No-Frills Physics

Matthew D. McCluskey is a professor in the Department of Physics andAstronomy and Materials Science Program at Washington State University(WSU), Pullman. He received a Physics PhD from the University of California,Berkeley, in 1997, and was a postdoctoral researcher at the Xerox Palo AltoResearch Center (PARC) in California from 1997 to 1998. Dr. McCluskeyjoined WSU as an assistant professor in 1998. His research interests includesemiconductors, high-pressure physics, and optics. Professor McCluskey hastaught WSU’s introductory algebra-based physics courses numerous times.

• ContentsPreface ....................................................................................................................................................................xvAuthor .................................................................................................................................................................. xviiChapter 1 Motion .......................................................................................................................................1Position and Velocity ........................................................................................................1Acceleration ...........................................................................................................................2Quiz 1.1 ...............................................................................................................................3Velocity as a Function of Time ...................................................................................3Position as a Function of Time ...................................................................................4Quiz 1.2 ...............................................................................................................................4Two Objects ...........................................................................................................................5Gravity .......................................................................................................................................6Quiz 1.3 ...............................................................................................................................7Chapter Summary ..............................................................................................................7End-of-Chapter Questions ............................................................................................8Additional Problems .........................................................................................................8Chapter 2 Vectors .......................................................................................................................................9Cartesian Coordinates ......................................................................................................9Vector Components ....................................................................................................... 10Quiz 2.1 .............................................................................................................................11Adding Vectors...................................................................................................................11Equations of Motion .......................................................................................................12Quiz 2.2 ............................................................................................................................13Launching a Projectile ...................................................................................................14Hitting a Target ..................................................................................................................15Quiz 2.3 ............................................................................................................................16Chapter Summary ............................................................................................................16End-of-Chapter Questions ..........................................................................................16Additional Problems .......................................................................................................17Chapter 3 Forces .......................................................................................................................................19Force Causes Acceleration ..........................................................................................19Gravity .................................................................................................................................... 20Quiz 3.1 ............................................................................................................................ 21Force between Two Objects .................................................................................... 21Tension ...................................................................................................................................22Quiz 3.2 ...........................................................................................................................23Normal Force ......................................................................................................................23Friction ...................................................................................................................................25Quiz 3.3 ........................................................................................................................... 26Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 26End-of-Chapter Questions ......................................................................................... 26Additional Problems ...................................................................................................... 27Chapter 4 Applying Newton’s Laws ............................................................................................ 29Tension ................................................................................................................................... 29Normal Force ......................................................................................................................30Quiz 4.1 .............................................................................................................................31Inclined Plane without Friction ................................................................................31Inclined Plane with Friction ....................................................................................... 32Quiz 4.2 ........................................................................................................................... 33Simple Pulley ......................................................................................................................34Atwood’s Machine .......................................................................................................... 35Quiz 4.3 ...........................................................................................................................36Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................36End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................36Additional Problems ...................................................................................................... 37Chapter 5 Circular Motion and Gravity ...................................................................................... 39Centripetal Acceleration .............................................................................................. 39Motion in a Horizontal Circle ....................................................................................40Quiz 5.1 .............................................................................................................................41Centripetal Friction Force ............................................................................................41Motion in a Vertical Circle ........................................................................................... 42Quiz 5.2 ........................................................................................................................... 43Newton’s Law of Gravity ............................................................................................. 43Circular Orbits ....................................................................................................................44Quiz 5.3 ........................................................................................................................... 45Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 45End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................46Additional Problems ......................................................................................................46Chapter 6 Work and Energy .............................................................................................................. 47Work ......................................................................................................................................... 47Work and an Inclined Plane .......................................................................................48Quiz 6.1 ............................................................................................................................ 49Kinetic Energy .................................................................................................................... 49Potential Energy ................................................................................................................ 50Quiz 6.2 ............................................................................................................................51Potential Energy of a Spring .......................................................................................51Friction and Thermal Energy .................................................................................... 52Quiz 6.3 ........................................................................................................................... 53Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 53End-of-Chapter Questions ......................................................................................... 53Additional Problems ......................................................................................................54Chapter 7 Rotational Motion ............................................................................................................ 55Angular Velocity ............................................................................................................... 55Rotational Kinetic Energy ............................................................................................56Quiz 7.1 ............................................................................................................................ 