Dr. Gao Bo Gao, MD, PhD is Professor and Vice Chair in the Department of Radiology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, in China. His three major areas of research interest are 1) radiomics, radiogenomics and AI in cancer imaging; 2) functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging and permeability imaging in tumor theranostics; and 3) posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and associated entities. Dr. Gao has edited Classic Imaging Signs (2021) and Imaging of CNS Infections and Neuroimmunology (2019) both with Springer and has published over 2 dozen journal articles. Dr. Lerner is an Associate Professor of Clinical Radiology, Program Director of USC/LAC+USC Neuroradiology Fellowship and Director of Clinical Functional MRI in the Department of Radiology at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California in USA. Dr. Lerner’s research interests include advanced MR imaging using functional MRI, DTI, MR perfusion, and permeability imaging of the brain and spinal cord. He specializes in the diagnosis of disorders causing headaches, neurovascular compression disorders, CSF flow disorders, epilepsy, inflammatory, and degenerative disorders of the CNS. Dr. Lerner has been an invited speaker at multiple radiology societies at regional and national levels. He has also authored and coauthored multiple publications and book chapters.

• ContributorsBiographiesForeword I Foreword II Preface 1. IntroductionBo Gao, Shi-ji Kan and Bihong T. Chen1. Pathogenesis of multisystem diseases 2. Diagnostic algorithm of multisystem diseases 2.1 Overall approach in imaging diagnosis 2.2 Thinking process in imaging diagnosis 3. The role of imaging in diagnosing multisystem diseases 3.1 Overview 3.2 Pathophysiology 3.3 Central Nervous System involvement 3.4 Urinary system 3.5 Digestive system 3.6 Musculoskeletal system 3.7 Respiratory system References 2. Nervous systemHeng Liu and Xiaoqing Liu2.1 Multisystem effects of SturgeeWeber Syndrome1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Skin 5. Eyes 6. Endocrine system References2.2 Multisystem effects of neurofibromatosis1. Introduction 2. Pathology 3. Central nervous system 4. Musculoskeletal system 5. Respiratory system 6. Skin References 2.3 Multisystem effects of tuberous sclerosis complex1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Respiratory system 5. Circulatory system 6. Urinary system 7. Skin and oral cavity References 2.4 Multisystem effects of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Digestive system 5. Urinary system 6. Endocrine system 7. Reproductive system 8. Eyes 9. Ears References 3. Muscular systemDaniel Phung, Gordon Crews, Raymond Huang and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Poliomyelitis 2. Scleroderma 3. Rhabdomyosarcoma References 4. Respiratory systemTian-le Wang4.1 AspergillosisReferences 4.2 Langerhans cell histiocytosisReferences 4.3 Metastatic tumorReferences 4.4 Neurogenic pulmonary edemaReferences 4.5 Nocardia infectionReferences 4.6 TuberculosisReferences 4.7 Tuberous sclerosis complexReferences 5. Cardiovascular systemJing Wang and Teng Jin5.1 Neurological complications of cardiac surgeryJing Wang1. Peripheral nerve injuries 2. Abnormal visual function 3. Cognitive dysfunctions 4. Heart transplantation References 5.2 Neurologic complication of infective endocarditisJing Wang1. Ischemic lesion 2. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) 3. Hemorrhagic lesions 4. Intracranial mycotic aneurysms 5. Brain abscess and meningitis Further reading 5.3 Neurological complications of hypertensionTeng Jin1. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage 2. Hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage 3. Lacunar infarcts 4. Binswanger syndrome References 5.4 Neurological complications of systemic vasculitisTeng Jin1. Bechet’s disease 2. Takayasu arteritis 3. Giant cell arteritis 4. Wegner’s granulomatosis References 6. Digestive systemPeng Liu1. Introduction 2. Hepatic encephalopathy 3. Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 4. Pancreatic encephalopathy 5. Hepatic myelopathy 6. Wernicke encephalopathy 7. Inflammatory bowel disease CNS involvement 8. Wilson disease 9. Tuberous sclerosis 10. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 11. Von Hippel-Lindau disease 12. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 13. Turcot syndrome 14. Neurofibromatosis type 1 15. Gardner syndrome 16. IgG4-related diseases 17. Sarcoidosis 18. Behc¸et disease 19. Systemic sclerosis 20. Amyloidosis References 7. Excretory systemPinggui Lei and Bin Huang1. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome 2. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 3. Behc¸et’s disease 4. Uremic encephalopathy 5. Polycystic kidneys disease Further reading 8. Reproductive systemXuntao Yin and Huiying Wu1. Role of estrogen on neurological disorders 1.1 Estrogen in the brain 1.2 Estrogen and mood disorders 1.3 Estrogen and Alzheimer’s disease 1.4 Estrogen and Parkinson’s disease 1.5 Estrogen and multiple sclerosis 2. Paraneoplastic syndromes 2.1 Subacute cerebellar degeneration/cerebellar ataxia 2.2 Limbic encephalitis and anti-N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis 2.3 Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome 2.4 Paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuropathy 2.5 Sensorimotor neuropathy 2.6 Lamberteeaton myasthenic syndrome 2.7 Myasthenia gravis 3. AIDS 3.1 AIDS patients with CNS cryptococcosis 3.2 AIDS patients with CNS lymphoma References 9. Skeletal systemDaniel Phung, Gordon Crews, Raymond Huang and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Ankylosing spondylitis 2. Pigmented villonodular synovitis 3. Chordoma 4. Extradural meningioma 5. Cerebral fat emboli 6. Rheumatoid arthritis 7. Osteochondroma References 10. Endocrine systemRaymond Huang, Daniel Phung, Gordon Crews and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Background: pituitary adenoma 2. Prolactinoma 3. Acromegaly 4. Pituitary hyperplasia 5. Apoplexy/hemorrhagic adenoma 6. Thyroid-ophthalmopathy 7. DM and associated neurologic complications References 11. Immune systemGordon Crews, Alexander Lerner, Daniel Phung and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Acute disseminated encephalomyelopathy 2. Multiple sclerosis 3. Neuromyelitis optica 4. Autoimmune encephalitis 5. Neurosarcoidosis 6. Systemic lupus erythematosus 7. Bell’s palsy 8. CNS vasculitis References 12. Lymphatic systemJing Yu12.1 SarcoidosisFurther reading 12.2 LymphomaFurther reading 12.3 LeukemiasFurther reading 12.4 POEMS syndromeFurther reading 13. Integumentary systemXia Du13.1 NeurofibromatosisFurther reading 13.2 Tuberous sclerosisFurther reading 13.3 SturgeeWeber syndromeFurther reading 13.4 Neurocutaneous melanosisFurther reading Index

Dr. Gao Bo Gao, MD, PhD is Professor and Vice Chair in the Department of Radiology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, in China. His three major areas of research interest are 1) radiomics, radiogenomics and AI in cancer imaging; 2) functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging and permeability imaging in tumor theranostics; and 3) posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and associated entities. Dr. Gao has edited Classic Imaging Signs (2021) and Imaging of CNS Infections and Neuroimmunology (2019) both with Springer and has published over 2 dozen journal articles. Dr. Lerner is an Associate Professor of Clinical Radiology, Program Director of USC/LAC+USC Neuroradiology Fellowship and Director of Clinical Functional MRI in the Department of Radiology at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California in USA. Dr. Lerner’s research interests include advanced MR imaging using functional MRI, DTI, MR perfusion, and permeability imaging of the brain and spinal cord. He specializes in the diagnosis of disorders causing headaches, neurovascular compression disorders, CSF flow disorders, epilepsy, inflammatory, and degenerative disorders of the CNS. Dr. Lerner has been an invited speaker at multiple radiology societies at regional and national levels. He has also authored and coauthored multiple publications and book chapters.

