Lauren Benton is assistant professor, University of Washington, and senior research consultant, The Eisenhower Center for the Conservation of Human Resources, Columbia University.Thomas R. Baileyis associate research scholar and director of employment and labor market studies The Eisenhower Center for the Conservation of Human Resources.Thierry Noyelle is deputy director and senior research scholar with The Eisenhower Center for the Conservation of Human Resources.

• 1. Introduction 2. The Banking Industry 3. The Textile Industry 4. The Retailing Industry 5. Business Services 6. Conclusions