57Moment of Inertia ........................................................................................................... 57Torque ..................................................................................................................................... 58Quiz 7.2 ............................................................................................................................ 59Turning a Wrench ............................................................................................................60Angular Acceleration ......................................................................................................61Quiz 7.3 ............................................................................................................................ 62Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 63End-of-Chapter Questions ......................................................................................... 63Additional Problems ......................................................................................................64Chapter 8 Momentum ......................................................................................................................... 67Momentum and Impulse ............................................................................................ 67Inelastic Collisions ............................................................................................................68Quiz 8.1 ............................................................................................................................ 69Elastic Collisions ................................................................................................................ 69Angular Momentum ...................................................................................................... 70Quiz 8.2 ........................................................................................................................... 70Conservation of Angular Momentum ................................................................ 71Spinning Disks ...................................................................................................................72Quiz 8.3 ...........................................................................................................................73Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................73End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................73Additional Problems .......................................................................................................74Chapter 9 Oscillations and Waves ................................................................................................. 75Hooke’s Law ........................................................................................................................ 75Oscillations ........................................................................................................................... 76Quiz 9.1 ............................................................................................................................77Mathematical Description .......................................................................................... 78Traveling Waves ................................................................................................................ 79Quiz 9.2 ...........................................................................................................................80Standing Waves ................................................................................................................ 81Interference ......................................................................................................................... 82Quiz 9.3 ..................................................................................................................... 83Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................84End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................84Additional Problems ......................................................................................................84Chapter 10 Fluids ....................................................................................................................................... 87Pressure .................................................................................................................................. 87Static Fluids ..........................................................................................................................88Quiz 10.1 .........................................................................................................................89Buoyancy ..............................................................................................................................90Moving Fluids ..................................................................................................................... 91Quiz 10.2 ......................................................................................................................... 92Bernoulli’s Equation ........................................................................................................ 92Streamlines .......................................................................................................................... 93Quiz 10.3 .........................................................................................................................94Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................95End-of-Chapter Questions .........................................................................................95Additional Problems ......................................................................................................96Chapter 11 Thermo dynamics ............................................................................................................ 97Ideal Gas Law...................................................................................................................... 97Thermal Energy .................................................................................................................98Quiz 11.1 ..........................................................................................................................99Work and Heat ...................................................................................................................99Energy Conservation ...................................................................................................100Quiz 11.2 .......................................................................................................................101Heat Engines .....................................................................................................................101Entropy .................................................................................................................................103Quiz 11.3 .......................................................................................................................104Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................104End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................104Additional Problems ....................................................................................................105Chapter 12 Electric Fields and Forces ..........................................................................................107The Coulomb Force......................................................................................................107Forces and Angles .........................................................................................................108Quiz 12.1 .......................................................................................................................109Electric Field ......................................................................................................................109Electric Fields and Angles ......................................................................................... 110Quiz 12.2 ....................................................................................................................... 112Adding Electric Field Vectors.................................................................................. 112Deflecting a Charged Particle ................................................................................ 114Quiz 12.3 ....................................................................................................................... 115Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................... 115End-of-Chapter Questions ....................................................................................... 115Additional Problems .................................................................................................... 116Chapter 13 Electric Potential ............................................................................................................. 119Relation to Potential Energy .................................................................................... 119Uniform Electric Field ..................................................................................................120Quiz 13.1 .......................................................................................................................121Potential Due to a Point Charge ...........................................................................121Potential Due to Several Point Charges............................................................122Quiz 13.2 .......................................................................................................................123Conductors ........................................................................................................................124Insulators and Capacitors ..........................................................................................125Quiz 13.3 .......................................................................................................................126Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................126End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................127Additional Problems ....................................................................................................127Chapter 14 Electrical Circuits ............................................................................................................129Current and Ohm’s Law .............................................................................................129Power ....................................................................................................................................130Quiz 14.1 .......................................................................................................................130Resistors in Series ........................................................................................................... 