• ContributorsBiographiesForeword I Foreword II Preface 1. IntroductionBo Gao, Shi-ji Kan and Bihong T. Chen1. Pathogenesis of multisystem diseases 2. Diagnostic algorithm of multisystem diseases 2.1 Overall approach in imaging diagnosis 2.2 Thinking process in imaging diagnosis 3. The role of imaging in diagnosing multisystem diseases 3.1 Overview 3.2 Pathophysiology 3.3 Central Nervous System involvement 3.4 Urinary system 3.5 Digestive system 3.6 Musculoskeletal system 3.7 Respiratory system References 2. Nervous systemHeng Liu and Xiaoqing Liu2.1 Multisystem effects of SturgeeWeber Syndrome1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Skin 5. Eyes 6. Endocrine system References2.2 Multisystem effects of neurofibromatosis1. Introduction 2. Pathology 3. Central nervous system 4. Musculoskeletal system 5. Respiratory system 6. Skin References 2.3 Multisystem effects of tuberous sclerosis complex1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Respiratory system 5. Circulatory system 6. Urinary system 7. Skin and oral cavity References 2.4 Multisystem effects of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Digestive system 5. Urinary system 6. Endocrine system 7. Reproductive system 8. Eyes 9. Ears References 3. Muscular systemDaniel Phung, Gordon Crews, Raymond Huang and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Poliomyelitis 2. Scleroderma 3. Rhabdomyosarcoma References 4. Respiratory systemTian-le Wang4.1 AspergillosisReferences 4.2 Langerhans cell histiocytosisReferences 4.3 Metastatic tumorReferences 4.4 Neurogenic pulmonary edemaReferences 4.5 Nocardia infectionReferences 4.6 TuberculosisReferences 4.7 Tuberous sclerosis complexReferences 5. Cardiovascular systemJing Wang and Teng Jin5.1 Neurological complications of cardiac surgeryJing Wang1. Peripheral nerve injuries 2. Abnormal visual function 3. Cognitive dysfunctions 4. Heart transplantation References 5.2 Neurologic complication of infective endocarditisJing Wang1. Ischemic lesion 2. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) 3. Hemorrhagic lesions 4. Intracranial mycotic aneurysms 5. Brain abscess and meningitis Further reading 5.3 Neurological complications of hypertensionTeng Jin1. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage 2. Hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage 3. Lacunar infarcts 4. Binswanger syndrome References 5.4 Neurological complications of systemic vasculitisTeng Jin1. Bechet’s disease 2. Takayasu arteritis 3. Giant cell arteritis 4. Wegner’s granulomatosis References 6. Digestive systemPeng Liu1. Introduction 2. Hepatic encephalopathy 3. Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 4. Pancreatic encephalopathy 5. Hepatic myelopathy 6. Wernicke encephalopathy 7. Inflammatory bowel disease CNS involvement 8. Wilson disease 9. Tuberous sclerosis 10. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 11. Von Hippel-Lindau disease 12. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 13. Turcot syndrome 14. Neurofibromatosis type 1 15. Gardner syndrome 16. IgG4-related diseases 17. Sarcoidosis 18. Behc¸et disease 19. Systemic sclerosis 20. Amyloidosis References 7. Excretory systemPinggui Lei and Bin Huang1. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome 2. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 3. Behc¸et’s disease 4. Uremic encephalopathy 5. Polycystic kidneys disease Further reading 8. Reproductive systemXuntao Yin and Huiying Wu1. Role of estrogen on neurological disorders 1.1 Estrogen in the brain 1.2 Estrogen and mood disorders 1.3 Estrogen and Alzheimer’s disease 1.4 Estrogen and Parkinson’s disease 1.5 Estrogen and multiple sclerosis 2. Paraneoplastic syndromes 2.1 Subacute cerebellar degeneration/cerebellar ataxia 2.2 Limbic encephalitis and anti-N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis 2.3 Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome 2.4 Paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuropathy 2.5 Sensorimotor neuropathy 2.6 Lamberteeaton myasthenic syndrome 2.7 Myasthenia gravis 3. AIDS 3.1 AIDS patients with CNS cryptococcosis 