous LesionsAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)1044 Paranasal Sinus Lesions Without Bony DestructionAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)1048 Paranasal Sinus Lesions With Bony DestructionAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)1052 Perforated Nasal SeptumAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1054 Nasal Lesion Without Bony DestructionAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)1058 Nasal Lesion With Bony DestructionAxel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)NASOPHARYNX1062 Soft Tissue Entities in NasopharynxDania Tamimi, BDS, DMScOROPHARYNX1068 Soft Tissue Enlargement of Lateral Pharyngeal WallDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1072 Soft Tissue Between Tongue and EpiglottisDania Tamimi, BDS, DMScSECTION 10: SDB RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSESCHANGES IN CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY AND POSITION1078 Convex Facial ProfileSteve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1080 Small MaxillaSteve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1082 Forward Head PostureSteve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc?CHANGES IN BREATHING PATTERN1084 Nasal ObstructionDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICDCHANGES IN TEETH1088 Flared and Proclined TeethSteve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1092 CrossbiteSteve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScOTHER FACIAL CHANGES1096 Dark Circles Under EyesSteve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScSECTION 11: IMAGING OF TMJ PROCEDURESOROFACIAL PAIN AND TMJ INJECTIONS1100 TMJ InjectionDonald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA1102 Trigeminal Nerve InjectionDonald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1106 Scalp Block for Migraines and Facial PainDaewoong Lee, MD1110 Trigger PointsDaewoong Lee, MD and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BATMJ SURGERY1112 Total Joint ReplacementLouis G. Mercuri, DDS, MS, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, FACS, and Colin J. Stanhope, DDS, MD1124 TMJ Disc ReplacementDania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, FACS, and Colin J. Stanhope, DDS, MD1126 TMJ Arthroscopic Surgery CascadeReem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMDSECTION 12: IMAGING OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR SDBSINONASAL PROCEDURES1132 Septoplasty and Turbinate ReductionSoroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1134 AdenoidectomySoroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc1136 TonsillectomySoroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMScMAXILLARY-MANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT1138 Introduction to Orthognathic SurgeryMichael Gunson, DDS, MD1144 LeFort 1 OsteotomyMichael Gunson, DDS, MD1148 Bilateral Sagittal Split OsteotomiesMichael Gunson, DDS, MD1154 MMA for Obstructive Sleep ApneaMichael Gunson, DDS, MD