Markus P. Beham is an Assistant Professor at the Chair of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law, European, and International Economic Law at the University of Passau, Germany.

• List of TreatiesList of CasesPermanent Court of International JusticeInternational Court of JusticeArbitral Awards IXEuropean Court of Human RightsInternational Criminal Tribunal for YugoslaviaUnited Kingdom CasesUnited States CasesList of DocumentsLeague of NationsUnited NationsInternational Labour OrganizationEuropean UnionUnited StatesMiscellaneousForewordPrefaceAbbreviations1 IntroductionA Do you Believe in International Law?1 The Quest for the Status Quo2 Methodology as Added Value3 Pending Added Value4 Immediate Goals5 The Factual6 The AbstractB What if I Told You...1 External Perspectives2 The International College of Legal Illusionists3 The "Is" and the "Ought"C Customary International Law and "Customary International Law"1 Formation2 Two "Is"3 Ensuring Effectivity4 The Downward Spiral5 State Interest6 Reciprocity7 Moral ConceptsDCase Studies1 Human Rights2 Use of ForceECatch, Before the Fall1 Controversy and Apology2 "Legality" and "Morality"3 "Dogmatik", not "Pedantic'2 Non-Treaty SourcesA On the "Sources" of International Law1 Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice2 Acceptance and Reception in the Literature3 Two or Three "Main" Sources?B Customary International Law1 Law of a Primitive Society2 Theories on Custom3 State Practice4 Opinio Iuris5 Paradoxes of the Two-Element Theory6 Schrödinger's Custom7 The Man on the Clapham Omnibus8 Practice of the International Court of Justice9. "Modern" Approaches to the Formation of Custom10. AssessmentC General Principles of Law1 Terminology2 Identification3 Excursus: "Civilized Nations"4 Assessment3 Morality and State InterestA Defining Morality and Legality1 Morality2 Legality3 Two Planes4 Moral ConceptsB State Interest1 States2 Interest3 Interests of States4 Assessment4 Doctrine and IndeterminacyA Human Rights as Non-Treaty Law: Doctrine1 Prelude: Human Rights and the United Nations2 Human Rights as Customary International Law3 Human Rights as

Markus P. Beham is an Assistant Professor at the Chair of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law, European, and International Economic Law at the University of Passau, Germany.

• List of TreatiesList of CasesPermanent Court of International JusticeInternational Court of JusticeArbitral Awards IXEuropean Court of Human RightsInternational Criminal Tribunal for YugoslaviaUnited Kingdom CasesUnited States CasesList of DocumentsLeague of NationsUnited NationsInternational Labour OrganizationEuropean UnionUnited StatesMiscellaneousForewordPrefaceAbbreviations1 IntroductionA Do you Believe in International Law?1 The Quest for the Status Quo2 Methodology as Added Value3 Pending Added Value4 Immediate Goals5 The Factual6 The AbstractB What if I Told You...1 External Perspectives2 The International College of Legal Illusionists3 The "Is" and the "Ought"C Customary International Law and "Customary International Law"1 Formation2 Two "Is"3 Ensuring Effectivity4 The Downward Spiral5 State Interest6 Reciprocity7 Moral ConceptsDCase Studies1 Human Rights2 Use of ForceECatch, Before the Fall1 Controversy and Apology2 "Legality" and "Morality"3 "Dogmatik", not "Pedantic'2 Non-Treaty SourcesA On the "Sources" of International Law1 Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice2 Acceptance and Reception in the Literature3 Two or Three "Main" Sources?B Customary International Law1 Law of a Primitive Society2 Theories on Custom3 State Practice4 Opinio Iuris5 Paradoxes of the Two-Element Theory6 Schrödinger's Custom7 The Man on the Clapham Omnibus8 Practice of the International Court of Justice9. "Modern" Approaches to the Formation of Custom10. AssessmentC General Principles of Law1 Terminology2 Identification3 Excursus: "Civilized Nations"4 Assessment3 Morality and State InterestA Defining Morality and Legality1 Morality2 Legality3 Two Planes4 Moral ConceptsB State Interest1 States2 Interest3 Interests of States4 Assessment4 Doctrine and IndeterminacyA Human Rights as Non-Treaty Law: Doctrine1 Prelude: Human Rights and the United Nations2 Human Rights as Customary International Law3 Human Rights as

Markus P. Beham is an Assistant Professor at the Chair of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law, European, and International Economic Law at the University of Passau, Germany.

• List of TreatiesList of CasesPermanent Court of International JusticeInternational Court of JusticeArbitral Awards IXEuropean Court of Human RightsInternational Criminal Tribunal for YugoslaviaUnited Kingdom CasesUnited States CasesList of DocumentsLeague of NationsUnited NationsInternational Labour OrganizationEuropean UnionUnited StatesMiscellaneousForewordPrefaceAbbreviations1 IntroductionA Do you Believe in International Law?1 The Quest for the Status Quo2 Methodology as Added Value3 Pending Added Value4 Immediate Goals5 The Factual6 The AbstractB What if I Told You...1 External Perspectives2 The International College of Legal Illusionists3 The "Is" and the "Ought"C Customary International Law and "Customary International Law"1 Formation2 Two "Is"3 Ensuring Effectivity4 The Downward Spiral5 State Interest6 Reciprocity7 Moral ConceptsDCase Studies1 Human Rights2 Use of ForceECatch, Before the Fall1 Controversy and Apology2 "Legality" and "Morality"3 "Dogmatik", not "Pedantic'2 Non-Treaty SourcesA On the "Sources" of International Law1 Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice2 Acceptance and Reception in the Literature3 Two or Three "Main" Sources?B Customary International Law1 Law of a Primitive Society2 Theories on Custom3 State Practice4 Opinio Iuris5 Paradoxes of the Two-Element Theory6 Schrödinger's Custom7 The Man on the Clapham Omnibus8 Practice of the International Court of Justice9. "Modern" Approaches to the Formation of Custom10. AssessmentC General Principles of Law1 Terminology2 Identification3 Excursus: "Civilized Nations"4 Assessment3 Morality and State InterestA Defining Morality and Legality1 Morality2 Legality3 Two Planes4 Moral ConceptsB State Interest1 States2 Interest3 Interests of States4 Assessment4 Doctrine and IndeterminacyA Human Rights as Non-Treaty Law: Doctrine1 Prelude: Human Rights and the United Nations2 Human Rights as Customary International Law3 Human Rights as