3.2 AIDS patients with CNS lymphoma References 9. Skeletal systemDaniel Phung, Gordon Crews, Raymond Huang and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Ankylosing spondylitis 2. Pigmented villonodular synovitis 3. Chordoma 4. Extradural meningioma 5. Cerebral fat emboli 6. Rheumatoid arthritis 7. Osteochondroma References 10. Endocrine systemRaymond Huang, Daniel Phung, Gordon Crews and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Background: pituitary adenoma 2. Prolactinoma 3. Acromegaly 4. Pituitary hyperplasia 5. Apoplexy/hemorrhagic adenoma 6. Thyroid-ophthalmopathy 7. DM and associated neurologic complications References 11. Immune systemGordon Crews, Alexander Lerner, Daniel Phung and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Acute disseminated encephalomyelopathy 2. Multiple sclerosis 3. Neuromyelitis optica 4. Autoimmune encephalitis 5. Neurosarcoidosis 6. Systemic lupus erythematosus 7. Bell’s palsy 8. CNS vasculitis References 12. Lymphatic systemJing Yu12.1 SarcoidosisFurther reading 12.2 LymphomaFurther reading 12.3 LeukemiasFurther reading 12.4 POEMS syndromeFurther reading 13. Integumentary systemXia Du13.1 NeurofibromatosisFurther reading 13.2 Tuberous sclerosisFurther reading 13.3 SturgeeWeber syndromeFurther reading 13.4 Neurocutaneous melanosisFurther reading Index

Dr. Gao Bo Gao, MD, PhD is Professor and Vice Chair in the Department of Radiology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, in China. His three major areas of research interest are 1) radiomics, radiogenomics and AI in cancer imaging; 2) functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging and permeability imaging in tumor theranostics; and 3) posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and associated entities. Dr. Gao has edited Classic Imaging Signs (2021) and Imaging of CNS Infections and Neuroimmunology (2019) both with Springer and has published over 2 dozen journal articles. Dr. Lerner is an Associate Professor of Clinical Radiology, Program Director of USC/LAC+USC Neuroradiology Fellowship and Director of Clinical Functional MRI in the Department of Radiology at Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California in USA. Dr. Lerner’s research interests include advanced MR imaging using functional MRI, DTI, MR perfusion, and permeability imaging of the brain and spinal cord. He specializes in the diagnosis of disorders causing headaches, neurovascular compression disorders, CSF flow disorders, epilepsy, inflammatory, and degenerative disorders of the CNS. Dr. Lerner has been an invited speaker at multiple radiology societies at regional and national levels. He has also authored and coauthored multiple publications and book chapters.

• ContributorsBiographiesForeword I Foreword II Preface 1. IntroductionBo Gao, Shi-ji Kan and Bihong T. Chen1. Pathogenesis of multisystem diseases 2. Diagnostic algorithm of multisystem diseases 2.1 Overall approach in imaging diagnosis 2.2 Thinking process in imaging diagnosis 3. The role of imaging in diagnosing multisystem diseases 3.1 Overview 3.2 Pathophysiology 3.3 Central Nervous System involvement 3.4 Urinary system 3.5 Digestive system 3.6 Musculoskeletal system 3.7 Respiratory system References 2. Nervous systemHeng Liu and Xiaoqing Liu2.1 Multisystem effects of SturgeeWeber Syndrome1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Skin 5. Eyes 6. Endocrine system References2.2 Multisystem effects of neurofibromatosis1. Introduction 2. Pathology 3. Central nervous system 4. Musculoskeletal system 5. Respiratory system 6. Skin References 2.3 Multisystem effects of tuberous sclerosis complex1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Respiratory system 5. Circulatory system 6. Urinary system 7. Skin and oral cavity References 2.4 Multisystem effects of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome1. Introduction 2. Pathogenesis 3. Central nervous system 4. Digestive system 5. Urinary system 6. Endocrine system 7. Reproductive system 8. Eyes 9. Ears References 3. Muscular systemDaniel Phung, Gordon Crews, Raymond Huang