131Resistors in Parallel ........................................................................................................132Quiz 14.2 .......................................................................................................................133Kirchoff’s Loop Rule ......................................................................................................133Kirchoff’s Current Rule.................................................................................................135Quiz 14.3 .......................................................................................................................136Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................137End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................138Additional Problems ....................................................................................................139Chapter 15 Magnetic Fields and Forces .....................................................................................141Magnets...............................................................................................................................141Ferromagnetism .............................................................................................................142Quiz 15.1 .......................................................................................................................144Ampere’s Law ...................................................................................................................145Current Loops ..................................................................................................................147Quiz 15.2 .......................................................................................................................148Forces Due to B Fields .................................................................................................148Force on a Wire ...............................................................................................................150Quiz 15.3 ....................................................................................................................... 151Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................152End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................152Additional Problems ....................................................................................................153Chapter 16 Electro magnetic Induction ......................................................................................155Magnetic Flux ..................................................................................................................155Lenz’s Law ..........................................................................................................................156Quiz 16.1 .......................................................................................................................157Faraday’s Law ...................................................................................................................158Examples of Induction ...............................................................................................159Quiz 16.2 .......................................................................................................................160Generators .........................................................................................................................161Transformers .....................................................................................................................162Quiz 16.3 .......................................................................................................................163Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................163End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................163Additional Problems ....................................................................................................164Chapter 17 Electro magnetic Waves .............................................................................................167Wave Properties ..............................................................................................................167Polarization ........................................................................................................................168Quiz 17.1 ........................................................................................................................170Two-Slit Interference ....................................................................................................170Single Slit and Circular Aperture ...........................................................................171Quiz 17.2 ........................................................................................................................173Reflection and Refraction .........................................................................................173Thin Films............................................................................................................................175Quiz 17.3 ........................................................................................................................176Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................177End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................177Additional Problems ....................................................................................................178Chapter 18 Optics ....................................................................................................................................181Lenses ...................................................................................................................................181The Lens Equation .........................................................................................................182Quiz 18.1 .......................................................................................................................183Magnifiers ...........................................................................................................................184Microscopes ......................................................................................................................185Quiz 18.2 .......................................................................................................................186Telescopes ..........................................................................................................................186Resolution ..........................................................................................................................187Quiz 18.3 .......................................................................................................................188Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................189End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................189Additional Problems ....................................................................................................190Chapter 19 Relativity ..............................................................................................................................191Relative Frames ...............................................................................................................191Special Relativity ............................................................................................................192Quiz 19.1........................................................................................................................192Length Contraction ......................................................................................................193Time Dilation ....................................................................................................................194Quiz 19.2 .......................................................................................................................195Energy ...................................................................................................................................195Momentum .......................................................................................................................196Quiz 19.3 .......................................................................................................................197Chapter Summary .........................................................................................................197End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................197Additional Problems ....................................................................................................198Chapter 20 Atoms and Nuclei ..........................................................................................................201The Electron Volt ............................................................................................................201The Bohr Model ..............................................................................................................202Quiz 20.1 .......................................................................................................................203Photons ................................................................................................................................203Nuclei ....................................................................................................................................205Quiz 20.2 ...................................................................................................................... 206Atomic Mass ..................................................................................................................... 206Radioactivity .....................................................................................................................207Quiz 20.3 ...................................................................................................................... 208Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................ 209End-of-Chapter Questions .......................................................................................210Additional Problems ....................................................................................................210Answers ............................................................................................................................................................213Physical Constants ..................................................................................................................................237Index ...................................................................................................................................................................239