Abel Polese is a Senior Research Fellow at Dublin City University, Ireland. He is a writer, development worker, scholar, amateur photographer and musician who is mainly interested in the dichotomy between formal and informal modes and structures of governance. He is the author of The Scopus Diaries and the Illogics of Academic Survival (2018).Ruth Hanau Santini is Assistant Professor of Politics and International Relations at Università L’Orientale in Naples, Italy, and Associate Fellow at the Middle East, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies’ Institute at the University of St. Andrews, UK. She is interested in the domestic and international politics of the MENA region and, more broadly, in state-society relations, citizenship, and changing understandings of democracy. Her work includes Limited statehood in post-revolutionary Tunisia. Citizenship, economy and security (2018).

• 1. Introduction - Limited Statehood and its Security Implications on the Fragmentation Political Order in the Middle East and North Africa 2. From Westphalian Failure to Heterarchic Governance in MENA: The Case of Syria 3. ‘What is in a Name?’: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria 4. Competitive Statehood in Libya: Governing Differently a Specific Setting or Deconstructing its Weak Sovereign State with a Fateful Drift Toward Chaos? 5. Between the Cracks: Actor Fragmentation and Local Conflict Systems in the Libyan Civil War 6. Security Assistance in a Post-interventionist Era: The Impact on Limited Statehood in Lebanon and Tunisia 7. Hizbullah’s Shaping Lebanon Statehood 8. Recognizing Fragmented Authority: Towards a post-Westphalian Security Order in Iraq 9. Competing for Control over the State: The Case of Yemen 10. A Dangerous Method: How Mali Lost Control of the North, and Learned to Stop Worrying

Abel Polese is a Senior Research Fellow at Dublin City University, Ireland. He is a writer, development worker, scholar, amateur photographer and musician who is mainly interested in the dichotomy between formal and informal modes and structures of governance. He is the author of The Scopus Diaries and the Illogics of Academic Survival (2018).Ruth Hanau Santini is Assistant Professor of Politics and International Relations at Università L’Orientale in Naples, Italy, and Associate Fellow at the Middle East, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies’ Institute at the University of St. Andrews, UK. She is interested in the domestic and international politics of the MENA region and, more broadly, in state-society relations, citizenship, and changing understandings of democracy. Her work includes Limited statehood in post-revolutionary Tunisia. Citizenship, economy and security (2018).

• 1. Introduction - Limited Statehood and its Security Implications on the Fragmentation Political Order in the Middle East and North Africa 2. From Westphalian Failure to Heterarchic Governance in MENA: The Case of Syria 3. ‘What is in a Name?’: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria 4. Competitive Statehood in Libya: Governing Differently a Specific Setting or Deconstructing its Weak Sovereign State with a Fateful Drift Toward Chaos? 5. Between the Cracks: Actor Fragmentation and Local Conflict Systems in the Libyan Civil War 6. Security Assistance in a Post-interventionist Era: The Impact on Limited Statehood in Lebanon and Tunisia 7. Hizbullah’s Shaping Lebanon Statehood 8. Recognizing Fragmented Authority: Towards a post-Westphalian Security Order in Iraq 9. Competing for Control over the State: The Case of Yemen 10. A Dangerous Method: How Mali Lost Control of the North, and Learned to Stop Worrying

Abel Polese is a Senior Research Fellow at Dublin City University, Ireland. He is a writer, development worker, scholar, amateur photographer and musician who is mainly interested in the dichotomy between formal and informal modes and structures of governance. He is the author of The Scopus Diaries and the Illogics of Academic Survival (2018).Ruth Hanau Santini is Assistant Professor of Politics and International Relations at Università L’Orientale in Naples, Italy, and Associate Fellow at the Middle East, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies’ Institute at the University of St. Andrews, UK. She is interested in the domestic and international politics of the MENA region and, more broadly, in state-society relations, citizenship, and changing understandings of democracy. Her work includes Limited statehood in post-revolutionary Tunisia. Citizenship, economy and security (2018).

• 1. Introduction - Limited Statehood and its Security Implications on the Fragmentation Political Order in the Middle East and North Africa 2. From Westphalian Failure to Heterarchic Governance in MENA: The Case of Syria 3. ‘What is in a Name?’: The Role of (Different) Identities in the Multiple Proxy Wars in Syria 4. Competitive Statehood in Libya: Governing Differently a Specific Setting or Deconstructing its Weak Sovereign State with a Fateful Drift Toward Chaos? 5. Between the Cracks: Actor Fragmentation and Local Conflict Systems in the Libyan Civil War 6. Security Assistance in a Post-interventionist Era: The Impact on Limited Statehood in Lebanon and Tunisia 7. Hizbullah’s Shaping Lebanon Statehood 8. Recognizing Fragmented Authority: Towards a post-Westphalian Security Order in Iraq 9. Competing for Control over the State: The Case of Yemen 10. A Dangerous Method: How Mali Lost Control of the North, and Learned to Stop Worrying