and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Poliomyelitis 2. Scleroderma 3. Rhabdomyosarcoma References 4. Respiratory systemTian-le Wang4.1 AspergillosisReferences 4.2 Langerhans cell histiocytosisReferences 4.3 Metastatic tumorReferences 4.4 Neurogenic pulmonary edemaReferences 4.5 Nocardia infectionReferences 4.6 TuberculosisReferences 4.7 Tuberous sclerosis complexReferences 5. Cardiovascular systemJing Wang and Teng Jin5.1 Neurological complications of cardiac surgeryJing Wang1. Peripheral nerve injuries 2. Abnormal visual function 3. Cognitive dysfunctions 4. Heart transplantation References 5.2 Neurologic complication of infective endocarditisJing Wang1. Ischemic lesion 2. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) 3. Hemorrhagic lesions 4. Intracranial mycotic aneurysms 5. Brain abscess and meningitis Further reading 5.3 Neurological complications of hypertensionTeng Jin1. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage 2. Hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage 3. Lacunar infarcts 4. Binswanger syndrome References 5.4 Neurological complications of systemic vasculitisTeng Jin1. Bechet’s disease 2. Takayasu arteritis 3. Giant cell arteritis 4. Wegner’s granulomatosis References 6. Digestive systemPeng Liu1. Introduction 2. Hepatic encephalopathy 3. Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration 4. Pancreatic encephalopathy 5. Hepatic myelopathy 6. Wernicke encephalopathy 7. Inflammatory bowel disease CNS involvement 8. Wilson disease 9. Tuberous sclerosis 10. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 11. Von Hippel-Lindau disease 12. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 13. Turcot syndrome 14. Neurofibromatosis type 1 15. Gardner syndrome 16. IgG4-related diseases 17. Sarcoidosis 18. Behc¸et disease 19. Systemic sclerosis 20. Amyloidosis References 7. Excretory systemPinggui Lei and Bin Huang1. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome 2. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 3. Behc¸et’s disease 4. Uremic encephalopathy 5. Polycystic kidneys disease Further reading 8. Reproductive systemXuntao Yin and Huiying Wu1. Role of estrogen on neurological disorders 1.1 Estrogen in the brain 1.2 Estrogen and mood disorders 1.3 Estrogen and Alzheimer’s disease 1.4 Estrogen and Parkinson’s disease 1.5 Estrogen and multiple sclerosis 2. Paraneoplastic syndromes 2.1 Subacute cerebellar degeneration/cerebellar ataxia 2.2 Limbic encephalitis and anti-N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis 2.3 Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome 2.4 Paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuropathy 2.5 Sensorimotor neuropathy 2.6 Lamberteeaton myasthenic syndrome 2.7 Myasthenia gravis 3. AIDS 3.1 AIDS patients with CNS cryptococcosis 3.2 AIDS patients with CNS lymphoma References 9. Skeletal systemDaniel Phung, Gordon Crews, Raymond Huang and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Ankylosing spondylitis 2. Pigmented villonodular synovitis 3. Chordoma 4. Extradural meningioma 5. Cerebral fat emboli 6. Rheumatoid arthritis 7. Osteochondroma References 10. Endocrine systemRaymond Huang, Daniel Phung, Gordon Crews and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Background: pituitary adenoma 2. Prolactinoma 3. Acromegaly 4. Pituitary hyperplasia 5. Apoplexy/hemorrhagic adenoma 6. Thyroid-ophthalmopathy 7. DM and associated neurologic complications References 11. Immune systemGordon Crews, Alexander Lerner, Daniel Phung and Nasim Sheikh-Bahaei1. Acute disseminated encephalomyelopathy 2. Multiple sclerosis 3. Neuromyelitis optica 4. Autoimmune encephalitis 5. Neurosarcoidosis 6. Systemic lupus erythematosus 7. Bell’s palsy 8. CNS vasculitis References 12. Lymphatic systemJing Yu12.1 SarcoidosisFurther reading 12.2 LymphomaFurther reading 12.3 LeukemiasFurther reading 12.4 POEMS syndromeFurther reading 13. Integumentary systemXia Du13.1 NeurofibromatosisFurther reading 13.2 Tuberous sclerosisFurther reading 13.3 SturgeeWeber syndromeFurther reading 13.4 Neurocutaneous melanosisFurther reading Index